|
|
Μεταφράστε:
              Μαζικής επικοινωνίας μέσα και μαζική πολιτική
Πέμπτη, 6η Νοεμβρίου 2008 Από James Petras; | Ο ρόλος των μαζικής επικοινωνίας μέσων (ΚΚ) της συμπεριφοράς στον επηρεασμό της μάζας και κατηγορίας είναι μια κεντρική ανησυχία μεταξύ των κρίσιμων συγγραφέων, ειδικά από τη στροφή του εικοστού αιώνα.; Οι συζητήσεις και οι μελέτες για τους ΚΚ έχουν εστιάσει στην πολιτικές προκατάληψη, την ιδιοκτησία και τις συνδέσεις της με τη μεγάλους επιχείρηση, τις σχέσεις και τους δεσμούς στο κράτος, τη σχετικές ειλικρίνεια και την ποικιλομορφία, προώθηση των πολέμων και εταιρικών ενδιαφερόντων μεταξύ άλλων σημαντικών ζητημάτων που έχουν επιπτώσεις στις σχέσεις της δύναμης, του πλούτου και της αυτοκρατορίας.; Από ιδιαίτερο ενδιαφέρον για τους συγγραφείς που αντιτάσσουν και που υποστηρίζουν το ρόλο των ΚΚ είναι ο αντίκτυπος των ΚΚ στον επηρεασμό της μαζικών προοπτικής, των απόψεων και των συμπεριφορών.; Τα δοκίμια, οι μονογραφίες και οι εμπειρικές μελέτες έχουν δημοσιευθεί ως προς την έκταση της επιρροής ΚΚ, το χρονικό πλαίσιο στο οποίο διατηρεί τον έλεγχο; βάθος; από την πίστη κατά εντυπωμένες τις ΚΚ απόψεις, και; θέση; σε ποιους ΚΚ τα μηνύματα έχουν τη μέγιστη επιρροή στην πρόκληση της μαζικής άποψης σύμφωνα με την απόφαση των ενδιαφερόντων κατηγορίας. ;;;;;;;;;;; Μια κατανόηση του ρόλου και της δύναμης των ΚΚ στη σύγχρονη κεφαλαιοκρατική κοινωνία μας απαιτεί για να οργανώσει τη συζήτηση σύμφωνα με τρία σημαντικά σχολεία; συντηρητικός, φιλελεύθερος και μαρξιστικός; πρίν προχωρά σε μια κρίσιμη ανάλυση και τελικά να παρουσιάσει τις σημειώσεις προς τον καθορισμό των εναλλακτικών λύσεων στα ελίτ-ελεγχόμενα δίκτυα επικοινωνιών. Ανταγωνιστικά παραδείγματα: Συντηρητικός, φιλελεύθερος και μαρξιστικός ;;;;;;;;;;; Εκεί είναι τρία παραδείγματα στο ρόλο, τη δύναμη και τη σχέση των μαζικής επικοινωνίας μέσων κατά τη μαζικές άποψη και τη δράση:; ο συντηρητικός, φιλελεύθερος και μαρξιστικός. ;;;;;;;;;;; Ο συντηρητικός, ή; πλουραλιστικός; το παράδειγμα, που διαδίδεται κατά ένα μεγάλο μέρος από τους ευρωπαϊκούς κοινωνικούς επιστήμονες των ΗΠΑ και υπογραμμίζει τις πολλαπλάσιες φωνές, τα ανταγωνιστικές δίκτυα και τις εξόδους και την ποικιλομορφία των απόψεων.; Ο συντηρητικός; ; pluralists; , υποστηρίξτε ότι ακόμα κι αν η ιδιοκτησία των μαζικής επικοινωνίας μέσων συγκεντρώνεται και το μήνυμά του προκατειλημμένος υπέρ του καθεστώτος, τα μαζικής επικοινωνίας μέσα είναι απλά ένα; πόρος; , αντιμετωπισμένος από άλλο; πόροι; όπως; μεγάλοι αριθμοί; από τους ψηφοφόρους χαμηλού εισοδήματος.; Εν τούτοις παραχωρώντας την άνιση πρόσβαση στα μαζικής επικοινωνίας μέσα μεταξύ της εργασίας και του κεφαλαίου; υπέρ-πολεμικά καθεστώτα και αντιπολεμική αντίθεση, υποστηρίζουν ότι η αντίθεση έχει μερικούς εξόδους, πολυάριθμους συγγραφείς και πολιτικούς αρθρογράφους: Ο έλεγχος των μαζικής επικοινωνίας μέσων είναι; άνισος αλλά διασκορπισμένος;.; Επιπλέον, υποστηρίζουν, ότι με την αύξηση του Διαδικτύου, υπάρχουν πολλαπλές πηγές πληροφοριών, και τα μαζικής επικοινωνίας μέσα μονοπώλιο έχει αραιωθεί σοβαρά, στην πραγματικότητα; εκδημοκρατισμός; ; σύστημα επικοινωνιών;.; Τα πιό έξυπνα πλουραλιστικά ideologues αναφέρουν τις εμπειρικές μελέτες, οι οποίες δείχνουν ότι τα περισσότερα άτομα; views are shaped by their family, friends and neighbors ? face-to-face relations, much more so than the ?impersonal media?.? In summary, the conservative argue there is no all powerful mass media power elite, and to the extent that it exists, it is counterbalanced by alternative media, local opinion and its own tolerance of diverse and competing opinions. The Liberal Paradigm of the Mass Media ??????????? The liberal paradigm describes the MM as the key instrument of ruling class domination in a liberal democracy.? Beginning with a historical account of the concentration of ownership in the hands of a small number of corporations interlocked with business and the state, the MM is seen as an essential component in the ?system of control? which perpetuates the ruling class and empire-building by its control and indoctrination of mass opinion.? The majority are converted into a malleable mass, induced to conformity to the interests and policies of the ruling class, thus preventing change and perpetuating the rule by the corporate elite.? For the liberals the top-down control by the mass media explains the ?paradox? of a highly unequal, military-driven empire in the context of a free and democratic political system.? The principle role of the academics is to convince other academics to unmask the media, to expose its fabrications, deceptions and hypocrisy, by emphasizing the ?contradictions? between ?our? democratic values and the lies of the powerful.? The more radical version of the ?liberal? view of the mass media attributes the high degree of consensus between elite and masses in the United States to the omnipresence and omniscience of the mass media. Marxist Critique ??????????? The Marxist approach to the mass media begins necessarily with a critique of the conservative and liberal perspectives.? Against the conservative critique, it points out that ?power? is not a disembodied resource but a relationship in which the owners of wealth and power can multiply and accumulate political and economic assets.? The presumption that ?everyone? or all groups can have some influence overlooks the fact that ownership of the means of communication is linked to other powerful economic groups, which wield power over banks, investment, trust funds, and these, in turn, influence political leaders and parties controlling legislation, candidate selection and government spending and agendas: this undermines the foundations and validity of the pluralist paradigm.? On all the major events of our time, the mass media loyally echoed the political line of the capitalist state, justifying the invasion of Iraq, the demonizing of Iran and echoing the state line on Iran?s nuclear program, Israel?s blockade of Palestine and invasion of Lebanon and the bailout of Wall Street.? In all the major events, a unified mass media played a leading role in propagating the message of the ruling class, among the masses, with varying degrees of success. ??????????? The liberal paradigm of ?mass media determinism? appears to have more credibility as its diagnosis of the structure of power and ownership of the MM corresponds to reality, as does its role in propagandizing the lies of the state on war and the economy.? However, when we turn to the liberals? image of MM control over mass opinion and attitudes, the assertions of all-powerful, all-controlling mass media successfully manipulating the public, these assumptions are questionable. ??????????? Historically, monopoly-oligopoly control of the mass media has been unsuccessful in shaping mass attitudes and action in a number of important political contexts.? This is true even in the United States.? For example, despite unanimous MM support for the privatization of the Federal Social Security Program, the huge public bailout of Wall Street, the continuation of the military occupation of Iraq and military escalation in Afghanistan and the current private for profit health system, the great majority of the US public is strongly opposed to the MM line.? Despite the fact that the leaders and the majorities of both ruling political parties do not reflect mass opinion, a majority of Americans have consistently backed a national, universal public health care, the withdrawal of US troops and they have vehemently opposed the Congressional support for Wall Street and the big finance industry.? An analysis reveals that the MM are influential in shaping mass opinion in line with ruling class and state policies on foreign policies, particularly the war policy, at the start of a war, aggression or militarist posture before the economic and human costs are brought home to US citizens in their everyday lives.? The MM is relatively ineffective when it supports domestic measures, which adversely affect the everyday socio-economic life of the mass of the American people.? The MM operate most successfully when they dominate the flow and access of information, as in foreign policy, where they can fabricate, distort and emotionally charge what is heard and seen by the public.? In contrast, MM ruling class propaganda is severely weakened by the evidence of empirical experience, which Americans live in relation to their health, pensions, wages and employment.? Marxists would argue that particular economic conditions create a class awareness, which counterbalances the power of the MM. ??????????? The weakness of the liberal view of the dominance of the mass media is found in its failure to take account of the impact of class contexts, the constraints of economic crises , the costs of war, the impact of downward mobility and the importance of basic social security in measuring or describing the operations of the mass media.? Most liberal theory of the mass media is based on a selective view of contexts, issues, time and places to back their theory.? For example, mass media and mass conformity ?fits? with the period of an expanding economy, upward social mobility, relative peace or less costly military interventions, particularly with regard to foreign policy issues.? The MM?s long term backing for capitalism or the ?free market? dominates mass opinion up to the collapse of capitalism: With the crises and breakdown of the financial system and especially the loss by millions of people of their pensions, even some propagandists in the MM realize that position is indefensible.? The liberal view of MM omnipotence and dominance of mass opinion is deeply flawed and fails to account for political-economic changes resulting from mass opinion which strongly deviates from MM propaganda.? The Marxist Perspective on the Mass Media ??????????? The Marxist perspective relativizes the influence of the MM making its power over the mass contingent on the degree to which the working and allied classes depend exclusively on the MM for information and for defining their political interests and social action.? Marxists argue that the MM exercises maximum influence where there is little or no class organization or class struggle (like in the US).? In contrast, where there is or was class organization, as in Venezuela or Bolivia, Chile in the 1970?s, and Central America in the 1980?s, the mass media have a far weaker impact on mass public opinion.? Marxists argue that where there is a history and culture of working class, peasant, Indian or other class-based movements and class solidarity the ruling class/state propaganda promoted by the MM has only a weak effect.? The masses have a preexistent framework, communication network and local opinion leaders, which filter out messages/propaganda that violate social/class/ethnic/national solidarity.? ??????????? For example, in Chile during the Presidency of Salvador Allende (1970-73), the vast majority of the print and broadcast media were violently opposed to the Democratic Socialist President?yet President Allende won the election, the left increased its vote in subsequent municipal and congressional elections based on overwhelming support from the workers, poor peasants, Indians and unemployed shanty town residents.? ??????????? More recently in Venezuela, the vast majority of MM has opposed President Chavez (1998-2008) in every congressional and municipal election, yet he has won massive electoral victories.? In both cases, socio-economic programs (vast increases in health and education, programs, land distribution, upward mobility, progressive income programs, nationalization of basic resources), strong class based organized support and mass mobilizations creating class consciousness undermined the effectiveness of the mass media.? ??????????? Throughout Latin America during the first decade of the new millennium, powerful popular movements grew in membership and organization despite the intense demonizing by all the major MM.? In Brazil, the Landless Rural Workers expanded its membership and support for land occupations despite the criminalization of its activity by the MM.? The same was true of the miners, workers, peasant and Indian movements in Bolivia ? leading to the overthrow of MM-backed neo-liberal presidents.? Similar mass uprisings overthrowing MM-backed Presidents took place in Argentina (2001) and Ecuador (2000 and 2005).? ??????????? These cases illustrate the contingent and circumstantial conditions, which influence MM dominance of mass opinion.? There are several common conditions in all these cases: 1.????? History, cultural, community and family linkages may create a ?block?or ?filter? on MM propaganda, especially on socio-economic issues affecting workplace, neighborhood and living standards. 2.????? Class struggle creates horizontal class bonds, especially in response to state and ruling class repression, declining living standards, concentration of wealth and mass evictions and displacement.? Class struggle creates positive responses to messages reinforcing the struggle and a negative rejection to messages from publicly identified media taking the side of the ruling class. 3.????? Class organizations provide an alternative framework for understanding? events,and for defining mass interests in class terms which resonate with their everyday experience and provide information and interpretation that counters the MM.? The higher the degree of class organization, the greater class solidarity and struggle the weaker the MM impact on mass opinion.? The converse is also true.? Whereas in the US, trade unions are run by officials drawing $300,000 dollars or more a year, who emphasize collaboration with the bosses (and publicly reject class struggle politics) and fail to organize 93% of the private workforce, the MM have an easier time influencing mass opinion. 4.????? The stronger the alternative class networks of opinion formation, the weaker the influence of the MM.? Where social movements develop local cadre, opinion leaders and community rooted activists, the less likely the masses will take their ?cues? on events from the formal, distant MM.? In many cases the masses selectively tune into the MM for entertainment (sports, soap operas, comedies) while rejecting their news reports and editorials.? Multi-generational families living in close proximity, located in homogenous occupational neighborhoods, with strong histories of class-based construction of communities generate class solidarity and social messages which come in conflict with the ruling class messages which promote ?private initiative? and ?successful micro-capitalism? or the criminalization of collective class action.? Both liberal and conservative views of the MM fail to account for the class context of media receptivity and power; the pluralists understate its capacity to dominate in times of weak class organization; the liberals overstate the power of the MM by ignoring the countervailing power of class-based organization, class struggle, culture, history and family traditions and solidarity that link individuals to their class and undermine receptivity to the ruling class message of the MM. Have Your Say: Mass Media and Mass Politics Please read our posting guidelines before posting. Alternatively you can discuss this report here. Related News
|
A historical milestone? Reflections on class and race in America Last post by Thinking Man's Idiot @ 11:08 AM Go to Forum
| Latest Topics
523 Architects, Engineers & Physicists question the official 911 story Euro tour Last post by Unregistered @ 10:56 AM We're not all fat cats Last post by Thinking Man's Idiot @ 10:48 AM Bashing Bible bashers Last post by Unregistered @ 06:53 AM Neocon Bunker Hunker Last post by ZingPao @ 03:42 AM Remember, remember, the fifth of November Last post by ZingPao @ 03:26 AM President Obama - A World Reacts Last post by ZingPao @ 03:20 AM The Hope of Obama Last post by ZingPao @ 03:12 AM Palin lays low as interview requests pile up Last post by ZingPao @ 02:18 AM Felix Rohatyn And the Nazis Last post by Nostalgia @ 01:22 AM  Email This Page To A Friend Latest Headlines
More World News  Archive |
The views expressed in the RINF news wire and newsletter are the sole responsibility of the author (s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the webmaster. RINF.COM: Breaking News & Alternative Media is Copyleft - Copy & Distribute Freely. News Forum |
Loading ...
