US/IRAQ: Pressure to Cut Costs, Troops Strains “Surge”我們/伊拉克：壓力，以降低成本，部隊株“風”
By 通過 Jim Lobe 吉姆葉 | Growing impatience in Congress over the enormous costs being racked up by the Iraq war, as well as the Pentagon’s belief that it needs more troops in Afghanistan to fight insurgents there, is putting the vaunted success of the George W. Bush administration’s “surge” strategy to the test. | 越來越不耐煩，在國會對巨大的成本正在racked由伊拉克戰爭，以及五角大樓的信仰，它需要更多的部隊在阿富汗打擊叛亂分子在那裡，是把吹噓的成功，布什政府'的“風”戰略的考驗。
Although the House of Representatives appears poised to approve an additional 163 billion dollars Thursday for military operations in both Iraq and Afghanistan through the end of the year, most observers believe that Congress will impose unprecedented conditions on Iraq-related spending.雖然美國國會眾議院似乎準備批准增加1630.0億美元，週四的軍事行動在伊拉克和阿富汗，通過今年年底，大多數觀察家認為，國會將施加了前所未有的條件對伊拉克有關的開支。 This could include requirements that the Iraqi government of Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki pay substantially more in reconstruction and related costs than it has to date.這可能包括要求伊拉克政府總理nouri基地-馬利基的薪酬大幅度增加，在重建和相關費用比迄今已。
The argument that Baghdad must bear more of the burden gained momentum last week when the Pentagon’s Special Inspector General for Iraq Reconstruction reported that Iraq’s oil revenue in 2008 should exceed 70 billion dollars, twice as much as had been forecast just a few months before.論據，巴格達必須承擔更多的負擔，取得勢頭在上週時，五角大樓的特別監察長伊拉克重建報告說，伊拉克的石油收入在2008年應超過70億美元，兩倍多，因為已經預測，在短短數之前的幾個月。
That report, which comes amid growing concern here over the weak domestic economy, has fueled efforts by a bipartisan group of senators to halt virtually all US funding for major reconstruction and infrastructure projects in Iraq.該報告，其中正值日益關注，在這裡較疲軟的國內經濟，議論紛紛，努力由一個跨黨派小組的參議員停止幾乎所有美國的資金，重大的重建和基礎設施項目，在伊拉克。
Indeed, the Senate Armed Services Committee voted unanimously last week to approve a bill that would ban the Pentagon from funding any reconstruction or infrastructure project in Iraq that costs more than two million dollars.事實上，美國參議院軍事委員會投票一致同意在上週批准一項法案，將禁止五角大樓從資金，任何重建或基礎設施項目在伊拉克的費用超過兩百萬美元。 Similar legislation is expected to be taken up by the House.類似的法例，預計將要採取的行動由內務。
“This is the first significant bipartisan change in our policy toward Iraq,” declared Republican Sen. Susan Collins, one of the sponsors of the legislation after last week’s vote, while the committee chairman, Sen. Carl Levin said Iraq’s failure to pay reconstruction costs was “unconscionable (and) inexcusable” given the windfall it has received from the stunning rise in world oil prices. “這是首次重大兩黨改變我們的對伊拉克政策” ，宣布共和黨參議員蘇珊科林斯，提案國之一的法例後，上週的表決，而委員會主席，參議員卡爾列文說，伊拉克的失敗支付重建費用是“不合情理（和）不可原諒的： ”鑑於橫財，已收到來自令人驚嘆的崛起，在世界石油價格。
Another provision of the same bill would require Iraq’s government to pay the salaries and training costs of the predominantly Sunni militias, or so-called “sahwa” or “Awakening” councils, on which the US has been spending roughly 27 million dollars a month.另一個提供相同的條例草案將要求伊拉克政府支付的薪酬和培訓費用為主的遜尼派民兵的武裝，或所謂的“ sahwa ”或“覺醒”議會，這是美國一直開支近27億美元一個月。
Despite US pressure, the al-Maliki government has strongly resisted integrating the vast majority of the estimated 90,000 members of these militias — most of which were previously part of the Sunni insurgency — into the army or police for fear that they will eventually turn their guns on the regime.儘管美國的壓力，該基地-馬利基政府堅決抵制整合的絕大多數，估計9.0萬成員，這些民兵-其中大多數是以前的一部分，遜尼派叛亂-進入軍隊或警察因害怕他們會最終把他們的槍對政權。
The result has been growing frustration on the part of the militias, frustration that reportedly was significantly enhanced last month after al-Maliki enlisted thousands of members of the Badr Organisation into the government’s security forces during fighting with Moqtada al-Sadr’s Mahdi Army in Basra and Sadr City in Baghdad.結果，已日益感到沮喪對部分民兵的武裝，沮喪據說，大大提高了上個月後，鋁-馬利基徵召數以千計的成員，巴德爾組織納入政府的安全部隊在戰鬥與moqtada薩德爾的支持者馬赫迪軍隊在巴士拉和薩德爾城在巴格達。 The Badr Organisation is the armed wing of the Shi’a Supreme Islamic Iraqi Council (SIIC), the strongest party in the coalition.巴德爾組織是武裝派別的什葉派伊拉克伊斯蘭最高理事會（ siic ） ，最強烈的黨的聯盟。
Both the intra-Shi’a conflict between the Sadrists and the government and the growing anger of the sahwa militias — most recently dramatised by a series of strikes and public protests and by an increasing number of attacks on US and Iraqi forces in al-Anbar province and other Sunni strongholds where the militias have kept the peace for most of the past year — have resulted in a sharp rise in both Iraqi and US casualties over the past two months, threatening the security gains made by the surge.無論是內部什葉派之間的衝突sadrists和政府的日益憤怒的sahwa民兵-最d ramatised最近通過一系列的罷工和公眾的抗議和由越來越多的攻擊，美軍和伊拉克軍隊在安巴爾省省和其他遜尼派據點的地方民兵保持和平的大部分在過去一年-已導致在急劇上升，在伊拉克和美軍的傷亡人數在過去兩個月中，威脅安全所取得的成果的激增。
The surge, which was initiated in February 2007, was aimed at pacifying both al-Anbar province and the capital by adding some 30,000 US troops to the 140,000 already deployed to Iraq to stop and reverse the drift to sectarian civil war between Sunnis and the various Shi’a militias.風，這是發起於2007年2月，目的是平息雙方基地安巴爾省和資本加入一些3.0萬美軍向140000已經部署到伊拉克，制止和扭轉的漂移，以教派之間的內戰，遜尼派和各什葉派民兵。 Its strategic aim was to foster a climate of peace and stability that would encourage all factions to make the political compromises necessary for national reconciliation.其戰略目的是促進氣氛的和平與穩定，這將鼓勵所有派別作出政治妥協的必要，為民族和解。
While the surge made substantial headway in achieving its tactical goals of improving security — with the critical help of the sahwa militias which had mostly broken with al Qaeda in Iraq and allied themselves with the US even before the surge got underway — its strategic goal of political reconciliation has been far more elusive.而激增，取得了重大進展，在實現其戰術目標，改善安全-與關鍵幫助的s ahwa民兵，其中大多破碎與蓋達組織在伊拉克和盟軍自己與美國，甚至前激增了正在進行中-其戰略目標的政治和解已遠遠更加渺茫。
Moreover, the surge’s tactical success has failed to translate into additional popular or Congressional support for the war at home.此外，風的戰術，成功並沒有轉化為額外的流行或國會對伊拉克戰爭的支持在家裡。 As a result, the Bush administration, which promised months ago to withdraw the 30,000 surge troops by the end of July, is adhering to its pledge, leaving fewer troops to ensure that a new round of violence does not break out.因此，布什政府承諾個月前撤回3.00萬激增部隊由七月底的，就是堅持其承諾，離開較少部隊，以確保新一輪的暴力不會爆發。
At the same time, the Pentagon leadership is pressing the White House to continue the drawdown from Iraq beyond July so that it can deploy the three brigades — between 10,000 and 12,000 troops — it says it needs to cope with the Taliban and their allies in Afghanistan.在同一時間內，五角大樓的領導，是迫切的白宮繼續縮編從伊拉克7月以後，以便它能夠部署三個旅-之間的1 0000和1 2000部隊-它表示，它需要以應付塔利班和他們的盟友在阿富汗。 While Bush has announced that there will be at least a 45-day pause to assess the impact of the surge withdrawal after July, the pressure on him to resume the process — not only from the Pentagon, but from Republican candidates in the November elections — is expected to be intense.而布什已宣布將有至少45天的暫停，以評估的影響，風撤出後， 7月，壓力對他的恢復過程-不僅是來自五角大樓，但由共和黨的候選人在1 1月的選舉-預計將在激烈的。
Republican backing for the Armed Services Committee bill banning additional spending on major reconstruction projects and support for the sahwa militias is clearly seen by both the administration and the promoters of the surge as a worrisome portent, and not only for maintaining the relative — albeit fragile — peace that has prevailed for much of the past year.共和黨支持的武裝服務委員會的條例草案，禁止額外開支就重大重建項目和支持為sahwa民兵是清楚地看到，無論是政府和推動者激增，作為一個令人擔憂的預兆，而不是只為保持相對-儘管是脆弱的-和平佔了上風的大部分時間過去一年的工作。
One of the surge’s architects, Frederick Kagan of the American Enterprise Institute (AEI), said that legislation would “do catastrophic damage to our image in the world, particularly the Muslim world…The argument that Iraq should use its oil revenues to pay the United States sounds like the ultimate proof that we invaded Iraq for mercenary reasons.”其中激增的建築師，馮檢卡岡的美國企業研究所（成人） ，他說，立法會“災難性的損害我們的形象，在世界上，尤其是穆斯林世界的…的說法，伊拉克應利用其石油收入支付美國聽起來像最終證明我們入侵伊拉克對僱傭軍的原因“ 。
Ending US funding for the sahwa militias, in particular, will pose a critical — and long overdue — test of the surge strategy, according to a number of observers, who see Maliki’s failure to integrate them as a critical stumbling block to national reconciliation.結束美國的撥款，以便sahwa民兵，特別是將構成一個關鍵-早該-測試的激增戰略，根據一些觀察員，誰見馬利基的失敗使他們作為一個重要的絆腳石民族和解。
“If the Awakenings are not integrated into the national security forces, then there is little hope for political accommodation or for lasting security and the US is effectively trapped,” according to Marc Lynch, an expert at George Washington University whose blog, abuaardvark.com, is widely read here. “如果awakenings是沒有融入國家安全部隊，那麼是希望渺茫的政治住宿或為持久的安全和美國是有效被困， ”根據馬克林奇，一位專家在喬治華盛頓大學的博客， abuaardvark.com ，是廣泛的讀這裡。 “Since all other forms of persuasion seem to have failed, it’s time to give Maliki an ultimatum…If he gives in, then there may finally be some hope for political accommodation…” “由於所有其他形式的遊說似乎已經失敗，它的時間，讓馬利基最後通牒… …如果他在，那麼有可能最終帶來一些希望政治住宿… … ”
“The downside is that if Maliki doesn’t go along…then things may well get ugly. “壞處是，如果馬利基不走…那麼，事情可能得到的醜惡。 But all signs suggests that they will get ugly anyway — and better that they get ugly while the US is at the highest troop levels it will ever have,” Lynch wrote.但種種跡象表明，他們將得到醜陋的，無論如何-和更好的，他們得到的醜陋，而美國是在部隊的最高水平，它永遠不會有， “林奇寫道。
“If Maliki won’t do this now, when US troop levels are high and security is relatively better, with the shadow of a new president who likely will not continue to offer an open-ended commitment, then he never will…and everyone should know this.” “如果馬利基是不會這樣做的現在，當美國部隊各級高和安全是相對較好，與陰影，新總統誰可能不會繼續提供一個不限成員名額的承諾，那麼他永遠也不會… …和每個人都應該知道這一點。 “
*Jim Lobe’s blog on US foreign policy, and particularly the neo-conservative influence in the Bush administration, can be read at http://www.ips.org/blog/jimlobe/. *吉姆葉的博客對美國的外交政策，特別是新保守主義的影響，在布什政府，可以看到在http://www.ips.org/blog/jimlobe/ 。
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