Posted on Jul\u00a011,\u00a02013<\/h4>\n\n<\/p>\nBy Todd Miller, TomDispatch<\/b><\/p>\n
This piece first appeared at TomDispatch. Read Tom Engelhardt\u2019s introduction here<\/a>.<\/i><\/p>\nThe first thing I did at the\u00a0Border Security Expo<\/a>\u00a0in Phoenix this March was climb the brown \u201cexplosion-resistant\u201d tower, 30 feet high and 10 feet wide, directly in the center of the spacious room that holds this annual trade\u00a0show<\/a>. From a platform where, assumedly, a border guard would stand, you could take in the constellation of small booths offering the surveillance industry\u2019s finest products, including a staggering multitude of ways to monitor, chase, capture, or even kill people, thanks to modernistic arrays of cameras and sensors, up-armored jeeps, the latest in guns, and even surveillance balloons.<\/p>\nAlthough at the time, headlines in the Southwest\u00a0emphasized<\/a>\u00a0potential cuts to future border-security budgets thanks to Congress\u2019s \u201csequester,\u201d the vast Phoenix Convention Center hall\u2013where the defense and security industries strut their stuff for law enforcement and the Department of Homeland Security (DHS)\u2013told quite a different story. Clearly, the expanding global industry of border security wasn\u2019t about to go anywhere. \u00a0It was as if the milling crowds of business people, government officials, and Border Patrol agents sensed that they were about to be truly in the money thanks to \u201cimmigration reform,\u201d no matter what version of it did or didn\u2019t pass Congress. And it looks like they were absolutely right.<\/p>\nAll around me in that tower were poster-sized fiery photos demonstrating ways it could help thwart massive attacks and fireball-style explosions. A border like the one just over 100 miles away between the United States and Mexico, it seemed to say, was not so much a place that divided people in situations of unprecedented global inequality, but a site of constant war-like danger.<\/p>\n
Below me were booths as far as the eye could see surrounded by Disneyesque fake desert shrubbery, barbed wire, sand bags, and desert camouflage. Throw in the products on display and you could almost believe that you were wandering through a militarized border zone with a Hollywood flair.<\/p>\n
To an awed potential customer, a salesman in a suit and tie demonstrated a mini-drone that fits in your hand like a Frisbee. It seemed to catch the technological fetishism that makes Expo the extravaganza it is. Later I asked him what such a drone would be used for. \u201cTo see what\u2019s over the next hill,\u201d he replied.<\/p>\n
Until you visit the yearly Expo, it\u2019s easy enough to forget that the U.S. borderlands are today ground zero for the rise, growth, and spread of a domestic surveillance state. On June 27th, the Senate passed<\/a> the Border Security, Economic Opportunity, and Immigration Modernization Act. Along with the claim that it offers a path to citizenship to millions of the undocumented living in the United States (with many stringent requirements<\/a>), in its more than 1,000 pages it promises to build the largest border-policing and surveillance apparatus ever seen in the United States. The result, Senator John McCain proudly said<\/a>, will be the \u201cmost militarized border since the fall of the Berlin Wall.\u201d<\/p>\nThis \u201cborder surge,\u201d a phrase coined<\/a> by Senator Chuck Schumer, is also a surveillance surge. The Senate bill provides for the hiring of almost 19,000 new Border Patrol agents, the building of 700 additional miles of walls, fences, and barriers, and an investment of billions of dollars in the latest surveillance technologies, including drones.<\/p>\nIn this, the bill only continues in a post-9\/11 tradition in which our southern divide has become an on-the-ground laboratory for the development of a surveillance state whose mission is already moving well beyond those borderlands. Calling this \u201cimmigration reform\u201d is like calling the National Security Agency\u2019s expanding global surveillance system a domestic telecommunications upgrade. It\u2019s really all about the country that the United States is becoming\u2013one of the police and the policed.<\/p>\n
Low-Intensity War Zone<\/strong><\/p>\nThe $46 billion border security price tag<\/a> in the immigration reform bill will simply expand on what has already been built. After all, $100 billion was spent<\/a> on border \u201cenforcement\u201d in the first decade after 9\/11. To that must be added the annual $18 billion budget for border and immigration enforcement, money that outpaces<\/a> the combined budgets of all other federal law enforcement agencies. \u00a0In fact, since Operation Blockade in the 1990s, the U.S.-Mexico border has gone through so many surges<\/a> that a time when simple chain link fences separated two friendly countries is now unimaginable.<\/p>\nTo witness the widespread presence of Department of Homeland Security agents on the southern border, just visit that international boundary 100 miles south of Border Security Expo. Approximately 700 miles of walls, fences, and barriers already cut off<\/a> the two countries at its major urban crossings and many rural ones as well. Emplaced everywhere are cameras<\/a> that can follow you\u2013or your body heat\u2013day or night. Overhead, as in Afghanistan, a Predator B drone<\/a> may hover. You can\u2019t hear its incessant buzzing only because it flies so high, nor can you see the crew in charge of flying it and analyzing your movements from possibly hundreds of miles away.<\/p>\nAs you walk, perhaps you step on implanted sensors, creating a beeping noise in some distant monitoring room. \u00a0Meanwhile, green-striped Border Patrol vehicles rush by constantly. On the U.S.-Mexican border, there are already more than<\/a> 18,500 agents (and approximately 2,300 more on the Canadian border). In counterterrorism mode, they are paid to be suspicious of everything and everybody. Some Homeland Security vehicles sport trailers carrying All Terrain Vehicles. Some have mounted surveillance cameras, others cages to detain captured migrants. Some borderlanders like Mike Wilson of the Tucson-based Border Action Network, a member of the Tohono O\u2019odham Nation (a Native American people and the original inhabitants of the Arizona borderlands), call<\/a> the border security operatives an \u201coccupying army.\u201d<\/p>\nCheckpoints\u2013normally located 20-50 miles from the international boundary\u2013serve as a second layer of border enforcement. Stopped at one of them, you will be interrogated by armed agents in green, most likely with drug-sniffing dogs. If you are near the international divide, it\u2019s hard to avoid such checkpoints where you will be asked about your citizenship\u2013and much more if anything you say or do, or simply the way you look, raises suspicions. Even outside of the checkpoints, agents of the Department of Homeland Security can pull you over<\/a> for any reason\u2013without probable cause or a warrant\u2013and do what is termed a \u201croutine search.\u201d As a U.S. Border Patrol agent told<\/a> journalist Margaret Regan, within a hundred miles of the international divide, \u201cthere\u2019s an asterisk on the Constitution.\u201d<\/p>\nOff-road forward operating bases offer further evidence of the battlefield atmosphere being created near the border. Such outposts became commonplace during the U.S. wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, where they were meant to house U.S. soldiers deployed into remote areas. On the border, there are high-tech yet rudimentary camps that serve the same purpose. They also signal<\/a> how agents of the Department of Homeland Security are \u201cgaining, maintaining, and expanding\u201d into rural areas traversed by migrants and used by smugglers, though to this point never crossed by a known international terrorist.<\/p>\nThese rural areas, especially in Arizona, are riddled with migrant causalities. More than 6,000 \u201cremains\u201d have been recovered<\/a> since the mid-1990s, deaths not for the most part from bullets but from exposure. The U.S. borderlands, according to sociologist Timothy Dunn, started to become<\/a> a militarized zone as early as the 1970s\u2013in part, in response to the Pentagon\u2019s low-intensity conflict doctrine. With Congressional immigration reform, if it passes the House of Representatives, it may very well become a full-fledged war zone.<\/p>\nSince the 1990s, the strategy of the Border Patrol has been termed<\/a> \u201cprevention by deterrence\u201d and has been focused on concentrating agents and surveillance technologies in urban areas, once the traditional migrant routes. The idea was to funnel migrant flows into areas too dangerous and desolate to cross like the triple-degree-temperature desert in Arizona. \u00a0Deadly yes; impossible to cross, no. Although unauthorized border-crossings have slowed down in recent years, tens of thousands continue to cross into the United States annually from Mexico and Central America, thanks in part to the continued havoc<\/a> of the North American Free Trade Agreement, which left more two million Mexican farmers unemployed. \u00a0<\/p>\nI met Adira, a 21-year-old from Oaxaca, Mexico, in early June. She told me a story all too common in Arizona. As she described her experience, I realized that I was talking to somebody who had probably died and been brought back to life. We were only a few blocks from the border. Homeland Security had formally deported her only days before. Still reliving the trauma of her experience, she stared down, her face colorless, as she talked.<\/p>\n
I had heard the basics of her story so many times before: to avoid the militarized surveillance apparatus, she and her companions walked for at least five days through the southern Arizona desert with little\u2013and then no\u2013water or food. By the fourth day, the mountains began to talk to her, so she told me, and she suspected she was coming to the end of her young life. After she couldn\u2019t walk any more, the guide dragged her, telling her constantly: \u201cWe just have to make it to the next point.\u201d<\/p>\n
When they reached a road on the American side of the border, she remembers convulsing four times (just as she remembers blood bursting spontaneously from the noses of her companions). And then she remembers no more. She woke up in a hospital. There were scars on her chest. Medics must have used a machine, she thought, to shock her back to life. She found out later that somebody had lit a fire to attract the Border Patrol. She\u2019s lucky not to be among those remains regularly found out in that desert.<\/p>\n
In other words, each further tightening of the border is a death sentence passed on yet more Latin Americans. According to a statement by a group of Tucson organizations, including No More Deaths and the Coalici\u00c3\u00b3n de Derechos Humanos, the border build-up in the immigration reform bill promises<\/a> more of the same: \u201cMake no mistake: this bill will lead to more deaths on the border.\u201d<\/p>\nThe Laboratory<\/strong><\/p>\nIn early March, DRS Technologies set up its integrated fixed-tower technology at the University of Arizona\u2019s (UA) Science and Technology Park, just south of Tucson, an hour from the border, and very close to where Adira almost lost her life. The company was eager to show off the long-range surveillance technology it had been developing<\/a> for borders in places like Egypt and Jordan.<\/p>\nIt set up<\/a> a mock operational control room to do a dog-and-pony show for the local media. Four of its IT guys then focused their cameras on an elevated railroad spur more than four miles away in the middle of the desert where two men were approaching each other to consummate a fake drug deal. One handed the other a backpack. It was all vividly watchable on DRS\u2019s video screens. Although the odds of such a scenario actually happening ranged from slim to none, the demonstration was a reminder of just how fertile the U.S.-Mexico borderlands are for defense- and surveillance-related companies. It\u2019s here that new generations of surveillance technology are regularly born and developed.<\/p>\nFor almost a decade, the Department of Homeland Security has been attempting to build a \u201cvirtual wall<\/a>\u201d along the border\u2013not a physical barrier but a high-tech surveillance masterpiece, a complex web of technology, radar, unattended ground sensors, and camera systems meant to detect anyone crossing the border anywhere. The last attempt to install such an experimental system along part of the border was in 2006. Then the Department of Homeland Security awarded Boeing Corporation a multi-billion-dollar contract to develop such a \u201cwall,\u201d known as SBInet. That contract was abruptly cancelled<\/a> in 2011, after the costly and delayed program advertised as offering \u201cunprecedented situational awareness\u201d misfired regularly in the rugged terrain of the Arizona borderlands. Now, companies like DRS are standing in line for the next round of potentially lucrative contracts<\/a>, as Homeland Security wants<\/a> \u201cto finish the job.\u201d<\/p>\nThe UA Tech Park is one place in the southern borderlands where surveillance technology can be developed, tested, evaluated, and demonstrated. It has 18,000 linear feet of fencing surrounding its \u201csolar zone,\u201d a solar-technology-centric research area ideal for testing sensor systems along a future border wall. On any of the roadways in its 1,345 acres, it can set up mock border-crossings or checkpoints to test new equipment and methods. It draws on faculty and graduate students from the college of engineering. In \u201crapid-response teams,\u201d they offer third-party evaluations of border control technology. Some of this same technology is also being created<\/a> on the UA campus, thanks in part to millions of dollars in DHS grants.<\/p>\nHere, too, as Tech Park CEO Bruce Wright tells me, they can test new technologies \u201cright in the field\u201d\u2013that is, on the border, presumably on real people. One of the tech park\u2019s goals, he says, is to develop the first border security industry cluster of its kind in the United States. In southern Arizona alone, they have already identified<\/a> 57 companies, big and small, working on border policing technology.<\/p>\nThe Tech Park\u2019s director of community engagement Molly Gilbert says, \u201cIt\u2019s really about development, and we want to create technology jobs in our border towns.\u201d These are sweet words for the economically depressed communities of southern Arizona, their poverty rates usually hovering<\/a> at around 20%. With projected global revenues of approximately $20 billion<\/a> in 2013 and a 5% growth rate that has withstood a worldwide recession, the global border security industry was flourishing even before the latest immigration reform proposal. Now, it\u2019s poised for a potential bonanza.<\/p>\nThe key, as Wright stressed in a 2012 interview, is that the products developed for the U.S.-Mexican borderlands be marketed in the future for the U.S.-Canada border, where \u201cdefenses\u201d are already being upgraded<\/a>, for other international borders, but also for places that have little to do with borders. These might include the perimeters of utility companies and airports, or police forces with expanding national security and immigration enforcement missions.<\/p>\n\u201cThere\u2019s a huge market for this technology worldwide,\u201d Wright told me then, \u201cbecause borders exist everywhere. There\u2019s the Palestinian-Israeli border, there\u2019s the Syrian-Israeli border, there\u2019s the German-Polish border\u2026 Take it around the world and wherever you want to go there are borders, so the technology is very adaptable and has a market worldwide.\u201d<\/p>\n
The Surge<\/strong><\/p>\nThe word \u201csurge,\u201d last heard in relation to the U.S. wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, actually fits the immigration reform bill perfectly. It\u2019s almost as if a domestic war is about to be formally declared.<\/p>\n
After all, the bill would come close to doubling<\/a> the number of Border Patrol agents, bringing their ranks to 40,000\u2013the size of a small army\u2013stationed, according to Senator Lindsey Graham, every 1,000 feet<\/a> along the nearly 2,000-mile border. To put that in perspective, the Border Patrol, created in 1924, took close to 70 years to reach 4,000 agents. In 2006, at 10,000 agents, it had its first major hiring surge, doubling its numbers. Many of the new agents were veterans from our wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. This new surge will mean collateral benefits for all sorts of businesses\u2013more uniforms, more guns, more vehicles, more maintenance. And that\u2019s just to scratch the surface of what\u2019s likely to happen.<\/p>\nAs Vermont Senator Patrick Leahy put it<\/a>, this will be the \u201cChristmas wish list for Halliburton,\u201d and the border security industry, as at this year\u2019s Border Security Expo, is visibly licking its chops. \u00a0Senator Marco Rubio laid out the following list or, as the trade magazine Homeland Security Today<\/em> called it, \u201ctreasure trove\u201d<\/a> of products that it expected to be ordered if the bill passed: 86 integrated fixed towers, 286 fixed camera systems, 232 mobile surveillance systems, 4,595 unattended ground sensors, 820 handheld equipment devices, 416 personal radiation detectors, 104 radiation isotope identification devices, 62 mobile automated targeting systems, 53 fiber-optic tank inspection scopes, 37 portable contraband detectors, 28 license plate readers, 26 mobile inspection scopes and sensors for checkpoints, nine land automated targeting systems, and eight non-intrusive inspection systems.<\/p>\nIn addition, Rubio said, the immigration bill would include \u201cfour unmanned aircraft systems, six VADER radar systems, 17 UH-1N helicopters, eight C-206H aircraft upgrades, eight AS-350 light enforcement helicopters, 10 Blackhawk helicopter 10 A-L conversions, five new Blackhawk M Model, 30 marine vessels, 93 sensor repeaters, 90 communications repeaters, two card-reader systems, five camera refresh, three backscatters, one radiation portal monitor, one littoral detection, one real-time radioscopy, and improved surveillance capabilities for existing aerostat.\u201d<\/p>\n
The reform package calls<\/a> for \u201cpersistent surveillance\u201d and 24\/7 drone flights, although the areas of these flights are not specified. Even before the Senate reform bill came into view, San Diego-based General Atomics was awarded<\/a> a contract that would add 14 more drones to the current fleet of 10 used by Customs and Border Protection (CBP, the parent agency of the Border Patrol). CBP plans to have 18 drones in flight by 2016 and 24 in the years to follow patrolling U.S. skies over cities such as San Diego, Tucson, and El Paso\u2013not to speak, in the north, of Seattle, Detroit, and Buffalo.<\/p>\nSome of these drones will be equipped with the VADER \u201cman-hunting\u201d radar system, made by Northrup Grumman, used to detect<\/a> roadside bombers in Afghanistan. Now, even more of this technology will be put to use in the borderlands, where, according to CBP, it is aready locating<\/a> unauthorized border-crossers. Recently declassified documents also show that CBP has been considering upgrading<\/a> its drones with \u201cnon-lethal\u201d weapons to be able to take down \u201ctargets of interest.\u201d<\/p>\nAccording to the New York Times<\/em>, other military-industrial behemoths like Raytheon and Lockheed Martin are actively looking for<\/a> \u201crevenue flows\u201d as \u201cwars wind down.\u201d Teams of lobbyists, including former New York Senator Alfonse D\u2019Amato, have been pressing the Department of Homeland Security on behalf of their corporate clients. D\u2019Amato lobbies<\/a> for the United Technologies Corporation, which stands to make millions off an immigration bill that will okay the purchase of 15 of its Blackhawk helicopters. This is but one example of the increasingly powerful set of corporate interests eager to see immigration reform pass now in the House of Representatives. A vote could come as early as Labor Day.<\/p>\nBut whatever happens, it\u2019s time to stop thinking of all this as \u201cimmigration reform.\u201d It represents what may be the most intense concentration of the surveillance state in a single location ever witnessed\u2013a place where the Constitution has an asterisk, which means that anything goes and dystopian worlds of all sorts can be invented.<\/p>\n
The Los Angeles Times<\/em> has written<\/a> that, if passed, the bill \u201cwould also be a boost to defense contractors and an economic stimulus for border communities, creating thousands of jobs that could raise home prices and spur consumer spending around border security stations.\u201d It sounds like Keynesian economics, but of a whole different sort.<\/p>\nIn a world where basic services are being cut, an emerging policing apparatus in the borderlands is flourishing. As Mattea Kramer and Chris Hellman reported<\/a> at TomDispatch in February, since September 11, 2001, the United States has spent $791 billion on \u201chomeland security\u201d alone, an inflation-adjusted $300 billion more than the cost of the entire New Deal.<\/p>\nIn those borderlands, we are seeing the birth of a military-industrial-immigration complex. It seems destined to shape our future.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n
Todd Miller has researched and written about U.S.-Mexican border issues for more than 10 years. He has worked on both sides of the border for BorderLinks in Tucson, Arizona, and Witness for Peace in Oaxaca, Mexico. He now writes on border and immigration issues for NACLA Report on the Americas and its blog \u201c<\/em>Border Wars<\/em><\/a>,\u201d among other places. He is at work on his first book, <\/em>Border Patrol Nation, for the Open Media Series of City Lights Books.<\/em><\/p>\nFollow TomDispatch on Twitter and join us on Facebook<\/a> or Tumblr<\/a>. Check out the newest Dispatch book, Nick Turse\u2019s The Changing Face of Empire: Special Ops, Drones, Proxy Fighters, Secret Bases, and Cyberwarfare<\/em>.<\/a><\/p>\n\nCopyright 2013 Todd Miller<\/small>\n<\/p>\n
![\"\"](\"http:\/\/www.truthdig.com\/images\/eartothegrounduploads\/8491549863_a64f8cef3d.jpg\")
<\/p>\n
CBP Photography<\/a> (CC BY-SA 2.0)<\/a><\/p>\n<\/span>\n<\/div>\n
By Todd Miller, TomDispatch<\/b><\/p>\n
This piece first appeared at TomDispatch. Read Tom Engelhardt\u2019s introduction here<\/a>.<\/i><\/p>\n The first thing I did at the\u00a0Border Security Expo<\/a>\u00a0in Phoenix this March was climb the brown \u201cexplosion-resistant\u201d tower, 30 feet high and 10 feet wide, directly in the center of the spacious room that holds this annual trade\u00a0show<\/a>. From a platform where, assumedly, a border guard would stand, you could take in the constellation of small booths offering the surveillance industry\u2019s finest products, including a staggering multitude of ways to monitor, chase, capture, or even kill people, thanks to modernistic arrays of cameras and sensors, up-armored jeeps, the latest in guns, and even surveillance balloons.<\/p>\n Although at the time, headlines in the Southwest\u00a0emphasized<\/a>\u00a0potential cuts to future border-security budgets thanks to Congress\u2019s \u201csequester,\u201d the vast Phoenix Convention Center hall\u2013where the defense and security industries strut their stuff for law enforcement and the Department of Homeland Security (DHS)\u2013told quite a different story. Clearly, the expanding global industry of border security wasn\u2019t about to go anywhere. \u00a0It was as if the milling crowds of business people, government officials, and Border Patrol agents sensed that they were about to be truly in the money thanks to \u201cimmigration reform,\u201d no matter what version of it did or didn\u2019t pass Congress. And it looks like they were absolutely right.<\/p>\n All around me in that tower were poster-sized fiery photos demonstrating ways it could help thwart massive attacks and fireball-style explosions. A border like the one just over 100 miles away between the United States and Mexico, it seemed to say, was not so much a place that divided people in situations of unprecedented global inequality, but a site of constant war-like danger.<\/p>\n Below me were booths as far as the eye could see surrounded by Disneyesque fake desert shrubbery, barbed wire, sand bags, and desert camouflage. Throw in the products on display and you could almost believe that you were wandering through a militarized border zone with a Hollywood flair.<\/p>\n To an awed potential customer, a salesman in a suit and tie demonstrated a mini-drone that fits in your hand like a Frisbee. It seemed to catch the technological fetishism that makes Expo the extravaganza it is. Later I asked him what such a drone would be used for. \u201cTo see what\u2019s over the next hill,\u201d he replied.<\/p>\n Until you visit the yearly Expo, it\u2019s easy enough to forget that the U.S. borderlands are today ground zero for the rise, growth, and spread of a domestic surveillance state. On June 27th, the Senate passed<\/a> the Border Security, Economic Opportunity, and Immigration Modernization Act. Along with the claim that it offers a path to citizenship to millions of the undocumented living in the United States (with many stringent requirements<\/a>), in its more than 1,000 pages it promises to build the largest border-policing and surveillance apparatus ever seen in the United States. The result, Senator John McCain proudly said<\/a>, will be the \u201cmost militarized border since the fall of the Berlin Wall.\u201d<\/p>\n This \u201cborder surge,\u201d a phrase coined<\/a> by Senator Chuck Schumer, is also a surveillance surge. The Senate bill provides for the hiring of almost 19,000 new Border Patrol agents, the building of 700 additional miles of walls, fences, and barriers, and an investment of billions of dollars in the latest surveillance technologies, including drones.<\/p>\n In this, the bill only continues in a post-9\/11 tradition in which our southern divide has become an on-the-ground laboratory for the development of a surveillance state whose mission is already moving well beyond those borderlands. Calling this \u201cimmigration reform\u201d is like calling the National Security Agency\u2019s expanding global surveillance system a domestic telecommunications upgrade. It\u2019s really all about the country that the United States is becoming\u2013one of the police and the policed.<\/p>\n Low-Intensity War Zone<\/strong><\/p>\n The $46 billion border security price tag<\/a> in the immigration reform bill will simply expand on what has already been built. After all, $100 billion was spent<\/a> on border \u201cenforcement\u201d in the first decade after 9\/11. To that must be added the annual $18 billion budget for border and immigration enforcement, money that outpaces<\/a> the combined budgets of all other federal law enforcement agencies. \u00a0In fact, since Operation Blockade in the 1990s, the U.S.-Mexico border has gone through so many surges<\/a> that a time when simple chain link fences separated two friendly countries is now unimaginable.<\/p>\n To witness the widespread presence of Department of Homeland Security agents on the southern border, just visit that international boundary 100 miles south of Border Security Expo. Approximately 700 miles of walls, fences, and barriers already cut off<\/a> the two countries at its major urban crossings and many rural ones as well. Emplaced everywhere are cameras<\/a> that can follow you\u2013or your body heat\u2013day or night. Overhead, as in Afghanistan, a Predator B drone<\/a> may hover. You can\u2019t hear its incessant buzzing only because it flies so high, nor can you see the crew in charge of flying it and analyzing your movements from possibly hundreds of miles away.<\/p>\n As you walk, perhaps you step on implanted sensors, creating a beeping noise in some distant monitoring room. \u00a0Meanwhile, green-striped Border Patrol vehicles rush by constantly. On the U.S.-Mexican border, there are already more than<\/a> 18,500 agents (and approximately 2,300 more on the Canadian border). In counterterrorism mode, they are paid to be suspicious of everything and everybody. Some Homeland Security vehicles sport trailers carrying All Terrain Vehicles. Some have mounted surveillance cameras, others cages to detain captured migrants. Some borderlanders like Mike Wilson of the Tucson-based Border Action Network, a member of the Tohono O\u2019odham Nation (a Native American people and the original inhabitants of the Arizona borderlands), call<\/a> the border security operatives an \u201coccupying army.\u201d<\/p>\n Checkpoints\u2013normally located 20-50 miles from the international boundary\u2013serve as a second layer of border enforcement. Stopped at one of them, you will be interrogated by armed agents in green, most likely with drug-sniffing dogs. If you are near the international divide, it\u2019s hard to avoid such checkpoints where you will be asked about your citizenship\u2013and much more if anything you say or do, or simply the way you look, raises suspicions. Even outside of the checkpoints, agents of the Department of Homeland Security can pull you over<\/a> for any reason\u2013without probable cause or a warrant\u2013and do what is termed a \u201croutine search.\u201d As a U.S. Border Patrol agent told<\/a> journalist Margaret Regan, within a hundred miles of the international divide, \u201cthere\u2019s an asterisk on the Constitution.\u201d<\/p>\n Off-road forward operating bases offer further evidence of the battlefield atmosphere being created near the border. Such outposts became commonplace during the U.S. wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, where they were meant to house U.S. soldiers deployed into remote areas. On the border, there are high-tech yet rudimentary camps that serve the same purpose. They also signal<\/a> how agents of the Department of Homeland Security are \u201cgaining, maintaining, and expanding\u201d into rural areas traversed by migrants and used by smugglers, though to this point never crossed by a known international terrorist.<\/p>\n These rural areas, especially in Arizona, are riddled with migrant causalities. More than 6,000 \u201cremains\u201d have been recovered<\/a> since the mid-1990s, deaths not for the most part from bullets but from exposure. The U.S. borderlands, according to sociologist Timothy Dunn, started to become<\/a> a militarized zone as early as the 1970s\u2013in part, in response to the Pentagon\u2019s low-intensity conflict doctrine. With Congressional immigration reform, if it passes the House of Representatives, it may very well become a full-fledged war zone.<\/p>\n Since the 1990s, the strategy of the Border Patrol has been termed<\/a> \u201cprevention by deterrence\u201d and has been focused on concentrating agents and surveillance technologies in urban areas, once the traditional migrant routes. The idea was to funnel migrant flows into areas too dangerous and desolate to cross like the triple-degree-temperature desert in Arizona. \u00a0Deadly yes; impossible to cross, no. Although unauthorized border-crossings have slowed down in recent years, tens of thousands continue to cross into the United States annually from Mexico and Central America, thanks in part to the continued havoc<\/a> of the North American Free Trade Agreement, which left more two million Mexican farmers unemployed. \u00a0<\/p>\n I met Adira, a 21-year-old from Oaxaca, Mexico, in early June. She told me a story all too common in Arizona. As she described her experience, I realized that I was talking to somebody who had probably died and been brought back to life. We were only a few blocks from the border. Homeland Security had formally deported her only days before. Still reliving the trauma of her experience, she stared down, her face colorless, as she talked.<\/p>\n I had heard the basics of her story so many times before: to avoid the militarized surveillance apparatus, she and her companions walked for at least five days through the southern Arizona desert with little\u2013and then no\u2013water or food. By the fourth day, the mountains began to talk to her, so she told me, and she suspected she was coming to the end of her young life. After she couldn\u2019t walk any more, the guide dragged her, telling her constantly: \u201cWe just have to make it to the next point.\u201d<\/p>\n When they reached a road on the American side of the border, she remembers convulsing four times (just as she remembers blood bursting spontaneously from the noses of her companions). And then she remembers no more. She woke up in a hospital. There were scars on her chest. Medics must have used a machine, she thought, to shock her back to life. She found out later that somebody had lit a fire to attract the Border Patrol. She\u2019s lucky not to be among those remains regularly found out in that desert.<\/p>\n In other words, each further tightening of the border is a death sentence passed on yet more Latin Americans. According to a statement by a group of Tucson organizations, including No More Deaths and the Coalici\u00c3\u00b3n de Derechos Humanos, the border build-up in the immigration reform bill promises<\/a> more of the same: \u201cMake no mistake: this bill will lead to more deaths on the border.\u201d<\/p>\n The Laboratory<\/strong><\/p>\n In early March, DRS Technologies set up its integrated fixed-tower technology at the University of Arizona\u2019s (UA) Science and Technology Park, just south of Tucson, an hour from the border, and very close to where Adira almost lost her life. The company was eager to show off the long-range surveillance technology it had been developing<\/a> for borders in places like Egypt and Jordan.<\/p>\n It set up<\/a> a mock operational control room to do a dog-and-pony show for the local media. Four of its IT guys then focused their cameras on an elevated railroad spur more than four miles away in the middle of the desert where two men were approaching each other to consummate a fake drug deal. One handed the other a backpack. It was all vividly watchable on DRS\u2019s video screens. Although the odds of such a scenario actually happening ranged from slim to none, the demonstration was a reminder of just how fertile the U.S.-Mexico borderlands are for defense- and surveillance-related companies. It\u2019s here that new generations of surveillance technology are regularly born and developed.<\/p>\n For almost a decade, the Department of Homeland Security has been attempting to build a \u201cvirtual wall<\/a>\u201d along the border\u2013not a physical barrier but a high-tech surveillance masterpiece, a complex web of technology, radar, unattended ground sensors, and camera systems meant to detect anyone crossing the border anywhere. The last attempt to install such an experimental system along part of the border was in 2006. Then the Department of Homeland Security awarded Boeing Corporation a multi-billion-dollar contract to develop such a \u201cwall,\u201d known as SBInet. That contract was abruptly cancelled<\/a> in 2011, after the costly and delayed program advertised as offering \u201cunprecedented situational awareness\u201d misfired regularly in the rugged terrain of the Arizona borderlands. Now, companies like DRS are standing in line for the next round of potentially lucrative contracts<\/a>, as Homeland Security wants<\/a> \u201cto finish the job.\u201d<\/p>\n The UA Tech Park is one place in the southern borderlands where surveillance technology can be developed, tested, evaluated, and demonstrated. It has 18,000 linear feet of fencing surrounding its \u201csolar zone,\u201d a solar-technology-centric research area ideal for testing sensor systems along a future border wall. On any of the roadways in its 1,345 acres, it can set up mock border-crossings or checkpoints to test new equipment and methods. It draws on faculty and graduate students from the college of engineering. In \u201crapid-response teams,\u201d they offer third-party evaluations of border control technology. Some of this same technology is also being created<\/a> on the UA campus, thanks in part to millions of dollars in DHS grants.<\/p>\n Here, too, as Tech Park CEO Bruce Wright tells me, they can test new technologies \u201cright in the field\u201d\u2013that is, on the border, presumably on real people. One of the tech park\u2019s goals, he says, is to develop the first border security industry cluster of its kind in the United States. In southern Arizona alone, they have already identified<\/a> 57 companies, big and small, working on border policing technology.<\/p>\n The Tech Park\u2019s director of community engagement Molly Gilbert says, \u201cIt\u2019s really about development, and we want to create technology jobs in our border towns.\u201d These are sweet words for the economically depressed communities of southern Arizona, their poverty rates usually hovering<\/a> at around 20%. With projected global revenues of approximately $20 billion<\/a> in 2013 and a 5% growth rate that has withstood a worldwide recession, the global border security industry was flourishing even before the latest immigration reform proposal. Now, it\u2019s poised for a potential bonanza.<\/p>\n The key, as Wright stressed in a 2012 interview, is that the products developed for the U.S.-Mexican borderlands be marketed in the future for the U.S.-Canada border, where \u201cdefenses\u201d are already being upgraded<\/a>, for other international borders, but also for places that have little to do with borders. These might include the perimeters of utility companies and airports, or police forces with expanding national security and immigration enforcement missions.<\/p>\n \u201cThere\u2019s a huge market for this technology worldwide,\u201d Wright told me then, \u201cbecause borders exist everywhere. There\u2019s the Palestinian-Israeli border, there\u2019s the Syrian-Israeli border, there\u2019s the German-Polish border\u2026 Take it around the world and wherever you want to go there are borders, so the technology is very adaptable and has a market worldwide.\u201d<\/p>\n The Surge<\/strong><\/p>\n The word \u201csurge,\u201d last heard in relation to the U.S. wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, actually fits the immigration reform bill perfectly. It\u2019s almost as if a domestic war is about to be formally declared.<\/p>\n After all, the bill would come close to doubling<\/a> the number of Border Patrol agents, bringing their ranks to 40,000\u2013the size of a small army\u2013stationed, according to Senator Lindsey Graham, every 1,000 feet<\/a> along the nearly 2,000-mile border. To put that in perspective, the Border Patrol, created in 1924, took close to 70 years to reach 4,000 agents. In 2006, at 10,000 agents, it had its first major hiring surge, doubling its numbers. Many of the new agents were veterans from our wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. This new surge will mean collateral benefits for all sorts of businesses\u2013more uniforms, more guns, more vehicles, more maintenance. And that\u2019s just to scratch the surface of what\u2019s likely to happen.<\/p>\n As Vermont Senator Patrick Leahy put it<\/a>, this will be the \u201cChristmas wish list for Halliburton,\u201d and the border security industry, as at this year\u2019s Border Security Expo, is visibly licking its chops. \u00a0Senator Marco Rubio laid out the following list or, as the trade magazine Homeland Security Today<\/em> called it, \u201ctreasure trove\u201d<\/a> of products that it expected to be ordered if the bill passed: 86 integrated fixed towers, 286 fixed camera systems, 232 mobile surveillance systems, 4,595 unattended ground sensors, 820 handheld equipment devices, 416 personal radiation detectors, 104 radiation isotope identification devices, 62 mobile automated targeting systems, 53 fiber-optic tank inspection scopes, 37 portable contraband detectors, 28 license plate readers, 26 mobile inspection scopes and sensors for checkpoints, nine land automated targeting systems, and eight non-intrusive inspection systems.<\/p>\n In addition, Rubio said, the immigration bill would include \u201cfour unmanned aircraft systems, six VADER radar systems, 17 UH-1N helicopters, eight C-206H aircraft upgrades, eight AS-350 light enforcement helicopters, 10 Blackhawk helicopter 10 A-L conversions, five new Blackhawk M Model, 30 marine vessels, 93 sensor repeaters, 90 communications repeaters, two card-reader systems, five camera refresh, three backscatters, one radiation portal monitor, one littoral detection, one real-time radioscopy, and improved surveillance capabilities for existing aerostat.\u201d<\/p>\n The reform package calls<\/a> for \u201cpersistent surveillance\u201d and 24\/7 drone flights, although the areas of these flights are not specified. Even before the Senate reform bill came into view, San Diego-based General Atomics was awarded<\/a> a contract that would add 14 more drones to the current fleet of 10 used by Customs and Border Protection (CBP, the parent agency of the Border Patrol). CBP plans to have 18 drones in flight by 2016 and 24 in the years to follow patrolling U.S. skies over cities such as San Diego, Tucson, and El Paso\u2013not to speak, in the north, of Seattle, Detroit, and Buffalo.<\/p>\n Some of these drones will be equipped with the VADER \u201cman-hunting\u201d radar system, made by Northrup Grumman, used to detect<\/a> roadside bombers in Afghanistan. Now, even more of this technology will be put to use in the borderlands, where, according to CBP, it is aready locating<\/a> unauthorized border-crossers. Recently declassified documents also show that CBP has been considering upgrading<\/a> its drones with \u201cnon-lethal\u201d weapons to be able to take down \u201ctargets of interest.\u201d<\/p>\n According to the New York Times<\/em>, other military-industrial behemoths like Raytheon and Lockheed Martin are actively looking for<\/a> \u201crevenue flows\u201d as \u201cwars wind down.\u201d Teams of lobbyists, including former New York Senator Alfonse D\u2019Amato, have been pressing the Department of Homeland Security on behalf of their corporate clients. D\u2019Amato lobbies<\/a> for the United Technologies Corporation, which stands to make millions off an immigration bill that will okay the purchase of 15 of its Blackhawk helicopters. This is but one example of the increasingly powerful set of corporate interests eager to see immigration reform pass now in the House of Representatives. A vote could come as early as Labor Day.<\/p>\n But whatever happens, it\u2019s time to stop thinking of all this as \u201cimmigration reform.\u201d It represents what may be the most intense concentration of the surveillance state in a single location ever witnessed\u2013a place where the Constitution has an asterisk, which means that anything goes and dystopian worlds of all sorts can be invented.<\/p>\n The Los Angeles Times<\/em> has written<\/a> that, if passed, the bill \u201cwould also be a boost to defense contractors and an economic stimulus for border communities, creating thousands of jobs that could raise home prices and spur consumer spending around border security stations.\u201d It sounds like Keynesian economics, but of a whole different sort.<\/p>\n In a world where basic services are being cut, an emerging policing apparatus in the borderlands is flourishing. As Mattea Kramer and Chris Hellman reported<\/a> at TomDispatch in February, since September 11, 2001, the United States has spent $791 billion on \u201chomeland security\u201d alone, an inflation-adjusted $300 billion more than the cost of the entire New Deal.<\/p>\n In those borderlands, we are seeing the birth of a military-industrial-immigration complex. It seems destined to shape our future.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n Todd Miller has researched and written about U.S.-Mexican border issues for more than 10 years. He has worked on both sides of the border for BorderLinks in Tucson, Arizona, and Witness for Peace in Oaxaca, Mexico. He now writes on border and immigration issues for NACLA Report on the Americas and its blog \u201c<\/em>Border Wars<\/em><\/a>,\u201d among other places. He is at work on his first book, <\/em>Border Patrol Nation, for the Open Media Series of City Lights Books.<\/em><\/p>\n Follow TomDispatch on Twitter and join us on Facebook<\/a> or Tumblr<\/a>. Check out the newest Dispatch book, Nick Turse\u2019s The Changing Face of Empire: Special Ops, Drones, Proxy Fighters, Secret Bases, and Cyberwarfare<\/em>.<\/a><\/p>\n \nCopyright 2013 Todd Miller<\/small>\n<\/p>\n CBP Photography<\/a> (CC BY-SA 2.0)<\/a><\/p>\n <\/span>\n<\/div>\n<\/p>\n