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Donderdag, 3 Juli, 2008

Door SCOTT SHANE | De militaire trainers die aan Baai Guantánamo in December 2002 kwamen baseerden een volledige ondervragingsklasse op een grafiek die de gevolgen van „dwangbeheerstechnieken“ voor mogelijk gebruik op gevangenen toont, met inbegrip van „slaapontbering,“ „verlengde beperking,“ en „blootstelling.“

Wat niet niet de trainers, zeiden en kunnen het geweten hebben, was dat hun grafiek woord voor woord van een studie van de Luchtmacht van 1957 Van Chinese Communistische technieken gekopiërd was die tijdens de Koreaanse Oorlog worden gebruikt bekentenissen, veel van vals hen, uit Amerikaanse gevangenen te verkrijgen.

De gerecycleerde grafiek is het recentste en levendigste bewijsmateriaal van de methodes van de manier Communistische ondervraging dat de Verenigde Staten die lang als marteling worden beschreven de basis voor ondervragingen allebei door de militairen bij de basis bij Guantánamo Baai, Cuba, en door het Centrale Agentschap van de Intelligentie werden.

Sommige methodes werden gebruikt tegen een klein aantal gevangenen in Guantánamo vóór 2005, toen het Congres het gebruik van dwang door de militairen verbood. C.I.A. nog wordt gemachtigd door President Bush om een aantal geheime „alternatieve“ ondervragingsmethodes te gebruiken.

Verscheidene documenten Guantánamo, met inbegrip van de grafiek die dwangmethodes schetst, werden gemaakt tot publiek bij een hoorzitting 17 van het Comité van de Strijdkrachten van de Senaat Juni die onderzocht hoe dergelijke tactiek kwam worden aangewend.

Maar de commissieonderzoekers waren niet zich bewust van de bron van de grafiek in het helft-eeuw-oude dagboekartikel, een verbinding die aan de New York Times door een onafhankelijke deskundige op ondervraging wordt aangehaald die op voorwaarde van anonimiteit sprak.

Het artikel van 1957 waarvan de grafiek werd gekopi�ërd was getiteld en geschreven „Communistische Pogingen om Valse Bekentenissen van De Krijgsgevangenen van de Luchtmacht te onthullen“ door Alfred D. Biderman, een socioloog die dan voor de Luchtmacht werkt, die in 2003 stierf. M. Biderman had Amerikaanse gevangenen geïnterviewdp die van Noord-Korea terugkeren, wat van wie filmed door hun Chinese ondervragers geweest waren die aan kiemoorlogvoering en andere wreedheden bekennen.

Die bewerkte bekentenissen leidden tot beweringen dat de Amerikaanse gevangenen „brainwashed waren geweest,“ en veroorzaakten de militairen om zijn opleiding op te knappen om wat militair personeel een smaak van de vijanden' te geven ruwe methodes om hen tegen snelle capitulation in te enten indien gevangen.

In 2002, werd het trainingsprogramma, dat als SERE, voor Overleving, Ontwijking, Weerstand wordt bekend, Vlucht, een bron van ondervragingsmethodes allebei voor C.I.A. en de militairen. In what critics describe as a remarkable case of historical amnesia, officials who drew on the SERE program appear to have been unaware that it had been created as a result of concern about false confessions by American prisoners.

Senator Carl Levin, Democrat of Michigan and chairman of the Senate Armed Services Committee, said after reviewing the 1957 article that “every American would be shocked” by the origin of the training document.

“What makes this document doubly stunning is that these were techniques to get false confessions,” Mr. Levin said. “People say we need intelligence, and we do. But we don’t need false intelligence.”

A Defense Department spokesman, Lt. Col Patrick Ryder, said he could not comment on the Guantánamo training chart. “I can’t speculate on previous decisions that may have been made prior to current D.O.D. policy on interrogations,” Colonel Ryder said. “I can tell you that current D.O.D. policy is clear — we treat all detainees humanely.”

Mr. Biderman’s 1957 article described “one form of torture” used by the Chinese as forcing American prisoners to stand “for exceedingly long periods,” sometimes in conditions of “extreme cold.” Such passive methods, he wrote, were more common than outright physical violence. Prolonged standing and exposure to cold have both been used by American military and C.I.A. interrogators against terrorist suspects.

The chart also listed other techniques used by the Chinese, including “Semi-Starvation,” “Exploitation of Wounds,” and “Filthy, Infested Surroundings,” and with their effects: “Makes Victim Dependent on Interrogator,” “Weakens Mental and Physical Ability to Resist,” and “Reduces Prisoner to ‘Animal Level’ Concerns.”

The only change made in the chart presented at Guantánamo was to drop its original title: “Communist Coercive Methods for Eliciting Individual Compliance.”

The documents released last month include an e-mail message from two SERE trainers reporting on a trip to Guantánamo from Dec. 29, 2002, to Jan. 4, 2003. Their purpose, the message said, was to present to interrogators “the theory and application of the physical pressures utilized during our training.”

The sessions included “an in-depth class on Biderman’s Principles,” the message said, referring to the chart from Mr. Biderman’s 1957 article. Versions of the same chart, often identified as “Biderman’s Chart of Coercion,” have circulated on anti-cult sites on the Web, where the methods are used to describe how cults control their members.

Dr. Robert Jay Lifton, a psychiatrist who also studied the returning prisoners of war and wrote an accompanying article in the same 1957 issue of The Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, said in an interview that he was disturbed to learn that the Chinese methods had been recycled and taught at Guantánamo.

“It saddens me,” said Dr. Lifton, who wrote a 1961 book on what the Chinese called “thought reform” and became known in popular American parlance as brainwashing. He called the use of the Chinese techniques by American interrogators at Guantánamo a “180-degree turn.”

The harshest known interrogation at Guantánamo was that of Mohammed al-Qahtani, a member of Al Qaeda suspected of being the intended 20th hijacker in the Sept. 11 attacks. Mr. Qahtani’s interrogation involved sleep deprivation, stress positions, exposure to cold and other methods also used by the Chinese.

Terror charges against Mr. Qahtani were dropped unexpectedly in May. Officials said the charges could be reinstated later and declined to say whether the decision was influenced by concern about Mr. Qahtani’s treatment.

Mr. Bush has defended the use the interrogation methods, saying they helped provide critical intelligence and prevented new terrorist attacks. But the issue continues to complicate the long-delayed prosecutions now proceeding at Guantánamo.

Abd al-Rahim al-Nashiri, a Qaeda member accused of playing a major role in the bombing of the American destroyer Cole in Yemen in 2000, was charged with murder and other crimes on Monday. In previous hearings, Mr. Nashiri, who was subjected to waterboarding, has said he confessed to participating in the bombing falsely only because he was tortured.

See More:Guantanamo Torture 

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