美國將軍規劃，資源戰爭

Tuesday, September 23rd, 2008 星期二， 2008年9月23號

ANALYSIS: The US military sees the next 30 to 40 years as involving a state of continuous war against ideologically-motivated terrorists and competing with Russia and China for natural resources and markets, writes Tom Clonan 分析：美國軍方認為，未來30年到40年涉及到一個國家的持續戰爭的思想動機的恐怖分子和競爭同俄羅斯和中國的自然資源和市場，寫入湯姆Clonan

AS GENERAL Ray Odierno takes command of US forces in Baghdad from troop surge architect Gen David Petraeus, America has begun planning in earnest for its phased withdrawal.作為一般奧迪耶諾需要指揮美軍在巴格達增兵建築師根彼得雷烏斯，美國已開始規劃在認真的分階段撤軍。

The extra brigade combat teams - or battlegroups - deployed to Iraq by Petraeus have already withdrawn and a further 8,000 troops have been diverted to Afghanistan.額外的旅戰鬥隊-或b attlegroups-部署在伊拉克的增兵已經撤回，進一步80 00部隊已轉移到阿富汗。

In January, the next president of the United States will conclude America’s timetable for withdrawal in final negotiations with the Iraqi government.今年1月，明年美國總統將結束美國的撤軍時間表的最後談判與伊拉克政府。

Further evidence of America’s future military intentions is contained in recently published strategy documents issued by the US military.進一步證明了美國未來的軍事意圖是在最近發表的戰略文件印發的美軍。

Under the auspices of the US department of defence and department of the army, the US military have just published a document entitled 2008 Army Modernization Strategy which makes for interesting reading against the current backdrop of deteriorating international fiscal, environmental, energy resource and security crises.的主持下，美國國防部和陸軍部，美國軍方剛剛發表了一份題為2008年軍隊現代化建設戰略使有趣的閱讀對當前日益惡化的背景下，國際財政，環境，能源資源和安全危機。

The 2008 modernisation strategy, written by Lieut Gen Stephen Speakes, deputy chief of staff of the US army, contains the first explicit and official acknowledgement that the US military is dangerously overstretched internationally. 2008年的現代化戰略，中尉寫的斯蒂芬斯皮克斯根，副參謀長的美國軍隊，包含了第一次明確和正式承認，美國軍方是捉襟見肘的國際危險。 It states simply: “The army is engaged in the third-longest war in our nation’s history and .它簡單： “軍隊是從事第三時間最長的戰爭是我們國家的歷史和。 . 。 . 。 the Global War on Terrorism (GWOT) has caused the army to become out of balance with the demand for forces exceeding the sustainable supply.”全球反恐戰爭（ GWOT ）造成了軍隊，成為失去平衡的需求超過了部隊的可持續供應。 “

Against this backdrop, the 90 page document sets out the future of international conflict for the next 30 to 40 years - as the US military sees it - and outlines the manner in which the military will sustain its current operations and prepare and “transform” itself for future “persistent” warfare.在此背景下， 90頁的文件列出了未來的國際衝突為下一個30年到40年-作為美國軍方認為它-並概述了以何種方式軍方將維持目前的業務並準備與“轉變”本身為未來的“持續”的戰爭。

The document reveals a number of profoundly significant - and worrying - strategic positions that have been adopted as official doctrine by the US military.該文件顯示了一些深刻的顯著-和令人擔憂的-戰略位置已通過官方學說由美國軍方。 In its preamble, it predicts a post cold war future of “perpetual warfare”.在其序言部分，它預測，冷戰後未來的“永久戰爭” 。

According to its authors: “We have entered an era of persistent conflict .根據其作者： “我們已經進入了一個時代的持續不斷的衝突。 . 。 . 。 a security environment much more ambiguous and unpredictable than that faced during the cold war.”一個安全的環境更加模糊和不可預測面臨著比冷戰期間。 “

It then goes on to describe the key features of this dawning era of continuous warfare.它接著描述的主要功能這一時代的到來不斷的戰爭。 Some of the characteristics are familiar enough to a world audience accustomed to the rhetoric of the global war on terror.一些特點不夠熟悉的世界觀眾習慣於誇誇其談的全球反恐戰爭。

“A key current threat is a radical, ideology-based, long-term terrorist threat bent on using any means available - to include weapons of mass destruction - to achieve its political and ideological ends.” “當前一個重要的威脅是一個激進的，意識形態為基礎的，長期的恐怖威脅決意使用任何手段-包括大規模殺傷性武器-以實現其政治和意識形態的目的。”

Relatively new, “emerging” features are also included in the document’s rationale for future threats.相對較新， “新興”的功能也被列入該文件的理由，未來的威脅。

“We face a potential return to traditional security threats posed by emerging near-peers as we compete globally for depleting natural resources and overseas markets.” “我們面臨著一個潛在的回歸傳統安全威脅所造成的新興接近的人，我們在全球競爭的消耗自然資源和海外市場。 ”

This thinly-veiled reference to Russia and China will, perhaps, come as little surprise given recent events in Ossetia and Abkhazia.這稀薄，隱晦提到俄羅斯和中國將，或許是並不令人意外鑑於最近發生的事件在南奧塞梯和阿布哈茲。 The explicit reference in this context to future resource wars, however, will probably raise eyebrows among the international diplomatic community, who prefer to couch such conflicts as human rights-based or rooted in notions around freedom and democracy.在明確提及在這方面，未來的資源戰爭，但是，可能會引起眉毛之間的國際外交社會，誰喜歡這種衝突的沙發人權或基於概念植根於周圍自由和民主。

The document, however, contains no such lofty pretences.該文件，但不包含任何這種崇高的藉口。 It goes on to list as a pre-eminent threat to the security of the US and its allies “population growth - especially in less-developed countries - [which] will expose a resulting ‘youth bulge’.”它接著清單作為一個傑出的安全的威脅美國及其盟國“人口增長-特別是在欠發達的國家- [這]將揭露所產生的'青年鼓' 。 ”

This youth bulge, the document goes on to state, will present the US with further “resource competition” in that these expanding populations in the developing world “will consume ever increasing amounts of food, water and energy”.這青年隆起，該文件還稱，將介紹更多的美國“資源競爭”中，這些日益增多的人口在發展中世界“將消耗日益增加大量的糧食，水和能源” 。

The document goes on to describe in broad-strokes the manner in which its downsized military might ensure survival of the fittest for the US and its allies in future resource wars for water, food and energy.該文件還描述了廣泛桿的方式，縮小其軍事實力確保適者生存的美國及其盟國在未來的資源戰爭的水，食物和能源。

As a consequence of identifying growing populations in the developed world as a threat in itself, the strategy document highlights a number of paradigm shifts in the way future wars are to be conducted.由於日益增加的人口確定在發達世界視為威脅本身，該戰略文件突出了若干範式轉變的方式是未來戰爭的需要進行。

It predicts that “21st Century operations will require soldiers to engage among populations and diverse cultures instead of avoiding them”.據預測， “ 21世紀行動將需要士兵進行人群和不同的文化而不是避免他們” 。

The document reveals that new US tactical doctrine provides a template by which air, naval and field commanders will no longer just secure traditional strategic targets such as airspace, seaports and bridgeheads, but will, of necessity, also deploy and fight amongst and against the target population itself to win wars.該文件表明，美國新的戰術理論提供了一個範本，其中空中，海上和戰地指揮官將不再只是傳統的安全戰略目標，如領空，港口和橋頭堡，但勢必也部署和鬥爭中，反對的目標人口本身打贏。

The document refers to this euphemistically as “commanders employing offensive, defensive and stability or civil support operations simultaneously”.該文件提到這一點委婉的“指揮員運用進攻，防守和穩定或民間支援行動的同時” 。

The remainder of the document is devoted to describing in detail how a downsized all volunteer US military - numbering approximately one million soldiers, aircrew and sailors - could maintain an ever-present, international, offensive posture in many countries across many time-zones.其餘的文件是專門詳細描述如何縮小所有志願美軍-大約有1 00萬士兵，空勤人員和水兵-可以保持一個始終存在，國際組織，進攻態勢在許多國家，在許多時區。

It describes how information communication technologies and digital technologies will create a new “networked” human soldier - the ‘Future Force Warrior’ - who will deploy among the target population and will operate simultaneously several remote, unmanned ground and air weapons systems.它介紹了如何信息通信技術和數字技術將創建一個新的“網絡”人類士兵-的'未來部隊勇士' -誰部署之間的目標人群，並同時運作幾個遙控器，無人駕駛的空中和地面武器系統。

To this end, the US military is rapidly expanding its inventory of computerised, robotic ground weapons and unmanned aerial vehicles .為此，美國軍方正在迅速擴展其庫存的電腦，機器人地面武器和無人駕駛飛行器。

According to the strategy document, by supplementing relatively small forces of US troops - brigade combat teams - with ever-larger fleets of remotely controlled, unmanned weapons systems, America will be able to successfully deploy its downsized military to maximum effect among the emerging international youth bulge.根據該戰略文件，以補充相對較小力量的美國軍隊-旅戰鬥隊-與越來越大船隊的遠程控制，無人駕駛武器系統，美國將能夠成功地部署其軍隊縮編為影響最大的新興國際青年隆起。

Supplementing these future global offensive operations, according to the strategy document, is the US military’s planned domination of inner space or the earth’s exo-atmospheric zone.補充這些未來全球進攻性軍事行動，根據該戰略文件，是美國軍方的計劃統治的內部空間，或地球的外大氣層區。

The document states: “Space is a significant area of joint development that supports battle space awareness and is the backbone for the national and military intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance architecture, as well as being the domain of choice for commercial broad-area sensing enterprises with military utility.”該文件指出： “空間是一個重要的領域的共同發展，支持戰場空間的認識和骨幹是為國家和軍事情報，監視和偵察架構，以及域名被選擇的商業廣泛的領域與遙感企業軍事用途。 “

Together with the US Missile Defence Agency, the US military is currently developing “space-based assets continuously monitoring the globe”.加上美國導彈防禦機構，美國軍方目前正在制定“以空間為基礎的資產不斷監測地球” 。

The report elaborates on this by stating that “army space forces are deployed worldwide supporting US efforts to fight and win [the global war on terror].”該報告詳細闡述了這一點，指出“軍隊太空部隊部署全球支持美國的努力打贏[全球反恐戰爭] 。 ”

The report adds that US military “space control operations ensure freedom of action in space for the United States and its allies and when necessary, deny an adversary freedom of action in space”.報告說，美軍“空間控制行動確保在太空的行動自由對美國及其盟國並在必要時，拒絕敵方在太空的行動自由” 。

The document refers to operations in Iraq in the past tense.該文件是指在伊拉克的行動在過去的緊張。 It implies that operations in Afghanistan may be expanded.這意味著在阿富汗的行動可能會擴大。

It states explicitly that the US military is preparing to fight continuous resource wars “for the long haul”.它明確規定，美國軍方正準備鬥爭持續不斷的資源戰爭“的長途” 。

The document also describes explicitly the manner in which the earth’s orbit is now deemed a legitimate zone for offensive military activity.該文件還明確說明的方式，地球的軌道是目前被認為是合法的帶進攻性軍事活動。 This extraordinary document describes US strategic doctrine in terms worthy of 20th century science fiction.這個非同尋常的文件說明美國的戰略理論方面值得20世紀的科幻小說。

The mix of 20th century science fiction and Orwellian perspectives unwittingly contained in the document appear rapidly to be materialising as fact.混合20世紀的科幻小說和奧威爾式的觀點無意中該文件中所載的出現迅速將materialising事實。

Dr Tom Clonan is the Irish Times Security Analyst. 湯姆博士Clonan是愛爾蘭時報的安全分析師。 He lectures in the School of Media, DIT. 他講課的學校媒體，抽取。 tclonan@irish-times.ie tclonan@irish-times.ie

Have Your Say: US generals planning for resource wars 你說：美國的將軍規劃，資源戰爭
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US generals planning for resource wars美國將軍規劃，資源戰爭