America’s Chemically Modified 21st Century Soldiers美国的化学修饰的21世纪士兵
By通过 Clayton Dach克莱顿取景 | Amphetamines and the military first met somewhere in the fog of WWII, when axis and allied forces alike were issued speed tablets to head off fatigue on the battlefield. |安非他明和军事第一次见面的某处，在雾二战时的主轴和盟军都发出了高速片头疲劳在战场上。
More than 60 years later, the US Air Force still doles out dextro-amphetamine to pilots whose duties do not afford them the luxury of sleep.超过60年后的今天，美空军仍doles指出dextro -安非他明，向飞行员，其职责不负担不起奢侈的睡眠。
Through it all, it seems, the human body and its fleshy weaknesses keep getting in the way of warfare.透过这一切，似乎，人体及其肉质的弱点，不断收到在方式的战争。 Just as in the health clinics of the nation, the first waypoint in the military effort to redress these foibles is a pharmaceutical one.正如在健康诊所的国家，第一路点在军事上的努力来纠正这些foibles是一个制药一。 The catch is, we’re really not that great at it.渔获量是，我们真的不是在它的伟大。 In the case of speed, the US Drug Enforcement Agency itself notes a few unwanted snags like addiction, anxiety, aggression, paranoia and hallucinations.在该案件的速度，美国缉毒机构本身注意到，少数不想要的障碍一样，成瘾，焦虑，侵略，妄想和幻觉。 For side-effects like insomnia, the Air Force issues “no-go” pills like temazepam alongside its “go” pills.为产生的副作用，例如失眠，空军的问题“不走”丸一样， temazepam并肩其“走出去”丸仔。 Psychosis, though, is a wee bit trickier.思觉失调，虽然是凌晨一点麻烦。
Far from getting discouraged, the working consensus appears to be that we just haven’t gotten the drugs right yet.到目前为止，从越来越气馁，工作的共识，似乎是说，我们只是没有得到该药物的权利。 In recent years, the US, the UK and France — among others — have reportedly been funding investigations into a new line-up of military performance enhancers.最近几年，美国，英国和法国-除其他外-据报道，资金，调查进入了一个新线的后续军事性能增强。 The bulk of these drugs are already familiar to us from the lists of substances banned by international sporting bodies, including the stimulant ephedrine, non-stimulant “wakefulness promoting agents” like modafinil (aka Provigil) and erythropoietin, used to improve endurance by boosting the production of red blood cells.大部分的这些药物已经熟悉我们从列出的物质所禁止的国际体育机构，包括兴奋剂麻黄素，非兴奋剂“的觉醒，促进代理人”一样，莫达非尼（又名provigil ）和促红细胞生成素，用来改善耐力通过提高生产的红血细胞。
As the chemical interventions grow bolder and more sophisticated, we should not be surprised that some are beginning to cast their eyes beyond droopy eyelids and sore muscles.作为化学干预成长大胆和更先进的，我们不应感到惊讶，有些已开始投下自己的眼睛超越droopy眼睑和肌肉。 Chief among the new horizons is the alluring notion of psychological prophylactics: drugs used to pre-empt the often nasty effects of combat stress on soldiers, particularly that perennial veteran’s bugaboo known as post-traumatic stress disorder syndrome.行政之间的新地平线是诱人的概念，心理prophylactics ：所用药物预先往往恶劣的影响，打击胁迫对士兵，特别是多年生的老的bugaboo称为创伤后应激障碍综合征。 In the US, where roughly two-fifths of troops returning from combat deployments are presenting serious mental health problems, PTSD has gone political in form of the Psychological Kevlar Act, which would direct the Secretary of Defense to implement “preventive and early-intervention measures” to protect troops against “stress-related psychopathologies.”在美国，大约有2五分之二，部队返回，从作战部署，提出严重的精神健康问题，创伤后应激障碍已经在政治形式的心理克维拉的行为，这将直接局长，国防部以落实“预防和早期干预措施“ ，以保护部队对”应激相关psychopathologies “ 。
Proponents of the “Psychological Kevlar” approach to PTSD may have found a silver bullet in the form of propranolol, a 50-year-old beta-blocker used on-label to treat high blood pressure, and off-label as a stress-buster for performers and exam-takers.倡议者， “心理克维拉”的做法，以创伤后应激障碍可能已经找到了一条银弹在的形式，普萘洛尔，一个50岁的β -受体阻滞剂使用的标签治疗血压高的压力，和场外的标签作为一个应力克星为表演者和考试的行动。 Ongoing psychiatric research has intriguingly suggested that a dose of propranolol, taken soon after a harrowing event, can suppress the victim’s stress response and effectively block the physiological process that makes certain memories intense and intrusive.正在进行的精神科研究有趣的建议剂量的普萘洛尔，采取后不久的悲惨事件，能抑制受害人的应激反应，并有效地阻止生理过程，使某些记忆激烈和侵扰。 That the drug is cheap and well tolerated is icing on the cake.这种药物是廉价的耐受性好是锦上添花。
Propranolol has already been dubbed the “mourning after pill,” largely by those who argue that its military use amounts to medicating away pangs of conscience.普萘洛尔已被称为“莫宁事后避孕药” ，主要是由那些谁辩称，其军事用途的款项，以药物治疗以外的阵痛的良心。 For the time being, though, we can set aside our dystopian visions of zombies with guns, since the tranquilizing effects of beta-blockers are unlikely to permit their widespread use on the battlefield.为一段时间内，虽然，我们可以设置预留dystopian我们的愿景，僵尸与枪，自tranquilizing的影响， β -阻断剂是不可能允许他们广泛地使用在战场上。 But pharmacology moves more swiftly with each passing year — especially when helped along by defense-research dollars — and we may need to revive those visions sooner than we think.但药理学的动作更迅速地与每过一年-尤其是当有助于沿线由国防研究美元-我们可能需要恢复这些愿景，迟早比我们想象的。
The Mediated Soldier 该导的士兵
In the new model army, brute force and viscera are out.在新的模式，军队，野蛮武力和内脏都出来。 Cutting edge gadgetry, omniscient surveillance and precision long-distance termination is in. What motivates it all is the type of war we fear we’ll be fighting.尖端电子产品，无所不知的监视和精确长途终止英寸是什么动机，它是所有类型的战争，我们担心我们将战斗。
On this, the strategists have spoken: with Iraq and Afghanistan as the testing grounds, the conflicts of the future will be guerrilla wars, open-ended, with no battle lines, no rules of engagement and ambivalent or openly hostile civilian populations in which any man, woman or child can turn combatant.在这方面，战略家的发言：与伊拉克和阿富汗的作为测试的理由，冲突的未来将游击战争，不限名额，没有战线，没有接战规则和矛盾的或公开的敌对平民在任何男人，女人或儿童可以把战斗。
In breeding a future soldier for these future wars, we will inevitably leave behind the mere rectification of human weakness and enter into the realm of the superhuman.在育种中的未来战士为这些未来的战争，我们将不可避免地留下仅仅整改人类的弱点和进入境界的超人。 Glimpses of this realm have already become commonplace in the form of ceramic-Kevlar body armor and night-vision goggles — wizardry that transforms squishy pink men into bullet-proof creatures of the night.一窥这个领域已经成为司空见惯的形式，在陶瓷凯夫拉防弹衣和夜视镜-w izardry认为，变换s quishy粉红男人变成防弹动物的夜晚。
Such magic will continue apace under the auspices of dozens of military development initiatives across the globe, creating a species known variously as the Future Force Warrior by the US, FIST by the British Army, Félin by the French.这种魔术将继续迅速的主持下，数十名军事发展的倡议，世界各地，创造一个物种已知的各种作为未来部队勇士由美国，拳头由英国军队， félin由法国。 All are merely the human components of broader visionary projects for what has been called “the army after next,” the most noteworthy of which being the US Army’s Future Combat Systems.一切都只是人类的组成部分，更广泛的有远见的项目有什么被称为“陆军后，接下来， ”最值得注意的，其中，美陆军的未来作战系统。 With a budget clocking in at $160 billion or so, FCS is not just one of history’s most costly weapons programs; it is an all-encompassing modernization program, one that will usher in a total re-imagining of the armed forces.上一个年度的财政时钟在在1600亿美元，或所以，功能界别的不只是一个历史上最昂贵的武器项目;这是一个涵盖一切的现代化计划，就是将进入一个转口贸易总额想象的武装部队。 What FCS and its kin have imagined for soldiers is a battlefield experience increasingly mediated by technology, insulated in a cocoon of “force multipliers” — military parlance for anything that allows you to accomplish more with fewer personnel.什么功能界别和其健想象的士兵是一个战场的经验越来越介导的技术，绝缘在一个茧的“武力乘数” -军事用语的事情，可让您完成更多的与少的人员。 In concrete terms, that translates into an array of tools designed to enhance lethality and survivability: next-generation sidearms; headsets that provide live command and control, detailed geographic data and the ability to fire around corners; smart suits equipped with ultralight nanotech armor, micro-climate conditioning, real-time health monitoring and even automated medical care like CPR and drug delivery.具体而言，即转化为一个数组的工具，旨在提高杀伤力和生存能力：下一代sidearms ;耳机提供居住的指挥和控制，详细的地理数据和能力，消防靠近角落;智能适合配备超轻纳米技术的盔甲，微气候调节，实时监测和健康，甚至自动化的医疗照顾，例如心肺复苏术和给药。 Also on the docket are robotic exoskeletons that allow the soldiers wearing them to carry hundreds of pounds — even while running — without breaking a sweat, as well as handheld imaging equipment that grants the ability to see targets through walls.也谈待审案件是机器人外骨骼，让士兵们穿着他们进行数百英镑-甚至在运行-没有打破汗水，以及手持成像设备的补助金能够看到的目标，透过墙壁。
None of these are sci-fi pipe dreams.这些都不是科幻管的梦想。 The DARPA-developed Radar Scope is already in limited deployment, detecting human breathing through a foot of concrete on two AA batteries.该DARPA的研制雷达的范围，已经是在有限的部署，检测人类呼吸，透过脚下的混凝土就两节AA电池。 Utah-based robotics company Sarcos is expected to deliver its prototype exoskeletons to the Army this year, at roughly the same time that many of the other Future Force Warrior components begin field testing.犹他州基于机器人公司sarcos有望提供其原型外骨骼，向军队提出，今年，在大致相同的时间，其他许多未来的力量勇士组成部分，开始进行实地测试。 Full-scale production of a number of the systems is scheduled for early in the next decade.全规模生产了一批制度，定于年初在未来的十年。
The Absent Soldier 缺席的士兵
It is tempting to say that military technology is steadily transforming war into a video game.这是诱人的说，军事技术正逐步改造成为一个战争的视频游戏。 Yet there’sa strange irony in the works: as the games claw themselves even closer to the look and feel of real, down-and-dirty warfare, real warfare is fluttering away into strategic and technological abstraction, effectively taking a step back from its own reality.然而，有奇怪的讽刺工程：由于游戏爪自己更接近的外观和风格，真正的下跌和肮脏的战争，真正的战争，是飘扬远离到战略和技术抽象，有效地退后一步，从自己的现实。
For all the PlayStation sexiness of the ultra lethal, force-multiplied warrior, the true fate of the in-the-flesh soldier is to vanish into the abstraction.所有的PlayStation性感的超致命，力成倍的战士，真正的命运在- -肉士兵是消失到抽象。
The explicit purpose of Future Combat Systems is to progressively supplement, to the point of ultimately displacing, the human soldier with a whole array of automated, autonomous and remote technologies — things like unmanned surveillance drones, long-range and non-line-of-sight precision-guided munitions, and unmanned air and ground combat vehicles.明确的目的，未来作战系统是逐步补充，出发点，最终取代，人类士兵与整个阵列的自动化，自治区和远程技术-东西一样，无人驾驶侦察无人驾驶飞机，远程和非线- -视线精确制导弹药，以及无人驾驶空中和地面战斗车辆。 Though the latter group may never look anything like Schwarzenegger minus skin, make no mistake that what we are talking about here is weaponized robots.虽然后一组可能永远也看什么像施瓦辛格减去皮肤，没有错误，我们现在所谈论的是这里武器的机器人。
An oft-quoted US Joint Forces Command study from 2003 (rather candidly titled Unmanned Effects: Taking the Human Out of the Loop) predicted that autonomous, networked robots — faster and more lethal than human combatants — could become the norm by 2025. 1多次引述了美国联合部队司令部研究，从2003年（而不是坦率地名为无人驾驶的影响：以人为本走出河套）预言，自治区，网络机器人-更快和更致命的比人的战斗-有可能成为常态，到2 0 25年。 That may prove overly confident, but a congressional mandate has already called for one-third of all US military land vehicles to be unmanned by 2015, increasing to two-thirds by 2025.这可能证明是过于自信，但在国会的任务已经呼吁三分一的美国所有的军事土地，车辆必须无人驾驶，到2015年，提高到了三分之二，到2025年。
If the idea of autonomous, homicidal robots dashing into troubled Third-World slums sends a major chill down your spine, you’re certainly not alone.如果构思，自治区，杀人机器人冲出成为困扰第三世界国家的贫民窟发送一个重大冷下来你的脊柱，您当然并不孤单。 Well aware of the nightmarish optics, defense contractors and military brass alike have been presenting a united front, noting that this is about moving soldiers out of harm’s way, not about deleting humans from the “kill chain” entirely.深知恶梦般光学，国防承包商和军事黄铜，都已经提出了统一战线，注意到，这是有关移动官兵走出伤害的方式，而不是删去人类从“杀链”完全。
While there is little doubt that protecting soldiers is the central motivation, shifting troops into a distant pixel-pushing role also performs a secondary purpose: it neatly removes obstacles for those looking to wage war overseas while expending as little of their domestic political capital as possible.虽然毫无疑问，保护士兵，是中央的动机，转移部队进入一个遥远像素的推动作用，也执行次要目的：它整齐地消除了障碍，对于那些希望在海外发动战争的同时，花费少其国内政治资本，尽可能。 You can call it a by-product, or you can call it an ulterior motive, depending upon how dismal your outlook is.您可以调用它的一个副产品，或者您也可以称之为一个别有用心的，这取决于如何令人沮丧的是您的Outlook 。
Whatever the reasons, as we lose ourselves in the lovely fantasy of sidestepping the maimed veterans and crying widows, we could be walking right into an even nastier pile of shit.无论是什么原因，因为我们失去了自己在可爱的幻想回避致残的退伍军人和哭泣的寡妇，我们可以散步的权利，成为一个甚至nastier一堆shit外围。 During the bombing campaign that accompanied the 2003 coalition invasion of Iraq, satellite-guided munitions caused scores of accidental civilian deaths.在轰炸中运动，伴随着2003年的联军入侵伊拉克，卫星制导的弹药所造成的分数偶然的平民死亡。 If these people had perished at the barrel of coalition rifles, their deaths would have been called massacres; as it stands, they are mere technical glitches and failures of intelligence.如果这些人已经灭亡了在每桶联盟步枪，他们的死亡将被称为大屠杀;因为它的立场，他们仅仅是技术故障和失败的情报。
The moral here is straightforward: once the human presence in the kill chain is diluted, so too is accountability.道德在这里是直截了当的：一旦人类的存在，在杀死链是稀释，因此，也是问责制。 The future’s soldier could be one surrounded by an inveigling haze of pharmaceuticals, decision-making robots, errant bombs and faulty surveillance data; the only thing to emerge from this haze will be an exhilarating sense of our own guiltlessness.未来的士兵可以是一个包围一诱骗的阴霾，药品，决策机器人，错误的炸弹和故障监测数据;唯一的事，以摆脱这个阴霾将是一个令人振奋的责任感，我们自己的guiltlessness 。 Alas, the populations against which we use our fancy toys are unlikely to share in the feeling.可惜的是，人口对我们使用我们喜欢的玩具是不可能的份额的感觉。
See More: 看到更多的： Technology 技术 USA News 美国新闻 Warfare 战Have Your Say: America’s Chemically Modified 21st Century Soldiers 有您这样说：美国的化学修饰的21世纪士兵
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