By由 Ellen Nakashima埃伦中嵨 Federal officials are routinely asking courts to order cellphone companies to furnish real-time tracking data so they can pinpoint the whereabouts of drug traffickers, fugitives and other criminal suspects, according to judges and industry lawyers.联邦官员一般都要求法院下令手机公司提供的实时跟踪数据，使他们能够找准下落，贩毒者，逃犯及其他犯罪嫌疑人，根据法官及律师行业。

In some cases, judges have granted the requests without requiring the government to demonstrate that there is probable cause to believe that a crime is taking place or that the inquiry will yield evidence of a crime.在某些情况下，法官已批准的请求，而不需要政府，以证明人们或许有理由相信，一个犯罪正在发生，或调查将取得犯罪证据。 Privacy advocates fear such a practice may expose average Americans to a new level of government scrutiny of their daily lives.隐私权拥护者担心这种做法可能会暴露出美国人的平均水平提高到一个新的政府审议了他们的日常生活。

Such requests run counter to the这类要求背道而驰，要 Justice Department司法部 ’s internal recommendation that federal prosecutors seek warrants based on probable cause to obtain precise location data in private areas. '内部建议，即联邦检察官寻求认股权证的基础上或许有理由获得精确的定位数据，在私人领域。 The requests and orders are sealed at the government’s request, so it is difficult to know how often the orders are issued or denied.要求和命令是密封在政府的要求下，因此很难知道如何往往命令签发或否认。

The issue is taking on greater relevance as wireless carriers are racing to offer sleek services that allow cellphone users to know with the touch of a button where their friends or families are.问题是，以更大的适切性，因为无线运营商竞相提供圆滑的服务，让手机用户知道，与用户只需轻触一个按钮，如果他们的朋友或家人。 The companies are hoping to recoup investments they have made to meet a federal mandate to provide enhanced 911 (E911) location tracking.该公司希望能够收回投资，对他们所取得的，以应付一个联邦任务是提供增强型911 （ E911 ）的位置追踪。 Sprint Nextel Sprint Nextel公司 , for instance, boasts that its “loopt” service even sends an alert when a friend is near, “putting an end to missed connections in the mall, at the movies or around town.” ，例如，吹嘘其" loopt "服务，甚至发出了警报的时候，朋友就要到来" ，从而结束了错过的联系，在商场，在电影或靠近城市" 。

With与 Verizon Verizon公司 ’s Chaperone service, parents can set up a “geofence” around, say, a few city blocks and receive an automatic text message if their child, holding the cellphone, travels outside that area.奇摩伴侣服务，家长可成立一个" geofence "左右，也就是说，一些城市街区和自动收到短信，如果他们的子女，持有手机，移动电话之外的地区。

“Most people don’t realize it, but they’re carrying a tracking device in their pocket,” said Kevin Bankston of the privacy advocacy group "大多数人都没有意识到它，但他们携带一个跟踪装置，在他们的口袋，说： "凯文班克斯顿的隐私权倡议团体 Electronic Frontier Foundation电子疆界基金会 . 。 “Cellphones can reveal very precise information about your location, and yet legal protections are very much up in the air.” "手机可以显示出非常精确的资料，你的位置，然而，法律保护是十分起来，在空中" 。

In a stinging opinion this month, a federal judge in在刺痛舆论这个月，一个联邦法官 Texas德州 denied a request by a无可否认的请求，由 Drug Enforcement Administration缉毒 agent for data that would identify a drug trafficker’s phone location by using the carrier’s E911 tracking capability.剂的数据将确定毒贩的电话位置，利用载体的911跟踪能力。 E911 tracking systems read signals sent to satellites from a phone’s Global Positioning System (GPS) chip or triangulated radio signals sent from phones to cell towers. 911追踪系统读取的信号发送到卫星，由手机的全球卫星定位系统（ GPS ）芯片，或三角或无线电信号发送，从手机到基站。 Magistrate Judge Brian L. Owsley, of the法官裁判官布赖恩L奥斯利，请告知 Corpus Christi科珀斯克里斯蒂 division of the Southern District of Texas, said the agent’s affidavit failed to focus on “specifics necessary to establish probable cause, such as relevant dates, names and places.”部南区的得克萨斯州表示，是代理人的宣誓书未能集中于"的具体内容，要建立可能的原因，如有关的日期，人名和地点" 。

Owsley decided to publish his opinion, which explained that the agent failed to provide “sufficient specific information to support the assertion” that the phone was being used in “criminal” activity.奥斯利决定出版他的意见，其中解释说，该代理人未能提供"足够的具体信息，以支持断言： "根据手机使用的"犯罪"的活动。 Instead, Owsley wrote, the agent simply alleged that the subject trafficked in narcotics and used the phone to do so.相反，奥斯利写道，代理人根本指称，该课题被贩运麻醉品和使用手机这么做。 The agent stated that the DEA had ” ‘identified’ or ‘determined’ certain matters,” Owsley wrote, but “these identifications, determinations or revelations are not facts, but simply conclusions by the agency.”代理人表示， DEA的" '确定'或'确定'某些事情， "奥斯利写道， "但这些标识，裁定或揭露的是不是事实，只是简单的结论，该机构" 。

Instead of seeking warrants based on probable cause, some federal prosecutors are applying for orders based on a standard lower than probable cause derived from two statutes: the Stored Communications Act and the Pen Register Statute, according to judges and industry lawyers.而不是寻求认股权证的基础上可能原因，一些联邦检察官正在申请命令，根据标准低于可能的原因来自两个法规：存储通讯法和用笔登记规约，根据法官及律师行业。 The orders are typically issued by magistrate judges in US district courts, who often handle applications for search warrants.订单通常所发出的裁判官，法官，在美国地区法院，他们往往处理申请搜查令。

In one case last month in a southwestern state, an在一个案例中，上月在西南地区的国家， FBI agent联邦调查局特工 obtained precise location data with a court order based on the lower standard, citing “specific and articulable facts” showing reasonable grounds to believe the data are “relevant to an ongoing criminal investigation,” said Al Gidari, a partner at Perkins Coie in获得精确的定位数据与法庭命令的基础上，降低标准，以"具体和articulable事实" ，显示有合理理由相信数据"相关正在进行刑事调查，说： "基地gidari另一位合伙人帕金斯在coie Seattle西雅图 , who reviews data requests for carriers.他评论数据请求，为带菌者。

Another magistrate judge, who has denied about a dozen such requests in the past six months, said some agents attach affidavits to their applications that merely assert that the evidence offered is “consistent with the probable cause standard” of Rule 41 of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure.另外，裁判官，法官，他们已经否认大约有12个这样的要求，在过去六个月中表示，一些代理商的重视誓章，以他们的申请，这纯粹是断言，所提供的证据，是"符合可能造成标准"的第41条的联邦规则刑事诉讼程序。 The judge spoke on condition of anonymity because of the sensitivity of the issue.法官表示，他对要求匿名的，由于这一问题的敏感性。

“Law enforcement routinely now requests carriers to continuously ‘ping’ wireless devices of suspects to locate them when a call is not being made . "执法照例现在要求运营商不断'平'无线装置的嫌疑人找到他们时，电话是不能取得重大的进展。 . 。 . 。 so law enforcement can triangulate the precise location of a device and [seek] the location of all associates communicating with a target,” wrote Christopher Guttman-McCabe, vice president of regulatory affairs for CTIA — the Wireless Association, in a July comment to the如此执法，可以三角的确切位置的装置和[寻求]的位置，所有的同伙沟通目标时， "写克里斯托弗guttman - McCabe先生，副总统的规管事务，为的CTIA -无线协会，在7月份发表评论向 Federal Communications Commission联邦通讯委员会 . 。 He said the “lack of a consistent legal standard for tracking a user’s location has made it difficult for carriers to comply” with law enforcement agencies’ demands.他说， "没有一个一致的法律标准，跟踪用户的位置，使人们难以为载体，以"与执法机构的要求。

Gidari, who also represents CTIA, said he has never seen such a request that was based on probable cause. gidari ，谁也代表了近乎疯狂地说，他从来没有见过这样的要求，这是基于对可能的原因。

Justice Department spokesman司法部发言人 Dean Boyd博伊德 said field attorneys should follow the department’s policy.说外地律师应该遵循该部的政策。 “We strongly recommend that prosecutors in the field obtain a warrant based on probable cause” to get location data “in a private area not accessible to the public,” he said. "我们强烈建议检察官在外地获得手令基于可能的原因" ，以获得定位数据： "在一个私人地方不向公众开放， "他说。 “When we become aware of situations where this has not occurred, we contact the field office and discuss the matter.” "当我们意识到的情况下，这种情况并没有发生，我们联络办事处和讨论这件事" 。

The phone data can home in on a target to within about 30 feet, experts said.手机数据可以在家中就一个目标，在大约30英尺，专家们表示。

Federal agents used exact real-time data in October 2006 to track a serial killer in联邦特工使用精确的实时数据，在2006年10月，以追踪连环杀手在 Florida佛罗里达 who was linked to at least six murders in four states, including that of a谁是联系在一起至少有六起谋杀四个国家，其中包括一 University of Virginia维吉尼亚大学 graduate student, whose body was found along the研究生，他的尸体被发现沿 Blue Ridge Parkway蓝岭百汇 . 。 The killer died in a police shooting in Florida as he was attempting to flee.杀人者死在警察开枪射击，在佛罗里达州，因为他企图逃走。

“Law enforcement has absolutely no interest in tracking the locations of law-abiding citizens. "执法绝对没有兴趣，在跟踪的地点守法的公民。 None whatsoever,” Boyd said.无可言， "博伊德说。 “What we’re doing is going through the courts to lawfully obtain data that will help us locate criminal targets, sometimes in cases where lives are literally hanging in the balance, such as a child abduction or serial murderer on the loose.” "我们所做的就是要通过法院依法获得的数据，这将帮助我们寻找犯罪对象，有时的情况下，生命是从字面上悬挂在平衡，如一个拐骗儿童或串行凶手就松散" 。

In many cases, orders are being issued for cell-tower site data, which are less precise than the data derived from E911 signals.在许多情况下，命令正在发出细胞塔现场数据，精度较低，比数据来自911信号。 While the E911 technology could possibly tell officers what building a suspect was in, cell-tower site data give an area that could range from about three to 300 square miles.而技术的E911可能告诉军官什么建设疑犯是在细胞塔现场数据，让区内，可以从约3至300平方英里。

Since 2005, federal magistrate judges in at least 17 cases have denied federal requests for the less-precise cellphone tracking data absent a demonstration of probable cause that a crime is being committed.自2005年以来，美国联邦法官的裁判官在至少17宗案件已否认联邦政府要求较少的确切手机跟踪数据缺席示威的可能原因时说，犯罪正致力于。 Some went out of their way to issue published opinions in these otherwise sealed cases.有些失控，其途径问题发表意见，在这些否则密封案件。

“Permitting surreptitious conversion of a cellphone into a tracking device without probable cause raises serious Fourth Amendment concerns especially when the phone is in a house or other place where privacy is reasonably expected,” said Judge Stephen William Smith of the Southern District of Texas, whose 2005 opinion on the matter was among the first published. "不容许诡秘转换的手机成为一个跟踪装置无可能的原因引起了严重的第四次修宪的关注，尤其是当电话是在一所房子或其他地方的隐私，是合理的预期， "说，法官斯蒂芬威廉史密斯南区的德州，其2005年就此事表示意见，是最早出版。

But judges in a majority of districts have ruled otherwise on this issue, Boyd said.但法官在多数地区已作出裁决，否则，在这个问题上，博伊德说。 Shortly after Smith issued his decision, a magistrate judge in the same district approved a federal request for cell-tower data without requiring probable cause.不久，史密斯发表了他的决定，裁判官，法官在同一地区批准了一项联邦请求细胞塔数据，而不需要可能原因。 And in December 2005, Magistrate Judge Gabriel W. Gorenstein of the Southern District of并在2005年12月，地方法官加布里埃尔小gorenstein的南区 New York纽约 , approving a request for cell-site data, wrote that because the government did not install the “tracking device” and the user chose to carry the phone and permit transmission of its information to a carrier, no warrant was needed. ，审批要求，为细胞的网站数据撰文指出，因为政府没有安装"跟踪装置" ，以及用户选择进行了电话，并允许传输的信息交给承运人，没有逮捕证是必要的。

These judges are issuing orders based on the lower standard, requiring a showing of “specific and articulable facts” showing reasonable grounds to believe the data will be “relevant and material” to a criminal investigation.这些法官签发命令的基础上，降低标准的，须显示的"具体和articulable事实" ，显示有合理理由相信这些数据将被"有关物质" ，以刑事调查。

Boyd said the government believes this standard is sufficient for cell-site data.博伊德说，政府认为，这个标准就足够了细胞的网站数据。 “This type of location information, which even in the best case only narrows a suspect’s location to an area of several city blocks, is routinely generated, used and retained by wireless carriers in the normal course of business,” he said. "这种类型的位置信息，这即使在最佳情况下，只有缩小嫌疑人的位置，以一个地区的几个城市街区，是例行的生成，使用及保留无线运营商在正常业务过程中， "他说。

The trend’s secrecy is troubling, privacy advocates said.趋势的秘密，是令人不安的是，隐私倡导者表示。 No government body tracks the number of cellphone location orders sought or obtained.没有任何一个政府机构，铁轨有多少手机定位命令要求或获得的。 Congressional oversight in this area is lacking, they said.国会监督，在这方面的欠缺，他们说的。 And precise location data will be easier to get if the Federal Communication Commission adopts a Justice Department proposal to make the most detailed GPS data available automatically.和精确定位数据会更容易上手，如果联邦通讯委员会通过美国司法部的建议，以最详尽的GPS数据可自动。

Often, Gidari said, federal agents tell a carrier they need real-time tracking data in an emergency but fail to follow up with the required court approval.很多时候， gidari说，联邦特工告诉承运人，他们需要实时跟踪数据，在紧急情况下，但未能跟进符合要求的法院批准。 Justice Department officials said to the best of their knowledge, agents are obtaining court approval unless the carriersprovide the data voluntarily.美国司法部官员说，以最好的自己的知识，代理人都获得法院批准，除非carriersprovide数据主动请缨。

To guard against abuse, Congress should require comprehensive reporting to the court and to Congress about how and how often the emergency authority is used, said为了防止滥用，国会应要求全面的报告，法院和国会对如何如何，往往紧急权力是用来表示， John Morris约翰莫里斯 , senior counsel for the ，资深大律师为 Center for Democracy and Technology民主和技术中心 . 。

Staff researcher Richard Drezen contributed to this report. 工作人员研究员理查德德雷仁促成了这一报告。

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