Brain-plug weapons could provide war crime immunity脑堵塞武器可以提供战争罪豁免权
By通过 Lewis Page刘易斯页 |
An American law student has published an analysis of international law regarding war crimes that might be committed using future brain-interface-controlled weapon systems.一美国法律的学生已发表的分析国际法律对战争罪行可能是利用未来的脑界面控制的武器系统。
Stephen White, studying at Cornell Law School, had his paper Brave New World: Neurowarfare and the Limits of International Humanitarian Law斯蒂芬白色，就读于康乃尔法学院，他的论文， 勇敢的新世界： neurowarfare和限制国际人道主义法 published (pdf)出版（ PDF格式） in the current issue of the Cornell International Law Journal .在当前的问题， 康乃尔国际法律学刊 。 The paper has been picked up文件已回升 here这里 and和 there那里 on the tech net.关于科技网。 In it, White makes particular reference to the various “Brain-Machine Interface” ploys being pursued by DARPA, the Pentagon mad-science outfit that loves a long shot.在资讯科技，白色，使特别提到的种种“脑-机界面”伎俩所奉行的DARPA的，五角大楼疯狂科学装备爱一个长期枪杀。
An example of such kit is the famous一个例子，这种工具包是著名的 mind-probe hat记探针的帽子 , intended to monitor a soldier’s brainwaves as he eyes the situation around him and throw up a threat marker on his visor before his conscious mind has even realised there is danger there. ，打算监察士兵的脑波，因为他的眼睛周围的局势，他扔了一个标记的威胁对他的遮阳帽之前，他自觉地考虑到，甚至意识到有危险存在。
DARPA reckon this could sometimes provide a useful speed advantage, as White notes: DARPA的估计，这有时可能提供一个有用的速度优势，作为白色注：
One of the justifications for employing a brain-machine interface is that the human brain can perform image calculations in parallel and can thus recognize items, such as targets, and classify them in 200 milliseconds, a rate orders of magnitude faster than computers can perform such operations.理由之一雇用脑的人机界面是人脑可以执行的形象，在并行计算，因此，可以承认的项目，如目标，并进行分类，他们在200毫秒内，利率的订单数量级速度比电脑可以执行，例如行动。 In fact, the image processing occurs faster than the subject can become conscious of what he or she sees…事实上，在图像处理速度比发生的主题可以成为意识到什么，他或她看到…
White looks forward to a day where such a system, rather than simply flagging up a subconsciously-spotted danger and perhaps training a weapon on it, actually opens fire without further ado.白期待着一天的地方这样一个制度，而不是简单地标帜了一个潜意识-发现的危险，也许训练的武器上，其实打开消防没有进一步的ADO 。 That would be fine if the soldier’s brain had correctly spotted a legitimate target, but obviously less so if instead a noncombatant got smoked.这将是罚款，如果士兵的脑组织已经正确地发现一个合法的目标，但显然没有那么如果不是一noncombatant得到熏。 That would be a war crime.这将是一种战争罪行。 But would the soldier be guilty?但该名士兵被判有罪？ All he or she did was think a bad thought, White argues, and:所有他或她却认为是一个坏的思想，白辩称，和：
Anglo-American criminal law has refused to criminalize someone solely for his or her bad thoughts… This fairness concern reflects the awareness… that punishing bad thoughts might have perverse social consequences… criminal law has refused to stigmatize those who contemplate bad deeds but do not actually perform them.英美刑法已拒绝按刑事罪论处，有人纯粹为他或她的坏思想…这公平的关注，反映了意识…这惩治坏思想可能有有害的社会后果…刑法一直拒绝谴责那些争议坏事但实际上却并不履行他们。
A layman might argue that in fact certain areas of bad thought are often punished by the criminal law; but we’ll skip over that.外行人可能认为，事实上，某些地区坏的思想，往往受到刑法的惩处;但我们会跳过以上。 White says that to bust someone for a war crime you need to show that he or she consciously chose to commit it, and presumably he knows what he’s on about.白皮书说，到半身像有人为是一种战争罪行，你必须表现出他或她自觉地选择了承诺，并且据推测，他知道什么，他就约。
In summary, a brain-interface guided weapon could circumvent the pilot’s normal volitional processing signals and rely solely on the recognition activity, thereby making it impossible for courts to determine whether a volitional act occurred before weapon targeting… a prosecutor could never definitively prove anything more than the most attenuated guilt for misdirected attacks on protected persons.总括来说，脑界面制导武器可以规避飞行员的正常意志和信号处理，单靠承认的活动，从而使不可能法院以确定是否有意志行为发生之前，核武器的目标…一名检察官不能明确证明任何东西都显得比最衰减有罪，为错误的攻击，受保护的人。
According to bonce-boffins cited by White, the conscious mind - especially in situations such as combat, where a lot of subconscious instincts are in play - tends to operate mainly by vetoing actions, rather than by thinking of them itself.据bonce - boffins所列举的白色，有意识地记住-尤其是在这种情况下作战，那里有很多潜意识的本能，是在发挥-往往运作主要由否决行动，而不是由他们的思想本身。 The bloodthirsty subconscious tends to work on the “kill ‘em all and let God sort them out” principle, but the more civilised part of the mind can suppress these impulses if it wants to.嗜血的潜意识倾向的工作，对“杀'在所有让上帝的排序出来”的原则，但更文明的一部分，心目中可以抑制这些冲动，如果要。 Under this theory, a human being doesn’t so much exercise free will as “free won’t”.根据这个理论，一个人没有那么多行使自由意志“的自由意志而不是” 。
So what’s to be done?因此，怎么办？ It would be silly to try and prohibit brain-shortout weapons altogether, says White.这将是愚蠢的尝试，并禁止脑shortout武器而言，说白。 He reckons that if people had prohibited the smartbomb and the target-seeking weapon, for instance, we’d still be stuck with horrible messy cluster bombs.他认为，如果人们已禁止smartbomb和目标，寻求武器，举例来说，我们仍然要坚持与可怕的混乱，集束炸弹。
Such a prohibition… might create the unintended consequence of hindering research into weapon systems that may prove more accurate than existing weapons…International humanitarian law, therefore… should create incentives to produce maximally predictable and accurate weapons and to clarify the lines of authority in wartime in order to make criminal accountability easier to determine.这种禁止…可能会造成意想不到的后果，阻碍了研究武器系统，可能证明是更准确比现有的武器…国际人道主义法，因此， … …应创造诱因，最大限度地产生可预见的和准确的武器和澄清的权力界限在战时在为了使刑事问责制比较容易确定。
But then White suddenly executes a neck-snapping volte face, and starts arguing for wholesale technology suppression.但后来白突然执行颈部-抢购转，并开始争论，批发技术镇压。
[This] would likely require prosecution of high-level civilian developers… Many high-level weapon designers have escaped prosecution for design of indiscriminate or disproportionate military systems… For instance, after World War II, the Nazi engineer Wernher von Braun evaded war crimes charges because the United States sought his expertise in designing rockets that were critical for military dominance in the Cold War.Putting engineers on notice of their potential liability may create incentives for them to create less indiscriminate and disproportionate weapons. [这]可能会要求检察机关高层次发展民用…许多高层次的武器设计师逃脱起诉的设计不分青红皂白地或不成比例的军事系统…举例来说，二战结束后，纳粹工程师沃纳冯布劳恩回避战争罪指控由于美国寻求他的专长在设计火箭的关键军事霸权在冷战war.putting工程师就通知其潜在的赔偿责任可能会创造诱因，为他们创造少不分青红皂白地和不成比例的武器。 A view of command responsibility would also create de facto liability for those most responsible for sanctioning the use of such weapons.一，鉴于指挥责任也将建立事实上的赔偿责任为那些最负责任的制裁这类武器的使用。
Frankly, White seems to have gone off the rails altogether here.坦率地说，白色似乎已经过铁轨完全在这里。 So the US should have executed Von Braun because his weapons were used to randomly bombard London?因此，美国应该有执行的冯布劳恩，因为他的武器被用来随机轰炸伦敦？ They’d have morally been bound to round up and shoot every boffin at the Manhattan Project, too - the A-bombs produced by Oppenheimer and his crowd were vastly more indiscriminate and deadly than the V-2s.他们想要有道德的约束，以全面和拍摄的每boffin在曼哈顿计划，太-一-炸弹所产生的奥本海默和他的人群被远远更为不分青红皂白地和致命的比V型2 s的。
In any case, the successors to Von Braun’s V-2s did allow the West not to lose the Cold War - which many would say was a good thing in itself, well worth amnestying him.在任何情况下，接班人冯布劳恩的V - 2并允许西方不要失去冷战-其中很多人会说是一件好事，在本身，以及价值a mnestying他。 Prosecutors can let people off in exchange for testimony, after all - why not for crucial help in preserving the very legal system they represent?检察官可以让人们在小康换取的证词，毕竟-为什么不为关键的帮助，在维护非常的法律制度，他们所代表的呢？
Furthermore, in the end the ballistic rockets turned into ICBMs accurate enough to take out individual hardened silos, in the process spawning various technologies including integrated circuits and then GPS.此外，在年底弹道火箭变成洲际弹道导弹的精确度已足以采取个别硬化筒仓，在这个过程中产卵的各种技术，包括集成电路，然后全球定位系统。 GPS is a major part of the precision weaponry that White approves of.全球定位系统是一项重大的一部分，精确的武器装备白色批准。
Getting back to brain-machine interfaces, there aren’t that many military applications where milliseconds count so much that you might shortcircuit the human brain - even if you really could.回到脑-机接口，有没有那么多在军事上的应用如毫秒计数了这么多，您可能会短路人类的大脑-甚至如果你真的可以。 Mostly it just wouldn’t make sense.大多只是将是没有意义的。
For instance, quicksilver brain-directed weapons could conceivably be handy for close quarter gunfighting one day.举例来说， quicksilver脑定向武器可以想象得心应手密切季gunfighting一天。 But if the system is going from subconscious assessment to shooting without further ado, it must be aiming the gun itself as well as firing it - this thing is mainly an automated weapons turret on a robot, now.但如果系统是从潜意识的评估，以拍摄没有进一步的ADO的，它必须瞄准枪本身以及射击-这件事，主要是一个自动武器的炮塔上的机器人，现在。 Why not put the operator and his wired-up brain off the battlefield via remote link, then?为什么不把经营者和他的有线跟进脑小康战场，通过遥控器连结，然后呢？ At which point the need to be really quick so as to keep him safe has vanished, so you may as well just give him a normal, consciously operated firing switch.此时，必须真快，让他安全已消失，所以你可能，以及刚刚给他一个正常的，自觉的运作发射开关。
Etc, etc.等等，等等。
The brain-machine legal point is mildly interesting, but realistically brain jumpwire systems are probably never going to be a big deal; not ones with firing authority, anyway.脑-机法律的一点是轻度有意思，但现实脑jumpwire系统可能永远不会成为一个大不了;不是与射击管理局，无论如何。 The fact that DARPA is looking at an idea doesn’t mean that it’s likely to come into service - quite the reverse, actually.事实上， DARPA的是看一个想法，并不意味着它有可能接触到服务-刚好相反，其实。 It could be that the international war-crimes judiciary has rather more serious issues to worry about.可以认为，国际战争罪，司法机构已较为严重的问题担心。
As for “Putting engineers on notice of their potential liability” - oh dear.至于“把工程师就通知其潜在的赔偿责任” -哦亲爱的。 So, we’ll hang rocket engineers in case they make ICBMs?因此，我们将坑火箭工程师在情况下，他们作出的洲际弹道导弹的？ Why not lock up Sir Frank Whittle, inventor of the jet engine, while we’re at it.为什么不关起来，主席先生坦率惠特尔发明的喷气发动机，而我们正处于它。 Jets have allowed far more indiscriminate ordnance to be dropped since 1945 than ever was before.喉，让更多的弹药不分青红皂白地将下降，自1945年以来，比以往任何时候都之前。 Of course, that all means no space programme, no airliners, no silicon chips, no computers.当然，这一切手段，没有空间方案，没有飞机，没有硅芯片，没有电脑。 No fertilisers; you might invent nerve gas by accident, so just try to eat less.没有肥料;你可能发明的神经毒气意外，所以只是尝试少吃。 Actually, moving on back in history, no technology at all - inventing the stone axe would be a crime under potential-liability rules of this sort.其实，移动就回到在历史上，没有任何技术在所有-发明石头开刀，将是一个潜在的犯罪下，责任规则，这一类的。
Alternatively, how about putting lawyers on notice of their countervailing liability in cases of stifling progress and so condemning the human race to prolonged and unnecessary death and suffering?另外，如何把律师就通知他们反补贴的法律责任，在案件扼杀进步和谴责，使人类长期的和不必要的死亡和痛苦？ ®
See More: 看到更多的： Technology 技术 USA News 美国新闻 Warfare 战Have Your Say: Brain-plug weapons could provide war crime immunity 你说：脑堵塞武器可以提供战争罪豁免权
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3 Responses to “Brain-plug weapons could provide war crime immunity” 3回应“脑堵塞武器可以提供战争罪豁免权”
steve k 史蒂夫k
Posted: Apr 25th, 2008 at 7:42 am | 发布时间： 2008年4月25日在上午07时42分| Link to this 链接到本Lim 林
Posted: Apr 25th, 2008 at 11:07 am | 发布时间： 2008年4月25日在上午11时07分| Link to this 链接到本Reply回复Steve you’re absolutely spot on.史蒂夫您绝对现货对。 You’ve raised some interesting points not covered in the report.您提出了一些有趣的点不包括在该报告。
steve k 史蒂夫k
Posted: Apr 26th, 2008 at 6:19 pm | 发布时间： 2008年4月26日在下午6时19分| Link to this 链接到本Reply回复Sorry for the late reply LIM and i greatfully aknowledge your comments .对不起，已故的答复林，我衷心aknowledge您的意见。 THANKS!谢谢！ . 。
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This is a very interesting article that has many and varied implications .这是一个很有趣的文章，有许多不同的影响。 It is well known that both the UK and the US gave immunity too most of the nazi scientists and divided them between both nations under OPERATION PAPERCLIP .这是人所共知的，无论是英国和美国给予豁免权过于大部分的纳粹科学家和他们之间的分歧双方根据联合国的运作回形针。 And yes they invented many things such as the space program ect , but does that excuse them from their formur crimes and who is wors the monster that created the machine or those that then took over the machine for their own means?和是他们发明了很多东西，如太空计画等，但是否为借口，把他们从自己的formur罪和谁是wors怪物制造机，或是那些被接手机为自己的手段呢？ It is well known that the west is obsessed with brain interfacing and experimenting just google MK-ULTRA .这是人所共知的西方是痴迷脑接口和试点，只是Google旺角超。 I doubt that this will ever see the light of day but just the thought that this is being taken seriousely fills me with fear and dread .我怀疑，这将以往任何时候都看到，鉴于天，但只是以为这是正在采取seriousely使我的恐惧和害怕。 If this application truly runs on the subconcious then that is extremely dangerous , say the operator has an arquement with his wife before using this equipment , that would be burried in the opperators subconcious and the anger could come out on the first female that the operator would see and she would more than likely be blown too shreds without the operator even consciousely knowing what had happened before its too late!如果此应用程序真正运行在subconcious那是极其危险的，说该公司已一arquement与他的妻子之前，使用此设备，这将是burried ，在opperators subconcious和愤怒可以出来，对第一位女性认为，经营者将见她会多可能吹太shreds没有经营者，甚至consciousely知道发生了什么事之前，其为时已晚！ . 。 WE SHOULD NOT MESS WITH THE MIND AS WE DONT EVEN KNOW EXACTLY HOW IT WORKS EVEN IN THIS DAY AND AGE!我们不应该搞得一团糟与铭记，因为我们不用，甚至确切地知道如何运作，即使在当今这个时代！ . 。 DARPA are probebly looking into various ways too use this application but not in exactly in the way that its described in the article . DARPA的是probebly探讨各种不同方法，也使用此应用程序，而不是在正是在这样其描述的文章。 Dont forget that what the military chooses too show us is only the tip of the iceberg they probebly have technology that is at least 20yrs ahead of what we know of , dont forget that the STEALTH BOMBER was developed and in use for many years before the military went public with it!不要忘记，什么军事选择也向我们显示，只不过是冰山的一角，他们probebly有技术，至少是平剂量提前我们所知道的，不要忘记，该隐形轰炸机是发达国家和在使用多年的前军事到公共与它！ . 。