{"id":107015,"date":"2014-01-27T18:17:45","date_gmt":"2014-01-27T18:17:45","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/rinf.com\/alt-news\/?p=107015"},"modified":"2014-01-27T18:17:45","modified_gmt":"2014-01-27T18:17:45","slug":"myth-human-progress-collapse-complex-societies","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/rinf.com\/alt-news\/breaking-news\/myth-human-progress-collapse-complex-societies\/","title":{"rendered":"The Myth of Human Progress and the Collapse of Complex Societies"},"content":{"rendered":"

Chris Hedges\u00a0<\/strong>
\nRINF Alternative News<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

The most prescient portrait of the American character and our ultimate fate as a species is found in Herman Melville\u2019s \u201cMoby Dick.\u201d Melville makes our murderous obsessions, our hubris, violent impulses, moral weakness and inevitable self-destruction visible in his chronicle of a whaling voyage. He is our foremost oracle. He is to us what William Shakespeare was to Elizabethan England or Fyodor Dostoyevsky to czarist Russia.<\/p>\n

Our country is given shape in the form of the ship, the Pequod, named after the Indian tribe exterminated in 1638 by the Puritans and their Native American allies. The ship\u2019s 30-man crew\u2013there were 30 states in the Union when Melville wrote the novel\u2013is a mixture of races and creeds. The object of the hunt is a massive white whale, Moby Dick, which in a previous encounter maimed the ship\u2019s captain, Ahab, by dismembering one of his legs. The self-destructive fury of the quest, much like that of the one we are on, assures the Pequod\u2019s destruction. And those on the ship, on some level, know they are doomed\u2013just as many of us know that a consumer culture based on corporate profit, limitless exploitation and the continued extraction of fossil fuels is doomed.<\/p>\n

\u201cIf I had been downright honest with myself,\u201d Ishmael admits, \u201cI would have seen very plainly in my heart that I did but half fancy being committed this way to so long a voyage, without once laying my eyes on the man who was to be the absolute dictator of it, so soon as the ship sailed out upon the open sea. But when a man suspects any wrong, it sometimes happens that if he be already involved in the matter, he insensibly strives to cover up his suspicions even from himself. And much this way it was with me. I said nothing, and tried to think nothing.\u201d<\/p>\n

Our financial system\u2013like our participatory democracy\u2013is a mirage. The Federal Reserve purchases $85 billion in U.S. Treasury bonds\u2013much of it worthless subprime mortgages\u2013each month. It has been artificially propping up the government and Wall Street like this for five years. It has loaned trillions of dollars at virtually no interest to banks and firms that make money\u2013because wages are kept low\u2013by lending it to us at staggering interest rates that can climb to as high as 30 percent. … Or our corporate oligarchs hoard the money or gamble with it in an overinflated stock market. Estimates put the looting by banks and investment firms of the U.S. Treasury at between $15 trillion and $20 trillion. But none of us know. The figures are not public. And the reason this systematic looting will continue until collapse is that our economy [would] go into a tailspin without this giddy infusion of free cash.<\/p>\n

The ecosystem is at the same time disintegrating. Scientists from the International Programme on the State of the Ocean, a few days ago, issued a new report that warned that the oceans are changing faster than anticipated and increasingly becoming inhospitable to life. The oceans, of course, have absorbed much of the excess CO2<\/sub>\u00a0and heat from the atmosphere. This absorption is rapidly warming and acidifying ocean waters. This is compounded, the report noted, by increased levels of deoxygenation from nutrient runoffs from farming and climate change. The scientists called these effects a \u201cdeadly trio\u201d that when combined is creating changes in the seas that are unprecedented in the planet\u2019s history. This is their language, not mine. The scientists wrote that each of the earth\u2019s five known mass extinctions was preceded by at least one [part] of the \u201cdeadly trio\u201d\u2013acidification, warming and deoxygenation. They warned that \u201cthe next mass extinction\u201d of sea life is already under way, the first in some 55 million years. Or look at the recent research from the University of Hawaii that says global warming is now inevitable, it cannot be stopped but at best slowed, and that over the next 50 years the earth will heat up to levels that will make whole parts of the planet uninhabitable. Tens of millions of people will be displaced and millions of species will be threatened with extinction. The report casts doubt that [cities on or near a coast] such as New York or London will endure.<\/p>\n

Yet we, like Ahab and his crew, rationalize our collective madness. All calls for prudence, for halting the march toward economic, political and environmental catastrophe, for sane limits on carbon emissions, are ignored or ridiculed. Even with the flashing red lights before us, the increased droughts, rapid melting of glaciers and Arctic ice, monster tornadoes, vast hurricanes, crop failures, floods, raging wildfires and soaring temperatures, we bow slavishly before hedonism and greed and the enticing illusion of limitless power, intelligence and prowess.<\/p>\n

The corporate assault on culture, journalism, education, the arts and critical thinking has left those who speak this truth marginalized and ignored, frantic Cassandras who are viewed as slightly unhinged and depressingly apocalyptic. We are consumed by a mania for hope, which our corporate masters lavishly provide, at the expense of truth.<\/p>\n

Friedrich Nietzsche in \u201cBeyond Good and Evil\u201d holds that only a few people have the fortitude to look in times of distress into what he calls the molten pit of human reality. Most studiously ignore the pit. Artists and philosophers, for Nietzsche, are consumed, however, by an insatiable curiosity, a quest for truth and desire for meaning. They venture down into the bowels of the molten pit. They get as close as they can before the flames and heat drive them back. This intellectual and moral honesty, Nietzsche wrote, comes with a cost. Those singed by the fire of reality become \u201cburnt children,\u201d he wrote, eternal orphans in empires of illusion.<\/p>\n

Decayed civilizations always make war on independent intellectual inquiry, art and culture for this reason. They do not want the masses to look into the pit. They condemn and vilify the \u201cburnt people\u201d\u2013Noam Chomsky, Ralph Nader, Cornel West. They feed the human addiction for illusion, happiness and hope. They peddle the fantasy of eternal material progress. They urge us to build images of ourselves to worship. They insist\u2013and this is the argument of globalization \u00ac\u00ac\u2013that our voyage is, after all, decreed by natural law. We have surrendered our lives to corporate forces that ultimately serve systems of death. We ignore and belittle the cries of the burnt people. And, if we do not swiftly and radically reconfigure our relationship to each other and the ecosystem, microbes look set to inherit the earth.<\/p>\n

Clive Hamilton in his \u201cRequiem for a Species: Why We Resist the Truth About Climate Change\u201d describes a dark relief that comes from accepting that \u201ccatastrophic climate change is virtually certain.\u201d This obliteration of \u201cfalse hopes,\u201d he says, requires an intellectual knowledge and an emotional knowledge. The first is attainable. The second, because it means that those we love, including our children, are almost certainly doomed to insecurity, misery and suffering within a few decades, if not a few years, is much harder to acquire. To emotionally accept impending disaster, to attain the gut-level understanding that the power elite will not respond rationally to the devastation of the ecosystem, is as difficult to accept as our own mortality. The most daunting existential struggle of our time is to ingest this awful truth\u2013intellectually and emotionally\u2013and rise up to resist the forces that are destroying us.<\/p>\n

The human species, led by white Europeans and Euro-Americans, has been on a 500-year-long planetwide rampage of conquering, plundering, looting, exploiting and polluting the earth\u2013as well as killing the indigenous communities that stood in the way. But the game is up. The technical and scientific forces that created a life of unparalleled luxury\u2013as well as unrivaled military and economic power for a small, global elite\u2013are the forces that now doom us. The mania for ceaseless economic expansion and exploitation has become a curse, a death sentence. But even as our economic and environmental systems unravel, after the hottest year [2012] in the contiguous 48 states since record keeping began 107 years ago, we lack the emotional and intellectual creativity to shut down the engine of global capitalism. We have bound ourselves to a doomsday machine that grinds forward.<\/p>\n

Complex civilizations have a bad habit of ultimately destroying themselves. Anthropologists including Joseph Tainter in \u201cThe Collapse of Complex Societies,\u201d Charles L. Redman in \u201cHuman Impact on Ancient Environments\u201d and Ronald Wright in \u201cA Short History of Progress\u201d have laid out the familiar patterns that lead to systems breakdown. The difference this time is that when we go down the whole planet will go with us. There will, with this final collapse, be no new lands left to exploit, no new civilizations to conquer, no new peoples to subjugate. The long struggle between the human species and the earth will conclude with the remnants of the human species learning a painful lesson about unrestrained greed, hubris and idolatry.<\/p>\n

Collapse comes throughout human history to complex societies not long after they reach their period of greatest magnificence and prosperity.<\/p>\n

\u201cOne of the most pathetic aspects of human history is that every civilization expresses itself most pretentiously, compounds its partial and universal values most convincingly, and claims immortality for its finite existence at the very moment when the decay which leads to death has already begun,\u201d Reinhold Niebuhr wrote.<\/p>\n

That pattern holds good for a lot of societies, among them the ancient Maya and the Sumerians of what is now southern Iraq. There are many other examples, including smaller-scale societies such as Easter Island. The very things that cause societies to prosper in the short run, especially new ways to exploit the environment such as the invention of irrigation, lead to disaster in the long run because of unforeseen complications. This is what Ronald Wright in \u201cA Short History of Progress\u201d calls the \u201cprogress trap.\u201d We have set in motion an industrial machine of such complexity and such dependence on expansion, Wright notes, that we do not know how to make do with less or move to a steady state in terms of our demands on nature.<\/p>\n

And as the collapse becomes palpable, if human history is any guide, we, like past societies in distress, will retreat into what anthropologists call \u201ccrisis cults.\u201d The powerlessness we will feel in the face of ecological and economic chaos will unleash further collective delusions, such as fundamentalist beliefs in a god or gods who will come back to earth and save us. The Christian right provides a haven for this escapism. These cults perform absurd rituals to make it all go away, giving rise to a religiosity that peddles collective self-delusion and magical thinking. Crisis cults spread rapidly among Native American societies in the later part of the 19th century as the buffalo herds and the last remaining tribes were slaughtered. The Ghost Dance held out the hope that all the horrors of white civilization\u2013the railroads, the murderous cavalry units, the timber merchants, the mine speculators, the hated tribal agencies, the barbed wire, the machine guns, even the white man himself\u2013would disappear. And our psychological hard wiring is no different.<\/p>\n

In our decline, hatred becomes our primary lust, our highest form of patriotism. We deploy vast resources to hunt down jihadists and terrorists, real and phantom. We destroy our civil society in the name of a war on terror. We persecute those, from Julian Assange to [Chelsea] Manning to Edward Snowden, who expose the dark machinations of power. We believe, because we have externalized evil, that we can purify the earth. And we are blind to the evil within us.
\nMelville\u2019s description of Ahab is a description of the bankers, corporate boards, politicians, television personalities and generals who through the power of propaganda fill our heads with seductive images of glory and lust for wealth and power. We are consumed with self-induced obsessions that spur us toward self-annihilation.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u201cAll my means are sane,\u201d Ahab says, \u201cmy motive and my object mad.\u201d<\/p>\n

Ahab, as the historian Richard Slotkin points out in his book \u201cRegeneration Through Violence,\u201d is \u201cthe true American hero, worthy to be captain of a ship whose \u2018wood could only be American.\u2019\u00a0\u201d Melville offers us a vision, one that D.H. Lawrence later understood, of the inevitable fatality of white civilization brought about by our ceaseless lust for material progress, imperial expansion, white supremacy and exploitation of nature.<\/p>\n

Melville, who had been a sailor on clipper ships and whalers, was keenly aware that the wealth of industrialized societies was stolen by force from the wretched of the earth. All the authority figures on the ship are white men\u2013Ahab, Starbuck, Flask and Stubb. The hard, dirty work, from harpooning to gutting the carcasses of the whales, is the task of the poor, mostly men of color. Melville saw how European plundering of indigenous cultures from the 16th to the 19th centuries, coupled with the use of African slaves as a workforce to replace the natives, was the engine that enriched Europe and the United States. The Spaniards\u2019 easy seizure of the Aztec and Inca gold following the massive die-off from smallpox and [other diseases] among native populations set in motion five centuries of unchecked economic and environmental plunder. Karl Marx and Adam Smith pointed to the huge influx of wealth from the Americas as having made possible the Industrial Revolution and modern capitalism. The Industrial Revolution also equipped the industrialized state with technologically advanced weapons systems, turning us into the most efficient killers on the planet.<\/p>\n

Ahab, when he first appears on the quarterdeck after being in his cabin for the first few days of the voyage, holds up a doubloon, an extravagant gold coin, and promises it to the crew member who first spots the white whale. He knows that \u201cthe permanent constitutional condition of the manufactured man \u2026 is sordidness.\u201d And he plays to this sordidness. The whale becomes like everything in the capitalist world a commodity, a source of personal profit. A murderous greed, one that Starbuck, Ahab\u2019s first mate, denounces as \u201cblasphemous,\u201d grips the crew. Ahab\u2019s obsession infects the ship.<\/p>\n

\u201cI see in [Moby Dick] outrageous strength, with an inscrutable malice sinewing it,\u201d Ahab tells Starbuck. \u201cThat inscrutable thing is chiefly what I hate; and be the white whale agent, or be the white whale principal, I will wreak that hate upon him. Talk not to me of blasphemy, man; I\u2019d strike the sun if it insulted me.\u201d<\/p>\n

Ahab conducts a dark Mass, a Eucharist of violence and blood, on the deck with the crew. He orders the men to circle around him. He makes them drink from a flagon that is passed from man to man, filled with draughts \u201chot as Satan\u2019s hoof.\u201d Ahab tells the harpooners to cross their lances before him. The captain grasps the harpoons and anoints the ships\u2019 harpooners\u2013Queequeg, Tashtego and Daggoo\u2013his \u201cthree pagan kinsmen.\u201d He orders them to detach the iron sections of their harpoons and fills the sockets \u201cwith the fiery waters from the pewter.\u201d \u201cDrink, ye harpooneers! Drink and swear, ye men that man the deathful whaleboat\u2019s bow\u2013Death to Moby Dick! God hunt us all, if we do not hunt Moby Dick to his death!\u201d And with the crew bonded to him in his infernal quest he knows that Starbuck is helpless \u201camid the general hurricane.\u201d \u201cStarbuck now is mine,\u201d Ahab says, \u201ccannot oppose me now, without rebellion.\u201d \u201cThe honest eye of Starbuck,\u201d Melville writes, \u201cfell downright.\u201d<\/p>\n

The ship, described as a hearse, was painted black. It was adorned with gruesome trophies of the hunt, festooned with the huge teeth and bones of sperm whales. It was, Melville writes, a \u201ccannibal of a craft, tricking herself forth in the chased bones of her enemies.\u201d The fires used to melt the whale blubber at night turned the Pequod into a \u201cred hell.\u201d<\/p>\n

Our own raging fires, leaping up from our oil refineries and the explosions of our ordinance across the Middle East, bespeak our Stygian heart. And in our mad pursuit we ignore the suffering of others, just as Ahab does when he refuses to help the captain of a passing ship who is frantically searching for his son, who has fallen overboard.<\/p>\n

Ahab has not only the heated rhetoric of persuasion; he is master of a terrifying internal security force on the ship, the five \u201cdusky phantoms that seemed fresh formed out of air.\u201d Ahab\u2019s secret, private whale boat crew, who emerge from the bowels of the ship well into the voyage, keeps the rest of the ship in abject submission. The art of propaganda and the use of brutal coercion, the mark of tyranny, define our lives just as they mark those on Melville\u2019s ship. The novel is the chronicle of the last days of any civilization.<\/p>\n

And yet Ahab is no simple tyrant. Melville toward the end of the novel gives us two glimpses into the internal battle between Ahab\u2019s maniacal hubris and his humanity. Ahab, too, has a yearning for love. He harbors regrets over his deformed life. The black cabin boy Pip is the only crew member who evokes any tenderness in the captain. Ahab is aware of this tenderness. He fears its power. Pip functions as the Fool did in Shakespeare\u2019s \u201cKing Lear.\u201d Ahab warns Pip of Ahab. \u201cLad, lad,\u201d says Ahab, \u201cI tell thee thou must not follow Ahab now. The hour is coming when Ahab would not scare thee from him, yet would not have thee by him. There is that in thee, poor lad, which I feel too curing to my malady. Like cures like; and for this hunt, my malady becomes my most desired health. \u2026 If thou speakest thus to me much more, Ahab\u2019s purpose keels up in him. I tell thee no; it cannot be.\u201d A few pages later, \u201cuntottering Ahab stood forth in the clearness of the morn; lifting his splintered helmet of a brow to the fair girl\u2019s forehead of heaven. \u2026 From beneath his slouched hat Ahab dropped a tear into the sea; nor did all the Pacific contain such wealth as that one wee drop.\u201d Starbuck approaches him. Ahab, for the only time in the book, is vulnerable. He speaks to Starbuck of his \u201cforty years on the pitiless sea! \u2026 the desolation of solitude it has been. \u2026 Why this strife of the chase? why weary, and palsy the arm at the oar, and the iron, and the lance? How the richer or better is Ahab now?\u201d He thinks of his young wife\u2013\u201cI widowed that poor girl when I married her, Starbuck\u201d\u2013and of his little boy: \u201cAbout this time\u2013yes, it is his noon nap now\u2013the boy vivaciously wakes; sits up in bed; and his mother tells him of me, of cannibal old me; how I am abroad upon the deep, but will yet come back to dance him again.\u201d<\/p>\n

Ahab\u2019s thirst for dominance, vengeance and destruction, however, overpowers these faint regrets of lost love and thwarted compassion. Hatred wins. \u201cWhat is it,\u201d Ahab finally asks, \u201cwhat nameless, inscrutable, unearthly thing is it; what cozening, hidden lord and master, and cruel, remorseless emperor commands me; that against all natural lovings and longings, I so keep pushing, and crowding, and jamming myself on all the time. \u2026\u201d<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Melville knew that physical courage and moral courage are distinct. One can be brave on a whaling ship or a battlefield, yet a coward when called on to stand up to human evil. Starbuck elucidates this peculiar division. The first mate is tormented by his complicity in what he foresees as Ahab\u2019s \u201cimpious end.\u201d Starbuck, \u201cwhile generally abiding firm in the conflict with seas, or winds, or whales, or any of the ordinary irrational horrors of the world, yet cannot withstand those more terrific, because spiritual terrors, which sometimes menace you from the concentrating brow of an enraged and mighty man.\u201d<\/p>\n

And so we plunge forward in our doomed quest to master the forces that will finally smite us. Those who see where we are going too often lack the fortitude to actually rebel. Mutiny was the only salvation for the Pequod\u2019s crew. It is our only salvation. But moral cowardice turns us into hostages.<\/p>\n

I am reading and rereading the debates among some of the great radical thinkers of the 19th and 20th centuries about the mechanisms of social change. These debates were not academic. They were frantic searches for the triggers of revolt. Lenin placed his faith in a violent uprising, a professional, disciplined revolutionary vanguard freed from moral constraints and, like Marx, in the inevitable emergence of the worker\u2019s state. [Pierre-Joseph] Proudhon insisted that gradual change would be accomplished as enlightened workers took over production and educated and converted the rest of the proletariat. [Mikhail] Bakunin predicted the catastrophic breakdown of the capitalist order, something we are likely to witness in our lifetimes, and new autonomous worker federations rising up out of the chaos. [Peter] Kropotkin, like Proudhon, believed in an evolutionary process that would hammer out the new society. Emma Goldman, along with Kropotkin, came to be very wary of both the efficacy of violence and the revolutionary potential of the masses. \u201cThe mass,\u201d Goldman wrote bitterly toward the end of her life in echoing Marx, \u201cclings to its masters, loves the whip, and is the first to cry Crucify!\u201d<\/p>\n

The revolutionists of history counted on a mobilized base of enlightened industrial workers. The building blocks of revolt, they believed, relied on the tool of the general strike, the ability of workers to cripple the mechanisms of production. Strikes could be sustained with the support of political parties, strike funds and union halls. Workers without these support mechanisms had to replicate the infrastructure of parties and unions if they wanted to put prolonged pressure on the bosses and the state. But now, with the decimation of the U.S. manufacturing base, along with the dismantling of our unions and opposition parties, we will have to search for different instruments of rebellion.<\/p>\n

We must develop a revolutionary theory that is not reliant on the industrial or agrarian muscle of workers. Most manufacturing jobs have disappeared, and, of those that remain, few are unionized. Our family farms have been destroyed by agro-businesses. Monsanto and its Faustian counterparts on Wall Street rule. They are steadily poisoning our lives and rendering us powerless. The corporate leviathan, which is global, is freed from the constraints of a single nation-state or government. Corporations are beyond regulation or control. Politicians are too anemic, or more often too corrupt, to stand in the way of the accelerating corporate destruction. This makes our struggle different from revolutionary struggles in industrial societies in the past. Our revolt will look more like what erupted in the less industrialized Slavic republics, Russia, Spain and China and uprisings led by a disenfranchised rural and urban working class and peasantry in the liberation movements that swept through Africa and Latin America. The dispossessed working poor, along with unemployed college graduates and students, unemployed journalists, artists, lawyers and teachers, will form our movement. This is why the fight for a higher minimum wage is crucial to uniting service workers with the alienated college-educated sons and daughters of the old middle class. Bakunin, unlike Marx, considered d\u00c3\u00a9class\u00c3\u00a9 intellectuals essential for successful revolt.<\/p>\n

Read more<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

Chris Hedges spent nearly two decades as a foreign correspondent in Central America, the Middle East, Africa and the Balkans. He has reported from more than 50 countries and has worked for The Christian Science Monitor, National Public Radio, The Dallas Morning News and The New York Times, for which he was a foreign correspondent for 15 years.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Chris Hedges\u00a0 RINF Alternative News The most prescient portrait of the American character and our ultimate fate as a species is found in Herman Melville\u2019s \u201cMoby Dick.\u201d Melville makes our murderous obsessions, our hubris, violent impulses, moral weakness and inevitable self-destruction visible in his chronicle of a whaling voyage. He is our foremost oracle. He […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":107016,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[487],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-107015","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-breaking-news"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/rinf.com\/alt-news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/107015","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/rinf.com\/alt-news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/rinf.com\/alt-news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/rinf.com\/alt-news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/rinf.com\/alt-news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=107015"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"http:\/\/rinf.com\/alt-news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/107015\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/rinf.com\/alt-news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/107016"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/rinf.com\/alt-news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=107015"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/rinf.com\/alt-news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=107015"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/rinf.com\/alt-news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=107015"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}