Among certain circles, including the American Psychological Association, we need more research on effective interrogation strategies.其中某些圈子，其中包括美国心理学协会，我们需要进行更多的研究，有效的讯问策略。 Many of us have been suspicious that these calls may cover the design of technologies that will create high-tech tools aiding abusive interrogations.我们很多人都被怀疑是这些要求可能包括设计技术，将能够创造高科技手段协助辱骂盘问。 In 2003, the APA sponsored, with the CIA and Rand Corp., a Science of Deception Workshop. 2003年，该协会主办的，与美国中央情报局和兰德公司，一门科学的欺骗车间。 CIA contractor torturers中情局承办刽子手 James Michell 詹姆斯michell and及 Bruce Jessen 布鲁斯耶森 were人 at this invitation-only conference 在这项邀请，只安排会议 , which discussed such topics as use of truth serums and the role of sensory overload in interrogations. ，其中讨论主题则利用真理血清中和作用的感官超负荷盘问。

According to a据一位 press release 新闻发布 from the Penn State University, bioethicist Jonathan Marks raises the specter of fMRI technology being used in ways that increase the likelihood of abuse.来自宾夕法尼亚州立大学，生命伦理学家乔纳森马克提出的幽灵功能磁共振成像技术被用来方式的可能性增加滥用。 after all, if a high-tech tool suggests that someone is a “terrorist,” the potential for subjecting them to “harsh techniques” to get information from them is increased.毕竟，如果一个高科技的工具，表明某人是一个"恐怖" ，有可能使他们受到"严厉的技巧" ，以获得更进一步的信息，从他们的是增加了。

High-tech interrogations may promote abuse 高科技盘问，有可能促进虐待

There is evidence that brain imaging technology is being used to interrogate suspected terrorists despite concerns that it may not be reliable, and that it might inadvertently promote abuse of detainees, according to a Penn State researcher.有证据表明，脑功能成像技术正在被用来审问恐怖分子嫌疑人，尽管人们担心，它可能不可靠，而且它可能在不经意促进虐待被拘留者，根据一项美国宾州大学的研究人员手中。 He says the risk that such technology could license further abuse of detainees remains ever present, given President Bush’s March 8 veto of legislation that would have prohibited the CIA from conducting aggressive interrogations.他说，危险，这种技术可使用许可进一步虐待被拘留者仍然存在，给美国总统布什的3月8日否决的立法，这样才能有禁止中央情报局进行咄咄逼人的盘问。

The technology - functional magnetic resonance imaging or fMRI - has been around since the 1990s.该技术-功能性磁共振成像或功能性磁共振成像-一直是围绕20世纪90年代以来。 Neurosurgeons routinely use it to scan for brain tumors, and to diagnose and treat various disorders of the central nervous system.神经外科医师经常用它来扫描脑肿瘤，诊断和治疗各种疾病的中枢神经系统。

But in recent times, fMRI has gained support from many in the intelligence community, who feel it could be a reliable tool in identifying terrorists from a group of suspects or detecting lies during an interrogation.但是，近一个时期以来，功能性磁共振成像已获得多助，在情报界，他们觉得这可能是一个可靠的工具，在确定恐怖分子从一组嫌疑人或侦查在于在讯问。

After the 9/11 terrorist attacks, military psychologists attached to intelligence units advised interrogators how to increase interrogation stressors and exploit detainees’ fears to make suspects talk, according to Jonathan Marks, associate professor of bioethics, humanities and law at Penn State.经过9 / 11恐怖袭击事件，军事心理学家重视情报单位告知审问人员如何增加讯问压力和剥削被拘留者的恐惧心理，使犯罪嫌疑会谈中，据乔纳森商标，副教授，生命伦理学，人文科学和法律在宾夕法尼亚州大学。

“The problem is, if you apply pressure, people will say anything they think will make you stop. "问题是，如果你申请的压力，人们就会说任何话，他们认为会令你停止。 And that means anything they think you want to hear,” he said.这意味着什么，他们认为你想听到的， "他说。

There are also reports that psychotropic drugs - so-called truth serums - have been administered.但也有消息指出，精神科药物-所谓真理血清-已施行。 The use of brain imaging technologies appears to offer an alternative to such approaches.利用脑成像技术的出现，以提供一个替代这种办法。

The adoption of fMRI is not surprising given the limitations of other lie detection techniques such as a polygraph test, said Marks, whose analysis is published in a recent issue of the American Journal of Law and Medicine.通过功能性磁共振成像是不令人惊讶的局限性等测谎技术，如通过测谎时说，商标，其分析刊登在最新一期的美国杂志的法律和医学。

A polygraph relies on detecting accentuated signs of anxiety such as changes in skin conductance, heart rate, and respiration.测谎依赖于检测加剧的迹象，焦虑等变化，皮肤电导，心率和呼吸。 But it is useless against sociopaths, and those trained to beat it.但它是无用的反对sociopaths ，这些受过训练的击败它。 Counterintelligence experts also say the device is especially unreliable when questions and answers are translated with the help of an interpreter, as has been the case in Iraq.反情报专家说，该装置特别是靠不住的时候，问题和答案，翻译与口译员的协助，因为一直案件在伊拉克。

Intelligence personnel believe fMRI could circumvent such limitations, and some commentators have argued that fMRI could render torture and interrogation obsolete.情报人员相信，功能磁共振成像可以规避这种限制，一些评论家认为，功能磁共振成像可以使酷刑和审讯过时。 But Marks, who has critiqued the use of aggressive interrogation techniques in the war on terror, makes a case that “such claims are unfounded, and that the uncritical acceptance of fMRI as an interrogation tool could be potentially hazardous both to the health of the detainee and to the counterterrorism mission.”但商标，谁critiqued使用侵略性的讯问技术，在此后的反恐战争，使得一宗个案， "这些索赔要求是毫无根据的，并表示无条件接受的fMRI作为审讯工具可能会被潜在的危险，无论对健康的被拘留者和反恐怖任务" 。

Unlike a polygraph, an fMRI uses powerful magnetic fields to detect tiny changes in blood oxygen levels in the brain.不像测谎，功能磁共振成像利用强大的磁场探测微小的变化，在血液中的氧气水平在大脑中。 Since active neurons take up more oxygen than inactive ones, these tiny changes are believed to be signatures of cognitive processes.由于活跃的神经元需要更多的氧较不活跃，这些微小的变化，相信是被签名的认知过程。

Some intelligence experts believe that fMRI can be used to detect deception, or to flag when a suspect recognizes (but may not wish to admit that he recognizes) the photograph or name of a suspected terrorist.一些情报专家认为，功能磁共振成像可以用来检测弄虚作假，或以国旗当嫌疑人认识（但未必愿意承认，他承认）的照片或姓名的涉嫌恐怖分子。

Marks, who also heads the Bioethics and Medical Humanities Program at Penn State’s University Park campus, finds the approach problematic.商标，谁也元首生命伦理与医学人文节目，在宾夕法尼亚州大学的大学园校区，认定办法，有问题的。 “There can be all sorts of reasons for recognizing a name or a photograph or for responding cognitively to a particular word,” he said. "可以有各种各样的原因，认识到一个名称或照片或为回应认知某一词， "他说。 “I spent years living in London, listening to reports of IRA bombings. "我花了几年住在伦敦，听着汇报，爱尔兰共和军爆炸事件。 My brain would light up if you mentioned the word semtex (a plastic explosive).”我的大脑会轻了，如果你提到这个词Semtex型爆炸物（一塑胶炸药） " 。

Interrogations that employ fMRI may also be making a considerable leap of faith.盘问是运用功能性磁共振成像可能也将做出相当大的跳跃。 According to Marks, fMRI-based studies of lie detection have only been conducted on small groups of healthy people to examine changes in blood oxygen levels in the brain when they are lying in highly artificial laboratory settings.据商标，功能磁共振成像为基础的研究测谎只进行了一小群人健康检查的变化，血液氧含量在大脑中，当他们躺在高度人工智能实验室的设置。 These results cannot be generalized, he argued, and should not be applied to terror suspects who have usually been detained in stressful circumstances and may have mental health issues that could clearly be exacerbated by their detention.这些结果不能一概而论，他辩称，而不应被用于恐怖活动的嫌疑人通常被扣留在没有压力的情况下，可能有心理健康问题，可以清楚地加剧其拘留。

“MRI machines are very useful diagnostic tools but using them to claim that certain things are going on inside people’s minds is a major jump,” said Marks, who is also a research fellow and acting director of Penn State’s Rock Ethics Institute. "磁共振成像机是非常有用的诊断工具，但利用他们声称某些事情正在进行内部人们的思想，是一项重大的跳跃，说： "马克，她亦是一研究员和署理署长宾夕法尼亚州大学的岩石伦理研究所。 Such a jump is a particularly dangerous one in the interrogation context, he argues.这样一个跳转，是一种特别危险的，一个在审问下，他辩称。

The short duration of the test is another worry.从短期试验的时间是另一个隐忧。 According to the Penn State researcher, many neuroscientists argue that it could take many hours, even weeks, of testing with the suspect before getting accurate baseline readings.据美国宾州大学的研究人员，许多神经科学家认为它可以采取许多小时，甚至数周，测试与这名男子才准确基线读数。

Marks also argues that fMRI scans are open to broad interpretation, but they can produce seductively persuasive graphic images that provide a false sense of security and help create a narrative that may lead to aggressive interrogation tactics. Marks也认为，功能性磁共振成像扫描是公开的广义解释，但它们可以seductively有说服力的图形图像提供了一种虚假的安全感，并有利于营造叙事可能导致侵略性审讯战术。

“One of the real concerns I have is that you can see how people can begin to say ‘the fMRI picked him out as a terrorist so let us give him a going over in the interrogation room,’ ” Marks explained. "其中的真正关注的，我就是，你可以看到人们如何才能开始说， '功能性磁共振成像钦点他为恐怖分子因此，让我们给他一个过头，在讯问室， "马克解释。 “Contrary to the view that fMRI will render torture obsolete, it might become a license for further abuse of detainees because its readings will convince people that they have a terrorist on their hands.” "相反，认为功能性磁共振成像会使酷刑过时的，它可能会成为许可的进一步虐待被拘留者，因为其读数将说服人们，他们有一个恐怖分子在他们手上" 。

The Penn State bioethicist says his view, which draws on the previously unpublished statements of an experienced US interrogator, raises fundamental concerns about the use of fMRI either to detect deception or to flag recognition of a stimulus.美国宾州大学生命伦理学家说，他认为，借鉴以往未发表的声明，一名经验丰富的美国审讯，引起关注的根本，对于利用功能磁共振成像可以检测欺骗手段或以国旗承认一种刺激。 If a terror suspect does recognize a certain stimulus, that person could be singled out for more aggressive interrogation.如果恐怖嫌犯是否认识到某一个刺激，这个人可以挑出来进行更积极的审问。

Psyche, Science, and Society赛琪，爱科学，爱社会

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