它的石油，愚蠢！

Thursday, July 10th, 2008 周四， 2008年7月10日
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By Noam Chomsky | The deal just taking shape between Iraq’s Oil Ministry and four Western oil companies raises critical questions about the nature of the US invasion and occupation of Iraq — questions that should certainly be addressed by presidential candidates and seriously discussed in the United States, and of course in occupied Iraq, where it appears that the population has little if any role in determining the future of their country.由诺姆乔姆斯基|处理刚才正在形成之间的伊拉克的石油部和4名西方油公司提出的关键问题的性质，美国入侵和占领伊拉克-的问题，当然应该处理的总统候选人，并认真讨论了在美国的国，当然在被占领的伊拉克，似乎是人口少，如果任何角色，在决定自己国家的未来。

Negotiations are under way for Exxon Mobil, Shell, Total and BP — the original partners decades ago in the Iraq Petroleum Company, now joined by Chevron and other smaller oil companies — to renew the oil concession they lost to nationalisation during the years when the oil producers took over their own resources.谈判正在进行之中，为埃克森美孚，壳牌，总和BP -原来的合作伙伴在数十年前，在伊拉克石油的公司，现在加入由雪佛龙和其他规模较小的油公司-延长石油让步，他们输给了国有化期间年时，石油生产者接管自己的资源。 The no-bid contracts, apparently written by the oil corporations with the help of US officials, prevailed over offers from more than 40 other companies, including companies in China, India and Russia.无出价合约，显然是书面，由石油企业的帮助下，美国官员，压倒提供了来自40多个其他公司，包括公司在中国，印度和俄罗斯。

“There was suspicion among many in the Arab world and among parts of the American public that the United States had gone to war in Iraq precisely to secure the oil wealth these contracts seek to extract,” Andrew E. Kramer wrote in The New York Times. “有人怀疑，其中许多在阿拉伯世界和其中的部分美国民众认为，美国已经向在伊拉克战争，正是为了确保石油财富的这些合同，寻求提取， ”郑家富e.克莱默写在新的纽约时报。

Kramer’s reference to “suspicion” is an understatement.克莱默的参考，以“怀疑”是轻描淡写。 Furthermore, it is highly likely that the military occupation has taken the initiative in restoring the hated Iraq Petroleum Company, which, as Seamus Milne writes in the London Guardian, was imposed under British rule to “dine off Iraq’s wealth in a famously exploitative deal.”此外，它极有可能的军事占领已采取主动行动，在恢复痛恨伊拉克石油的公司，其中，谢米尔恩写在伦敦的监护人，是强加在英国统治下，以“吃饭小康伊拉克的财富，在一个著名的剥削处理“ 。

Later reports speak of delays in the bidding.稍后的报告发言的延误，在招投标。 Much is happening in secrecy, and it would be no surprise if new scandals emerge.许多正在发生的事情保密，那将是毫不奇怪，如果新丑闻出现。

The demand could hardly be more intense.需求难以更加激烈。 Iraq contains perhaps the second largest oil reserves in the world, which are, furthermore, very cheap to extract: no permafrost or tar sands or deep sea drilling.伊拉克包含也许是第二大石油储量在世界上，这是，此外，非常便宜的提取：没有永久冻土或沥青砂或深海钻探。 For US planners, it is imperative that Iraq remain under US control, to the extent possible, as an obedient client state that will also house major US military bases, right at the heart of the world’s major energy reserves.美国规划师，已是刻不容缓，伊拉克仍然是美国的控制下，在可能的范围内，作为一个听话的客户，国家也将内务美国的主要军事基地，有权在世界的心脏的主要能源储备。

That these were the primary goals of the invasion was always clear enough through the haze of successive pretexts: weapons of mass destruction, Saddam’s links with Al-Qaeda, democracy promotion and the war against terrorism, which, as predicted, sharply increased as a result of the invasion.这些人的首要目标入侵总是不够清楚，通过的阴霾，连续的借口：大规模杀伤性武器，萨达姆的联系与基地组织，民主促进和打击恐怖主义的战争，正如所料，大幅增加为因入侵。

Last November, the guiding concerns were made explicit when President Bush and Iraq’s Prime Minister Nouri Al Maliki signed a “Declaration of Principles,” ignoring the US Congress and Iraqi parliament, and the populations of the two countries.去年11月，指导的关切作出了明确时，美国总统布什和伊拉克总理nouri基地马利基签署了“原则宣言” ，忽略了美国国会和伊拉克议会和种群的两个国家。

The Declaration left open the possibility of an indefinite long-term US military presence in Iraq that would presumably include the huge air bases now being built around the country, and the “embassy” in Baghdad, a city within a city, unlike any embassy in the world.宣言离开开放的可能性无限期长期美国在伊拉克的军事存在将假定，包括庞大的空军基地，正在兴建的全国各地，和“大使馆”在巴格达，一个城市一个城市，不同任何驻华使馆世界上。 These are not being constructed to be abandoned.这些都不是正在建造的必须放弃。

The Declaration also had a remarkably brazen statement about exploiting the resources of Iraq.宣言也产生了显着赤裸裸的声明，开发资源，伊拉克的武装。 It said that the economy of Iraq, which means its oil resources, must be open to foreign investment, “especially American investments.” That comes close to a pronouncement that we invaded you so that we can control your country and have privileged access to your resources.它说，经济的伊拉克，这意味着其石油资源，必须开放给外国投资， “尤其是美国的投资。 ”来关闭一个宣告，我们侵略你，让我们可以控制您的国家和有特权的访问您的资源。

The seriousness of this commitment was underscored in January, when President Bush issued a “signing statement” declaring that he would reject any congressional legislation that restricted funding “to establish any military installation or base for the purpose of providing for the permanent stationing of United States Armed Forces in Iraq” or “to exercise United States control of the oil resources of Iraq.”的严重性，这一承诺是强调了今年1月，当布什总统发出了“签署声明”中宣布，他将否决任何国会立法限制资金“建立任何军事设施或基地的目的，提供为永久派驻美国军队在伊拉克“或”行使美国控制石油资源的伊拉克“ 。

Extensive resort to “signing statements” to expand executive power is yet another Bush innovation, condemned by the American Bar Association as “contrary to the rule of law and our constitutional separation of powers.” To no avail.广泛运用“签署声明” ，扩大行政权力的又一布什创新，谴责美国律师协会“ ，相反，以法治和我们的宪法权力分立” 。不得要领。

Not surprisingly, the Declaration aroused immediate objections in Iraq, among others from Iraqi unions, which survive even under the harsh anti-labour laws that Saddam instituted and the occupation preserves.毫不奇怪，声明立即引起了反对在伊拉克，除其他外从伊拉克工会，生存，甚至下苛刻的反劳工法，萨达姆提起和占领保留。

In Washington propaganda, the spoiler to US domination in Iraq is Iran.在华盛顿的宣传，扰流板，以美国在伊拉克的统治是伊朗。 US problems in Iraq are blamed on Iran.美国在伊拉克问题，是对伊朗的指责。 US Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice sees a simple solution: “foreign forces” and “foreign arms” should be withdrawn from Iraq — Iran’s, not ours.美国国务卿赖斯认为，一个简单的解决方案： “外国势力”和“外国武器”应撤出伊拉克-伊朗的，不是我们。

The confrontation over Iran’s nuclear programme heightens the tensions.对抗伊朗的核计划，加剧了紧张局势。 The Bush administration’s “regime change” policy toward Iran comes with ominous threats of force (there Bush is joined by both US presidential candidates).布什政府的“政权更替”对伊朗的政策来与不祥的武力威胁（有布什是加入由美国总统候选人）。 The policy also is reported to include terrorism within Iran — again legitimate, for the world rulers.该政策还报道，包括恐怖主义的伊朗-再次合法的，为世界的统治者。 A majority of the American people favours diplomacy and oppose the use of force.大多数的美国民众赞成外交，并反对使用武力。 But public opinion is largely irrelevant to policy formation, not just in this case.但舆论在很大程度上是无关政策的形成，不仅在这起案件。

An irony is that Iraq is turning into a US-Iranian condominium.一个讽刺的是，伊拉克正转变成一个美国和伊朗共管。 The Maliki government is the sector of Iraqi society most supported by Iran.该马利基政府是部门的伊拉克社会的最支持伊朗。 The so-called Iraqi army — just another militia — is largely based on the Badr brigade, which was trained in Iran, and fought on the Iranian side during the Iran-Iraq war.那些所谓的伊拉克军队-只是另一个民兵-主要是基于对巴德尔旅，这是在伊朗受过训练，并争取对伊朗方面在伊朗-伊拉克战争。

Nir Rosen, one of the most astute and knowledgeable correspondents in the region, observes that the main target of the US-Maliki military operations, Moktada Al Sadr, is disliked by Iran as well: He’s independent and has popular support, therefore dangerous.近红外光谱罗森，其中一个最精明和有知识的记者在该地区的，指出的主要对象是美马利基的军事行动，萨德尔moktada基地，是不喜欢的伊朗，以及：他的独立和有民意支持，因此危险。

Iran “clearly supported Prime Minister Maliki and the Iraqi government against what they described as ‘illegal armed groups’ (of Moktada’s Mahdi army) in the recent conflict in Basra,” Rosen writes, “which is not surprising given that their main proxy in Iraq, the Supreme Iraqi Islamic Council dominates the Iraqi state and is Maliki’s main backer.”伊朗“明确支持总理马利基和伊拉克政府对他们称之为'非法武装团伙' （ moktada的迈赫迪军）在最近的冲突，在巴士拉， ”罗森写道， “这并不令人惊讶，因为他们的主要代理在伊拉克，伊拉克伊斯兰最高理事会主导的伊拉克国家是马利基的主要支持者“ 。

“There is no proxy war in Iraq,” Rosen concludes, “because the US and Iran share the same proxy.” “有没有代理在伊拉克战争， ”罗森的结论是， “因为美国和伊朗有着相同的代理” 。

Teheran is presumably pleased to see the United States institute and sustain a government in Iraq that’s receptive to their influence.德黑兰是假定高兴地看到，美国研究所和维持一个政府在伊拉克的的接受他们的影响力。 For the Iraqi people, however, that government continues to be a disaster, very likely with worse to come.为伊拉克人民，不过，政府仍然是一个灾难，很可能与差来。

In Foreign Affairs, Steven Simon points out that current US counterinsurgency strategy is “stoking the three forces that have traditionally threatened the stability of Middle Eastern states: tribalism, warlordism and sectarianism.” The outcome might be “a strong, centralised state ruled by a military junta that would resemble” Saddam’s regime.在外交事务中，史蒂芬西蒙指出，美国目前的反的策略，是“引发三股势力有传统威胁的稳定中东国家：部落主义，军阀主义和宗派主义”的结果可能是“一个强大，集中法治国家一军政府将类似于“萨达姆政权的。

If Washington achieves its goals, then its actions are justified.如果华盛顿能达到其目标，那么它的行动是合理的。 Reactions are quite different when Vladimir Putin succeeds in pacifying Chechnya, to an extent well beyond what Gen. David Petraeus has achieved in Iraq.反应有很大的不同，当普京总统成功地平息车臣，在某程度上远远超出将军大卫彼得雷乌斯取得了在伊拉克。 But that is THEM, and this is US.不过，这是他们，这是美国。 Criteria are therefore entirely different.准则，因此，完全不同。

In the US, the Democrats are silenced now because of the supposed success of the US military surge in Iraq.在美国，民主党沉默，因为现在的假定的成功，美军在伊拉克的激增。 Their silence reflects the fact that there are no principled criticisms of the war.他们的沉默反映了一个事实，不存在任何原则性的批评，这场战争。 In this way of regarding the world, if you’re achieving your goals, the war and occupation are justified.在这样的关于世界，如果您实现您的目标，战争和占领是合理的。 The sweetheart oil deals come with the territory.甜心石油交易来与该国领土。

In fact, the whole invasion is a war crime — indeed the supreme international crime, differing from other war crimes in that it encompasses all the evil that follows, in the terms of the Nuremberg judgment.事实上，整个入侵是一项战争罪-事实上，最高人民法院国际犯罪，从不同的其他战争罪行，因为它包含了所有的邪恶如下，在该条款对纽伦堡判决书。 This is among the topics that can’t be discussed, in the presidential campaign or elsewhere.这是主题之一，可以先不讨论，在总统竞选活动或其他地方。 Why are we in Iraq?为什么我们在伊拉克的？ What do we owe Iraqis for destroying their country?是什么，我们有责任为伊拉克人摧毁他们的国家呢？ The majority of the American people favour US withdrawal from Iraq.大部分的美国民众赞成美国从伊拉克撤军。 Do their voices matter?做他们的声音此事？

Noam Chomsky’s writings on linguistics and politics have just been collected in “The Essential Noam Chomsky,” edited by Anthony Arnove, from the New Press.诺姆乔姆斯基的著作对语言学和政治刚才已收集在“基本诺姆乔姆斯基， ”主编安东尼arnove ，由新的新闻。 Chomsky is emeritus professor of linguistics and philosophy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge, Mass.乔姆斯基是名誉教授语言学与哲学在麻省理工学院技术在马萨诸塞州的剑桥

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