美国：尊重儿童权利被拘留在伊拉克

Monday, May 26th, 2008 周一， 2008年5月26日

Human Rights Watch | US forces in Iraq should ensure that children it takes into custody are treated according to their status as children, and given prompt judicial review and access to independent monitors, Human Rights Watch said today. 人权观察|美军在伊拉克应确保儿童它考虑到保管的待遇，根据他们的地位，作为儿童，并给予及时的司法审查，并获得独立的监察员，人权观察组织今天说。 On May 22, the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child will meet in Geneva to review US compliance with the international treaty banning the use of child soldiers, which requires states to help with the recovery and reintegration of such children under their control. 5月22日，联合国人权事务委员会关于儿童权利将在日内瓦举行会议，检讨美国遵守的国际条约，禁止使用儿童兵的，这就需要国家，以帮助恢复和重返社会的这些儿童在其控制下的。

US military authorities, operating as the Multinational Forces in Iraq, were as of May 12, 2008 holding 513 Iraqi children as “imperative threats to security,” and have transferred an unknown number of other children to Iraqi custody.美国军事当局，以营运基金方式运作的多国部队在伊拉克，截至2008年5月12日举行513名伊拉克儿童作为“必须对安全的威胁” ，并已转移人数不详的其他儿童的伊拉克保管。 According to a recent report by the United Nations Assistance Mission in Iraq (UNAMI), children in Iraqi custody are at risk of physical abuse.根据最近的一份报告由联合国伊拉克援助团（联伊援助团），儿童在伊拉克羁押的风险肉体上的虐待。

“In conflicts where it was not directly involved, the US has been a leader in helping child soldiers re-enter society,” said Clarisa Bencomo, Middle East children’s researcher at Human Rights Watch. “在冲突中，而没有直接参与，美国一直领导在帮助儿童兵重新进入社会，说： ” clarisa bencomo ，中东儿童的研究员，人权观察组织。 “That kind of leadership is unfortunately missing in Iraq.” “这样的领导，遗憾的是，在伊拉克失踪” 。

On May 22, the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child will meet in Geneva to review US compliance with the Optional Protocol on children in armed conflict, which the US ratified in 2002. 5月22日，联合国人权事务委员会关于儿童权利将在日内瓦举行会议，检讨美国遵守的任择议定书关于武装冲突中的儿童，其中美国2002年批准。 The treaty bans the recruitment and use of persons under 18 in hostilities by any party to a conflict, and requires states to provide all appropriate assistance for the physical and psychological recovery and social reintegration of such children under their jurisdiction or control.该条约禁止招募和使用18岁以下人士参加敌对行动的任何冲突一方，并要求各国提供一切适当的援助，为身体和心理康复和重新融入社会的这些儿童其管辖或控制下。

Since 2003, the US has detained some 2,400 children in Iraq, including children as young as 10.自2003年以来，美国已拘留了一些2400年的儿童在伊拉克，包括儿童在内的10岁。 Detention rates rose drastically in 2007 to an average of 100 new children a month from 25 a month in 2006.拘留利率上升在2007年大幅增加至平均100个新的儿童，每月从25个月在2006年。 The US holds most children at US Camp Cropper in Baghdad, but has also held children at the main US military detention facility, Camp Bucca near Basra.美国认为，大部分的孩子在美国阵营收割机在巴格达，而且还举行了儿童的主要美军拘留所，营布卡在巴士拉附近。 US officials earlier this year told Human Rights Watch that they separate children from adults at these facilities but do not separate very young or particularly vulnerable children from other child detainees.美国官员今年早些时候告诉人权观察组织说，他们分开的儿童与成人在这些设施，但没有单独的非常年轻或特别易受伤害的儿童不受其他儿童被拘留者。

In early 2007, a 17-year-old boy was reportedly strangled to death by a fellow child detainee at Camp Cropper.在2007年年初，今年只有17岁的男孩被据报道，扼杀了死刑，由研究员儿童被拘留在营收割机。

Child detainees, no differently from adults, may be interrogated over the course of days or weeks by military units in the field before being sent to the main detention centers.儿童被拘留者，无异成年人，可能会超过审问的过程中数天或数周的军事单位在该领域之前，被派往主要的拘留中心。 They have no real opportunity to challenge their detention: earlier this year US officials told Human Rights Watch that children are not provided with lawyers and do not attend the one-week or one-month detention reviews after their transfer to Camp Cropper.他们没有真正的机会，挑战他们的拘留：今年早些时候，美国官员告诉人权观察组织指出，儿童是不提供律师和不参加为期1周或1个月的拘留审查后，将他们转移到营收割机。 In addition, children have very limited contact with their families.此外，儿童有非常有限的接触与他们的家人。 While the US does assign each child a military “advocate” at the mandatory six-month detention review, that advocate has no training in juvenile justice or child development.而美国是否指派每个儿童的军事“辩护律师”在强制性的6个月的拘留审查，主张没有训练，在少年司法或子女的发展。

As of February 2008, the reported average length of detention for children was more than 130 days, and some children have been detained for more than a year without charge or trial, in violation of the Coalition Provisional Authority memorandum on criminal procedures.截至2008年2月，报告的平均拘留期的长短，儿童130多天，有些孩子已被拘留了一年多的未经起诉或审判，这违反了联盟临时管理当局的谅解备忘录，关于刑事诉讼程序。 That memorandum’s section on “security internee process” states, “Any person under the age of 18 interned at any time shall in all cases be released not later than 12 months after the initial date of internment.”该备忘录的一节“安全internee过程中”国家“ ，任何人不足18岁的实习在任何时间应在所有情况下被释放不得迟于12个月后，初步日期拘留” 。

“The vast majority of children detained in Iraq languish for months in US military custody,” Bencomo said. “绝大多数的儿童在伊拉克被拘留languish几个月来在美国军方羁押， ” bencomo说。 “The US should provide these children with immediate access to lawyers and an independent judicial review of their detention.” “美国应该提供这些儿童即时访问的律师和一个独立的司法审查其被拘留的” 。

In August 2007, the United States opened Dar al-Hikmah (House of Wisdom) at Camp Cropper with the stated intention to provide 600 detainees, ranging in age from 11 to 17, with educational services pending release or transfer to Iraqi custody.在2007年8月，美国开放达累斯萨拉姆基地- hikmah （众议院智慧）在营收割机与打算提供600被拘留者，包括在年龄从11日至17日，与教育服务之前，释放或移交给伊拉克羁押。 However, in May 2008, US military officials in Baghdad told Human Rights Watch that only “200 to 300″ of the 513 child detainees were enrolled in classes at Dar al-Hikmah.然而，在2008年5月，美国军方官员在巴格达告诉人权观察组织认为，只有“ 200至300 ”的513儿童被拘留者登记在班达基地- hikmah 。 Currently, children who are excluded from the program do not receive any other educational services.目前，儿童谁被排除在从该计划中没有收到任何其他的教育服务。

Like adults, children transferred to Iraqi custody are at risk of abuse and poor conditions of confinement.与成人一样，儿童转移到伊拉克羁押在被滥用的危险和条件恶劣的隔离。 A US military official in Baghdad told Human Rights Watch this month that the US was delaying the transfer of 130 child detainees to Iraq’s al-Tobchi juvenile detention facility because of conditions there.美国军方官员在巴格达告诉人权观察组织本月表示，美国将推迟移交130儿童被拘留在伊拉克的基地- tobchi少年拘留所，因为条件有。

The UN Assistance Mission for Iraq (UNAMI) found that overcrowding at al-Tobchi was causing hygiene problems during visits in October and November 2007.联合国伊拉克援助团（联伊援助团）发现，挤迫在Al - tobchi造成的卫生问题访问期间，在10月和2007年11月。 At the time the facility was operating at close to double its normal capacity of 200 beds, and children were sharing beds or taking turns to sleep on the floor without mattresses.在当时的该设施的经营，在接近两位其正常的能力， 200张病床，和孩子们分享病床，或采取轮流睡在地板上，没有床垫。

To date, the United States has not released statistics on the number of children it has transferred to Iraqi custody for trial.迄今为止，美国尚未公布的统计数字的儿童人数已移交给伊拉克羁押审讯。 According to UNAMI, 89 children transferred from US to Iraqi custody had been convicted of offenses by December 2007.据联伊援助团， 89儿童转移，从美国向伊拉克羁押已被定罪的犯罪由2007年12月。 Between December 2007 and March 2008, there was a drop of 450 children in US custody, but the United States has not made known whether they were released or transferred to Iraqi custody.与2007年12月和2008年3月，有一个下降了450儿童在美国拘留，但美国并没有作出众所周知，他们是否被释放或移交给伊拉克羁押。

Human Rights Watch calls on US military forces in Iraq to:人权观察组织呼吁对美国的军事力量在伊拉克到：

• Ensure children in its custody receive prompt access to independent legal assistance and family visits; •确保儿童在其保管收到迅速获得独立的法律援助和探亲;
• Provide children with prompt review of detention by an independent judicial body; •为儿童提供及时审查拘留一个独立的司法机构;
• Release children who have been detained for more than a year, in compliance with Section 6, Article 5 of Coalition Provisional Authority Memo 3 (revised) of June 27, 2004; •发布儿童谁已被拘留了一年多，在遵守第6 ，第5条的联军临时权力机构的备忘录三（修订本） 6月27日， 2004年;
• Separate very young and other particularly vulnerable children from other detainees; •单独的非常年轻的和其他易受伤害的儿童，特别是从其他被拘留者;
• Allow UNICEF, UNAMI, and other independent monitors confidential access to children in US custody; •允许儿童基金会，联伊援助团，及其他独立监察机密探视儿童在美国拘留;
• Refrain from transferring physical custody of children to Iraqi authorities pending trial when there is reason to believe they will be at risk of abuse; and, •不要转移物理子女的监护权向伊拉克当局候审时，我们有理由相信，他们将会在被滥用的危险，以及
• Ensure the right to education and recreation of all children in US custody. •确保的权利，教育和娱乐的所有儿童在被美方关押。

Background背景

Since the declared end of the US occupation of Iraq in June 2004, detained persons should be provided due process under international human rights law.自从宣布结束美国对伊拉克的占领，在2004年6月，被拘留者应提供适当的程序，根据国际人权法。 Security Council Resolution 1546 and its successors allow for internment of Iraqis “for imperative reasons of security.” However, the United States improperly uses this language to justify holding the detainees without judicial review and other basic rights, as if the operative law were the Fourth Geneva Convention on the treatment of civilians during international armed conflict.安理会第1546号决议，及其后继者允许拘留的伊拉克人“迫切的安全原因” ，但是，美国的不当使用这种语言的理由被拘留持有未经司法审查和其他的基本权利，因为如果执行法第四日内瓦公约关于对待平民在国际武装冲突。

Human rights law, as found in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, requires that all persons arrested be brought promptly before a judge, have access to legal counsel and family members, be charged with a cognizable criminal offense, and receive a prompt trial meeting international fair trial standards.人权法，发现在该国际公约对公民权利和政治权利，要求所有被捕者被迅速带一名法官，已获得法律的律师和家庭成员，被落案控以1认知的刑事犯罪，并获得迅速审理符合国际公平审判的标准。 It also requires states to provide every child “such measures of protection as are required by his status as a minor.”它还要求各国提供每一个儿童“等保护措施所要求的，他的地位，作为一个未成年人” 。

Under international juvenile justice standards, children accused of criminal offenses must have access to specialized juvenile justice systems, with specially trained judges, prosecutors, and attorneys working in a framework of restorative justice and social rehabilitation.根据国际少年司法标准，儿童被指控刑事犯罪必须能够获得专门的少年司法系统，与受过专门训练的法官，检察官和律师工作的一个框架，恢复性司法和社会康复。 The arrest and detention of a child must be used only as a measure of last resort and for the shortest appropriate period of time.逮捕和拘留的儿童必须使用，只能作为万不得已的措施，期限为最短的适当的时间。 Detained children should be separated from adults, and are entitled to prompt access to legal and other appropriate assistance in challenging detention.被拘留的儿童应与成人分开，并有权迅速获得法律和其他适当援助，在具有挑战性的拘留。

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US: Respect Rights of Child Detainees in Iraq美国：尊重儿童权利被拘留在伊拉克