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Mißbrauch ist nicht Folterung wenn ein Doktor Is There
Samstag, den 25. April 2009
Die kranke Logik der CIA Protokolle.Durch Sheri Fink | Möglicherweise ist der kühlende Aspekt, daß medizinische Fachleute anscheinend eine Form der Forschung auf den Häftlingen leiteten, ohne ihre Zustimmung. Ehemaliger CIA Direktor Michael V. Hayden war in vernarrt Saying daß, als es zur Behandlung der high-value Terrorverdächtiger kam, er würde spielen in der angemessenen Gegend, aber mit „Kreidestaub auf meinen Bügelen.“ Vier zugelassene Protokolle freigegeben durch die Obama Leitung bilden Sie es freien Raum, daß die Referentrolle in den CIA Befragungen von seinem medizinischen und psychologischen Personal gespielt wurde. Entsprechend den US Justizministerium Büro der zugelassenen Berater, die die Protokolle schrieben, die zugelassene Zustimmung, zum Waterboarding zu verwenden, Schlafentzug und andere mißbräuchliche Techniken schwenkte um das Bestehen eines „Systems der medizinischen und psychologischen überwachung“ von Befragungen. Medizinisches und psychologisches Personal wurde Monitorbefragungen zugewiesen und eingreift, um sicherzugehen, daß Fragesteller nicht „ernsten oder dauerhaften Schaden“ verursachten und folglich verletzten US Bundesgesetz gegen Folterung. Die Argumentation klingt fast kreisförmig. Wie ein Protokollab Mai 2005 setzen Sie es: „Die nahe überwachung jedes Häftlings für alle mögliche Zeichen, daß er an der Gefahr des Erfahrens der strengen körperlichen Schmerz ist, verstärkt die Zusammenfassung, der der kombinierte Gebrauch von Befragungtechniken nicht solche Schmerz zufügen soll.“ Das heißt, solange medizinisch ausgebildetes Personal anwesend und von den Techniken anerkannt war, die verwendet wurden, war es nicht Folterung. Die Protokolle liefern amtliche Beglaubigung von beiden viel-berichtet und vorher unbekannte Rollen der Doktoren, der Psychologen, der Arztassistenten und anderen medizinischen Personals mit dem Büro des CIA der ärztlichen Bemühungen (OMS). Die Rechtsanwälte der Regierung kennzeichneten diese medizinischen Rollen als „Schutz“ für Häftlinge. Medizinische Aufsicht war vom Anfang des speziellen Befragungprogramms anwesend, das den 9/11 Angriffen folgt und scheint, mehr formalisiert worden über dem Bestehen des Programms gewachsen zu sein. früh von den vier Protokollenab August 2002 gibt daß ein medizinischer Experte mit Erfahrung im Militär an Überleben Flucht-Widerstand, Entweichen Training (SERE) würde während des Waterboardings des Häftlings Abu Zubaydah anwesend sein und würde einen Anschlag zu den Verfahren „setzen, wenn Sie medizinisch notwendig gemeint werden, um strengen medizinischen oder körperlichen Schaden zu Zubaydah zu verhindern.“ (Alle Befragungtechniken, die gesagten Protokolle, wurden aus SERE. „importiert“) Später wurde OMS Personal miteinbezogen, wenn man „Schutz für und in der überwachung von Implementierung, von die Verfahren entwarf“, die auf anderen high-value Häftlingen verwendet werden. In December 2004, the OMS produced a set of “Guidelines on Medical and Psychological Support to Detainee Rendition, Interrogation and Detention,” a still-secret document that is heavily quoted from in three legal memos that were written the following year. The CIA declined our request to comment further on the OMS’ role in detainee treatment. The OMS employs physicians, psychologists and other medical professionals to care for CIA employees and their families. Perhaps the most chilling aspect of the memos is their intimation that medical professionals conducted a form of research on the detainees, clearly without their consent. “In order to best inform future medical judgments and recommendations, it is important that every application of the waterboard be thoroughly documented,” one memo reads. The documentation included not only how long the procedure lasted, how much water was used and how it was poured, but also “if the naso- or oropharynx was filled, what sort of volume was expelled … and how the subject looked between each treatment.” Special instructions were also issued with regard to documenting experience with sleep deprivation, and “regular reporting on medical and psychological experiences with the use of these techniques on detainees” was required. The Nuremberg Code, adopted after the horrors of “medical research” during the Nazi Holocaust, requires, among other things, the consent of subjects and their ability to call a halt to their participation. The memos also draw heavily on the advice of psychologists that interrogation techniques would not be expected to cause lasting harm. At times this advice sounds contradictory. While calling waterboarding “medically acceptable,” the OMS also deemed it “the most traumatic of the enhanced interrogation techniques.” The fact that traumatic events have the potential to cause long-lasting post-traumatic stress syndrome has been well documented. Physicians for Human Rights, in interviews with eleven former detainees held in Iraq and Afghanistan, found “severe, long-term physical and psychological consequences.” “All the individuals we evaluated were ultimately released without ever being charged,” said Dr. Allen Keller, medical director of the Bellevue/New York University School of Medicine Program for Survivors of Torture. The memos describe the techniques in highly precise and clinical detail, befitting a medical textbook. During waterboarding, in which a physician and psychologist were to be present at all times, “the detainee is monitored to ensure that he does not develop respiratory distress. If the detainee is not breathing freely after the cloth is removed from his face, he is immediately moved to a vertical position in order to clear the water from his mouth, nose and nasopharynx.” Side effects including vomiting, aspiration and throat spasm that could cut off breathing were each addressed: “In the event of such spasms … if necessary, the intervening physician would perform a tracheotomy.” While physician assistants could be present when most “enhanced” techniques were applied, “use of the waterboard requires the presence of a physician,” one memo said, quoting the OMS guidelines. Doctors were also described as having vetted the practices for safety. Certain limits on waterboarding were created “with extensive input from OMS.” One memo states that OMS “doctors and psychologists” confirmed that combining the various techniques “would not operate in a different manner from the way they do individually, so as to cause severe pain.” Medical and psychological personnel were required to observe whenever interrogators came into physical contact with detainees, including slapping them and pushing them into flexible walls (”walling”). Whenever a detainee was doused with cold water, a medical officer had to be on hand to monitor for signs of hypothermia. Confining prisoners to cramped boxes required “continuing consultation between the interrogators and OMS officers.” Prisoners made to stand for long periods to prevent sleep were to carefully monitor detainees for swelling of the legs and other dangerous conditions, and at least three times early in the program were switched, on medical advice, to “horizontal sleep deprivation.” This was one example of how medical personnel could, according to the CIA, help prevent “severe physical or mental pain or suffering” on the part of the detainees. However, the memos show that the OMS’ role was not merely to limit the medical impact of interrogations, but also to consult on the effectiveness of interrogations. A May 30, 2005, memo quotes the OMS suggesting that cramped confinement was “not … particularly effective” because it provides “a safe haven offering respite from interrogation.” Some medical professionals are calling for their colleagues to be investigated and sanctioned for participating in practices that professional medical and psychological organizations and officials in the Justice Department now call torture. “We stand ready to adjudicate these issues,” said American Psychological Association spokesperson Rhea Farberman. But finding out which professionals were involved in designing, monitoring and implementing the interrogation techniques may be difficult. The four memos were released almost in their entirety. The few redactions concerned mainly the names of the personnel involved. Have Your Say: Abuse Isn’t Torture If a Doctor Is There Please read our posting guidelines before posting. Alternatively you can discuss this report here. Related News
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