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  | Translate: 翻译：               Lord Bingham says Iraq invasion was a violation of international law宾厄姆勋爵说，入侵伊拉克是违反国际法的行为 Friday, November 28th, 2008 周五， 08年十一月28日
By通过 Robert Stevens罗伯特史蒂文斯 | Lord Bingham used the occasion of his first major speech since his retirement as a senior law lord to describe the 2003 invasion of Iraq as “serious violation of international law”. |宾厄姆勋爵利用这个机会，他第一次重要讲话，因为他作为一个退休的高级法律老爷来形容2003年入侵伊拉克是“严重违反了国际法” 。 Bingham, a former Lord Chief Justice, gave the annual Grotius Lecture at the British Institute of International and Comparative Law on November 17.宾厄姆，前首席大法官，使年度格罗提斯讲座在英国国际问题研究所和比较法在11月17日。 His speech was a devastating judicial refutation of the lies concocted by the British government and its legal advisors in order to justify the illegal invasion of a sovereign nation.他的讲话是一个毁灭性的司法驳的谎言炮制由英国政府和它的法律顾问，以证明非法入侵一个主权国家。 His legal stance directly contradicts that of the attorney general at the time, Lord Goldsmith, and Jack Straw, now Justice Secretary and then Foreign Secretary.他的法律的立场直接违背的总检察长时，戈德史密斯勋爵，并斯特劳，现在司法部长和外交大臣。 Bingham has been Britain’s most authoritative legal figure over the past 15 years.宾厄姆一直英国最权威的法律数字在过去15年里。 Even as he stated his disagreement with Bingham’s speech, Straw felt forced to acknowledge that he was the “finest jurist of his generation”.即使他说，他不同意宾厄姆的讲话，斯特劳认为不得不承认，他是“优秀的法学家，他的一代” 。 Bingham also condemned some of the atrocities that have been carried out by the United States and British occupying powers in Iraq.宾厄姆还谴责了一些暴行，已进行了由美国和英国占领伊拉克的权力。 He said the British occupation had been, “sullied by a number of incidents, most notably the shameful beating to death of Mr. Baha Mousa [a hotel receptionist]”.他说，英国占领了， “玷污了一些事件中，最引人注目的是可耻的殴打致死的巴哈穆萨先生[一家酒店的接待员] ” 。 He added that whereas he felt that such crimes were not a result of deliberate British government policy, “This contrasts with the unilateral decisions of the US government that the Geneva Conventions did not apply to the detention conditions in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, or to trial of Al-Qaeda or Taliban prisoners by military commissions, that Al-Qaeda suspects should be denied the rights of both prisoners of war and criminal suspects and that torture should be redefined, contrary to the Torture Convention and the consensus of international opinion, to connote pain, where physical, ‘of an intensity akin to that which accompanies serious physical injury such as death or organ failure’.”他补充说，而他认为，这些罪行并未因故意英国政府政策“ ，与此相反，单方面决定的，美国政府认为日内瓦公约并不适用于拘留条件在古巴关塔那摩湾，或审判基地组织或塔利班囚犯的军事委员会，该基地组织嫌疑人都不应被剥夺的权利，双方战俘和犯罪嫌疑人，并酷刑应重新界定，这违背了禁止酷刑公约和国际协商一致意见，将意味着疼痛，在物理， '的强度类似于那些伴随着严重的人身伤害，如死亡或器官功能衰竭。 “ “Particularly disturbing to proponents of the rule of law is the cynical lack of concern for international legality among some top officials in the Bush administration”. “特别令人不安的主张的法治是玩世不恭的缺乏关注的国际合法性的一些高级官员在布什政府” 。 Bingham stated that, in his opinion, the invasion of Iraq was carried out in violation of international law established following the end of the Second World War and the downfall of the Nazi regime in Nazi Germany.宾指出，在他看来，入侵伊拉克是进行违反国际法的行为成立后，结束第二次世界大战和衰败的纳粹政权在纳粹德国。 Bingham said, “If I am right that the invasion of Iraq by the US, the UK, and some other states was unauthorised by the [United Nations] Security Council there was, of course, a serious violation of international law and the rule of law.宾厄姆说： “如果我的权利，入侵伊拉克，美国，英国和其他一些国家是由未经批准[联合国]安全理事会有，当然，严重违反了国际法和国际规则的法。 “For the effect of acting unilaterally was to undermine the foundation on which the post-1945 consensus had been constructed: the prohibition of force (save in self-defence, or perhaps, to avert an impending humanitarian catastrophe) unless formally authorised by the nations of the world empowered to make collective decisions in the Security Council.” “对于影响的单方面行动是为了破坏基础上， 1945年后的共识已经建造：禁止武力（除了自卫，或者，以避免迫在眉睫的人道主义灾难） ，除非正式授权的国家世界有权作出集体决定在安全理事会。 “ He continued, “The current ministerial code, binding on British ministers, requires them as an overarching duty to ‘comply with the law, including international law and treaty obligations’.”他继续说， “目前的部长级代码，具有约束力的英国部长，要求他们作为首要职责，遵守法律，包括国际法和条约义务。 ” Commenting on this “serious violation of international law”, he said, “The moment that a state treats the rules of international law as binding on others but not on itself, the compact on which the law rests is broken”.在评论这一“严重违反国际法的行为” ，他说： “时刻，一个国家对待国际法的规则为约束他人，但不能本身，契约，法律在于被打破。 ” Bingham cited a comment made by a leading academic lawyer, Professor Vaughan Lowe QC, in relation to the consequences of this tearing up of established international law.宾厄姆列举了所提出的意见主要学术律师，教授汉罗威质量，有关的后果，这撕毁公认的国际法。 “It is, as has been said, ‘the difference between the role of world policeman and world vigilante’.” “这是，作为一直说， '之间的差别的作用世界警察和世界民' 。 ” In his remarks, Bingham gave a careful rebuttal of the legal arguments made by Lord Goldsmith immediately prior to the invasion of Iraq.在他的讲话，宾厄姆了认真辩驳的法律观点提出了戈德史密斯勋爵前夕入侵伊拉克。 He described Goldsmith’s arguments as “flawed in two fundamental respects”.他说，史密斯的论点是“有缺陷的两个基本方面。 ” Bingham quoted from the conclusion to Lord Goldsmith’s parliamentary written answer on March 17, 2003.宾厄姆引用的结论戈德史密斯勋爵的书面答复议会于3月17日， 2003年。 The extract Bingham read from Goldsmith’s answer states:提取宾厄姆读戈德史密斯的回答说： “Resolution 1441 would, in terms, have provided that a further decision of the Security Council to sanction force was required if that had been intended. “ 1441号决议，将在条件，提供了一个进一步安理会决定制裁所需的武力，如果已经打算。 Thus, all that resolution 1441 requires is reporting to and discussion by the Security Council of Iraq’s failures, but not an express further decision to authorise force.”因此，所有的第1441号决议要求的报告和讨论，安理会对伊拉克的失败，但没有明确作出进一步的决定，批准生效。 “ Answering this argument Bingham replied, “First, it was not plain that Iraq had failed to comply in a manner justifying resort to force and there were no strong factual grounds or hard evidence to show that it had: Hans Blix and his team of weapons inspectors had found no weapons of mass destruction, were making progress and expected to complete their task in a matter of months.”在回答这一论点宾回答说： “首先，它不是纯说，伊拉克没有遵守的方式证明诉诸武力，也没有强有力的理由或事实确凿证据表明它已经：汉斯布利克斯和他的团队的武器核查人员没有发现任何大规模杀伤性武器，正在取得进展，预计将完成他们的任务在几个月内。 “ Goldsmith’s arguments were also flawed, said Bingham, as they had not said that military action had to be authorised by the United Nations Security Council.戈德史密斯的论点也存在缺陷，宾厄姆说，因为他们没有说，军事行动必须是授权的联合国安全理事会。 “Secondly, it passes belief that a determination whether Iraq had failed to avail itself of its final opportunity was intended to be taken otherwise than collectively by the Security Council.” “其次，它相信，通过确定伊拉克是否未能利用最后机会是打算采取集体以外的其他安理会。 ” Bingham also rebutted the written legal advice Goldsmith sent to Tony Blair on March 7, 2003.宾厄姆还反驳的书面法律咨询戈德史密斯向英国首相布莱尔3月7日， 2003年。 This advice was not made public at the time.这方面的咨询没有公开的时间。 In that communication Goldsmith stated that he considered resolution 1441 could, in principle, revive the authority to use force against Iraq contained in resolution 678.在这种通信戈德史密斯说，他认为第1441号决议原则上可以恢复的权威对伊拉克使用武力载于第678 。 Answering Goldsmith’s reasoning, Bingham said, “A reasonable case could be made that resolution 1441 was capable in principle of reviving the authorisation in resolution 678, but the argument could only be sustainable if there were ‘strong factual grounds’ for concluding that Iraq had failed to take the final opportunity.回答戈德史密斯的推理，宾厄姆说： “一个合理的情况下可以作出的第1441号决议能够在原则上恢复授权在第678 ，但争论只能是可持续的，如果有强大的事实理由'的结论，伊拉克未能采取的最后机会。 There would need to be ‘hard evidence’.”有需要'确凿证据' 。 “ Bingham also cited three senior legal figures who had opposed Goldsmith’s line of argument.宾厄姆还列举三个高级法律的数字谁反对戈德史密斯的论点。 Lord Alexander QC had described it as “unconvincing”.亚历山大勋爵的QC描述了它是“不能令人信服” 。 Professor Philippe Sands QC, as a “bad argument” and Professor Vaughan Lowe QC said it was “fatuous”.教授菲利普金沙御用大律师，作为一个“坏的论点”和沃恩教授罗威的QC说，这是“昏庸” 。 Bingham sent copies of his speech to Goldsmith and Straw before he spoke in order to allow them to respond.宾厄姆发送讲话史密斯和斯特劳在他说话，以便让他们作出回应。 Straw said, “I do not accept Lord Bingham’s conclusions, which do not, I am afraid, take proper account of the text of Security Council Resolution 1441, nor its negotiating history”.斯特劳说， “我不接受宾厄姆勋爵的结论，这不，我很害怕，适当考虑到文安理会1441号决议，也没有谈判的历史” 。 Goldsmith attempted to downplay the significance of Bingham’s comments stating, “I stand by my advice of March 2003 that it was legal for Britain to take military action in Iraq.史密斯试图淡化的意义宾厄姆的评论指出， “我坚持我的意见2003年3月，这是法律对英国采取军事行动在伊拉克。 I would not have given that advice if it were not genuinely my view.我不会考虑这些意见如果不是真正的我的看法。 Lord Bingham is entitled to his own legal perspective five years after the event, but at the time and since then many nations other than ours took part in the action and did so believing that they were acting lawfully.”宾厄姆勋爵的标题是他自己的法律角度看五年后的事件，但在时间和此后其他许多国家比我们参加了行动，并因此认为他们是合法的。 “ Goldsmith’s comments are an attempt to whitewash the historical record.戈德史密斯的意见，企图掩盖历史记录。 The illegality of the war was widely recognised by many international legal experts before the invasion.是非法的战争被广泛认可的许多国际法律专家面前的入侵。 The World Socialist Web Site consistently drew attention to the perfidious nature of the war preparations and detailed in many statements and articles how the US and Britain were determined to carry out their criminal agenda of war at all costs. 世界社会主义网站一贯提请注意背信弃义性质的战争准备和详细的许多言论和文章如何美国和英国决心履行其刑事议程的战争不惜一切代价。 (See （见 “WSWS Chairman David North denounces Iraq war at Dublin debate” “主席大卫WSWS北谴责伊拉克战争在都柏林辩论” and “和“ The war against Iraq and America’s drive for world domination对伊拉克的战争和美国的推动统治世界 “.) “ 。 ） Goldsmith was well aware of such international opinion at the time.史密斯很清楚，例如国际舆论的时间。 As far back as July 2002, Goldsmith himself warned cabinet ministers that a war against Iraq could not be justified on self-defence or humanitarian grounds, and that the goal of regime change would be unlawful.早在2002年7月，史密斯本人内阁部长警告说，对伊拉克的战争是没有道理的自卫或人道主义的理由，而且目标制度的变化将是非法的。 On March 7, 12 days before the war against Iraq started, Goldsmith authored a 13-page memo in which he advised Prime Minister Tony Blair that the government’s case for invasion could be declared illegal if it ever came before a court of law on as many as six counts. 3月7日， 12天前对伊拉克的战争开始，戈德史密斯撰写了13页的备忘录，他建议英国首相布莱尔政府的入侵情况可宣布为非法的，如果是以往任何时候都在法院的法律多达六项。 Despite this advice he stated that, while a second UN resolution would be safer, in his opinion it was legal to go to war on the basis of resolutions 1441, 678, and 687.尽管这个建议，他指出，虽然第二个联合国决议将是安全的，他认为这是法律对伊拉克发动战争的基础上，第1441号决议， 678和687 。 Finally, on March 13, Goldsmith met with two Blair government officials—Baroness Morgan, Blair’s director of political and government relations, and Lord Falconer, a Home Office minister.最后， 3月13日，戈德史密斯会见了两个布莱尔政府官员，摩根女男爵，布莱尔的主管政治和政府的关系，福尔克纳勋爵，一个家庭办公室部长。 It was at this meeting that Goldsmith abandoned all his previous warnings and approved the legality of the government’s position.这是本次会议的史密斯被遗弃的所有他以前的警告，并批准了合法的政府的立场。 Goldsmith’s stance was attributed by a number of opposition politicians, commentators and political analysts as being the result of massive pressure placed on him by the Blair government.戈德史密斯的立场，原因是一些反对派政界人士，评论家和政治分析家认为由于巨大的压力放在他的布莱尔政府。 His written answer to parliament on March 17 contained no reference to any of his previous ambivalent legal advice to the government.他的书面答复议会于3月17日没有提到任何他以前的矛盾的法律咨询，政府。 The full truth is yet to emerge about the preparation and instigation of the war against Iraq.充分的事实是尚未出现的筹备和唆使下，对伊拉克的战争。 Those responsible, the US and British governments, are continuing to utilise every possible means to ensure they are not brought to justice for a war of aggression.负责人，美国和英国政府，将继续利用一切可能的手段，以确保他们没有受到正义的侵略战争。 The Information Tribunal in Britain is presently hearing the government’s appeal against the information commissioner’s ruling that it should release cabinet minutes covering when the legality of the Iraq invasion was discussed.信息法庭在英国目前正在听取政府提起上诉的信息专员的裁决，它应该释放内阁分钟时，涉及的合法性入侵伊拉克进行了讨论。 Cabinet Secretary Sir Gus O’Donnell, Britain’s most senior civil servant is representing the government in seeking to overturn Richard Thomas’s order to disclose because of the “gravity and controversial nature” of the subject and the controversy over the attorney general’s advice.内阁秘书格斯奥唐奈爵士，英国最高级公务员是代表政府在寻求推翻理查德托马斯的命令，因为披露的“严重性和争议性”的主题和争论总检察长'语的意见。 The government appealed to the Information Tribunal, where O’Donnell is expected to argue that the release of the minutes would prevent ministers from having frank discussions and would undermine the principle of collective cabinet responsibility.政府呼吁国际法庭的信息，在奥唐奈预计认为，释放分钟将防止部长有坦率的讨论，并会破坏原则的集体内阁责任。 Thomas has argued that cabinet minutes are not automatically withheld from the Freedom of Information Act.托马斯认为，内阁分钟不会自动扣留的信息自由法案。 While Bingham was able to dismantle the legal arguments of Goldsmith and the British government, he was doubtful that there would be any prosecution of those responsible.虽然宾厄姆能够拆除的法律论据的史密斯和英国政府，他怀疑会有任何起诉肇事者。 He concluded that, although these states had not been “hauled before the International Court of Justice or any other tribunal to answer for their actions, they have been arraigned at the bar of world opinion, and been judged unfavourably, with resulting damage to their standing and influence.”他得出的结论是，虽然这些国家并没有“在阅兵仪式上国际法院或任何其他回答法庭对他们的行动，他们已经传讯在酒吧世界舆论，以及被认为不利，造成的损害及其常委会和影响力。 “ This is not enough.这是不够的。 In the conclusion of a three part statement published on May 22, 2007, “The US war and occupation of Iraq—the murder of a society”, the World Socialist Web Site insisted, “The premeditated destruction of an entire society carried out on the basis of lies and in pursuit of the financial and geo-strategic interests of America’s ruling elite constitutes a war crime of historic proportions, punishable under the same statutes and on the basis of the same principles as those used to condemn leading figures of Germany’s Third Reich at Nuremberg…在最后的三个组成部分发表声明5月22日， 2007年， “美国的战争和占领伊拉克，杀害了一个社会” ，世界社会主义网站坚持说： “有预谋的破坏整个社会上进行根据的谎言和追求的财政和地缘战略利益，美国的统治精英构成了战争罪历史性的，可根据同一章程，并根据同样的原则所用谴责的主要人物德国的第三帝国在纽伦堡... “For these crimes to go unpunished and those responsible to continue acting with impunity would have fatal implications for the political, social and indeed moral life of the US and indeed the world. “对于这些罪行的人逍遥法外，肇事者将继续采取行动而不受惩罚将产生致命影响的政治，社会和道德生活确实对美国乃至世界。 It would only render the next round of war crimes and atrocities that much easier and more inevitable.它只会使下一轮的战争罪行和暴行，更容易和更不可避免。 “The struggle against the war in Iraq must be waged on the basis of the demand for the immediate and unconditional withdrawal of all US troops, the implementation of a massive program of humanitarian and economic aid to the Iraqi people, and the prosecution of all those responsible for this war before an independent and international tribunal”. “的斗争，反对伊拉克战争的发动必须的基础上，要求立即和无条件撤出所有美国军队，实施了大规模计划的人道主义和经济援助给伊拉克人民，并起诉所有那些负责这场战争之前，一个独立的国际法庭“ 。 Have Your Say: Lord Bingham says Iraq invasion was a violation of international law 你说：宾厄姆勋爵说，入侵伊拉克是违反国际法的行为 Please read our请仔细阅读我们的 posting guidelines before posting张贴在发布前的指导方针 . 。 Alternatively或者 you can 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