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Monday, June 30th, 2008 週一， 2008年6月30日

By通過 ANDREW E. KRAMER鄭家富e.克萊默 | A group of American advisers led by a small State Department team played an integral part in drawing up contracts between the Iraqi government and five major Western oil companies to develop some of the largest fields in Iraq, American officials say. |一組美國顧問率領的一個小國，部隊發揮不可分割的一部分，在制訂之間的合同，伊拉克政府和五大西方石油公司開發一些最大的領域在伊拉克，美國官員說。

The disclosure, coming on the eve of the contracts’ announcement, is the first confirmation of direct involvement by the Bush administration in deals to open Iraq’s oil to commercial development and is likely to stoke criticism.披露，未來前夕就合約的宣布，是首個確認的直接參與，由布什政府在處理開放伊拉克的石油商業發展，並有可能挑起的批評。

In their role as advisers to the Iraqi Oil Ministry, American government lawyers and private-sector consultants provided template contracts and detailed suggestions on drafting the contracts, advisers and a senior State Department official said.在其擔任顧問的角色，向伊拉克石油部，美國政府的律師和私營部門的顧問公司提供的範本合同和詳細的建議，在起草合同，顧問和國務院高級官員說。

It is unclear how much influence their work had on the ministry’s decisions.目前還不清楚有多少影響他們的工作對財政部的決定。

The advisers — who, along with the diplomatic official, spoke on condition of anonymity — say that their involvement was only to help an understaffed Iraqi ministry with technical and legal details of the contracts and that they in no way helped choose which companies got the deals.顧問-誰，隨著外交官員，以的情況下不願透露姓名的-說，他們的參與，只是為了幫助一人手不足，伊拉克內政部與技術和法律詳細的合同和他們在沒有出路，幫助選擇哪些公司得到了處理。

Repeated calls to the Oil Ministry’s press office for comment were not returned.一再呼籲石油部的新聞辦公室發表評論不回來了。

At a time of spiraling oil prices, the no-bid contracts, in a country with some of the world’s largest untapped fields and potential for vast profits, are a rare prize to the industry.在時間的螺旋石油價格，沒有投標合同，在一個國家與一些世界上最大的尚未開發的領域和潛力巨大的利潤，是一種罕見的獎，向業界。 The contracts are expected to be awarded Monday to Exxon Mobil, Shell, BP, Total and Chevron, as well as to several smaller oil companies.合同預計將獲頒週一到埃克森美孚，殼牌，英國石油公司，雪佛龍和共，以及為幾個較小的油公司。

The deals have been criticized by opponents of the Iraq war, who accuse the Bush administration of working behind the scenes to ensure Western access to Iraqi oil fields even as most other oil-exporting countries have been sharply limiting the roles of international oil companies in development.交易已批評對手的伊拉克戰爭中，誰指責布什政府的工作在幕後，以確保西部進入伊拉克石油領域，甚至由於大部分其他石油出口國已大幅限制的作用，國際油公司在發展中。

For its part, the administration has repeatedly denied steering the Iraqis toward decisions.就其本身而言，政府當局已一再否認督導伊拉克人對的決定。 “Iraq is a sovereign country, and it can make decisions based on how it feels that it wants to move forward in its development of its oil resources,” said Dana Perino, the White House spokeswoman. “伊拉克是一個主權國家，並且可以的基礎上做出決定如何認為，要向前邁進，在其發展其石油資源，說： ”德納Perino ） ，白宮女發言人。

Though enriched by high prices, the companies are starved for new oil fields.雖然豐富的高價格，公司是餓死的新油田。 The United States government, too, has eagerly encouraged investment anywhere in the world that could provide new oil to alleviate the exceptionally tight global supply, which is a cause of high prices.美國政府也有鼓勵投資的急切心情，在世界上任何地方能夠提供新的石油，以減輕異常緊張，全球供應，這是一個原因，過高的價格。

Iraq is particularly attractive in that light, because in addition to its vast reserves, it has the potential to bring new sources of oil onto the market relatively cheaply.伊拉克是特別有吸引力，在輕，因為除了它的龐大儲備，它有可能帶來新的來源，石油市場上相對便宜。

As sabotage on oil export pipelines has declined with improved security, this potential is closer to being realized.作為破壞對石油出口管道已拒絕與提高安全性，這種潛力是接近實現。 American military officials say the pipelines now have excess capacity, waiting for output to increase at the fields.美國軍方官員說，管道，現在有過剩的生產量，等待輸出，以增加在該領域。

But any perception of American meddling in Iraq’s oil policies threatens to inflame opinion against the United States, particularly in Arab nations that are skeptical of American intentions in Iraq, which has the third-largest oil reserves in the world.但任何的看法，美國插手伊拉克的石油政策，威脅要激起輿論對美國，尤其是在阿拉伯國家懷疑美國的意圖，在伊拉克，這是第三大石油儲量在世界上。

“We pretend it is not a centerpiece of our motivation, yet we keep confirming that it is,” Frederick D. Barton, senior adviser at the Center for Strategic and International Studies in Washington, said in a telephone interview. “我們假裝它不是一個核心，我們的動機，但我們不斷確認，這是”馮檢四巴頓，高級顧問，在該中心的戰略和國際研究在華盛頓，在電話採訪中說。 “And we undermine our own veracity by citing issues like sovereignty, when we have our hands right in the middle of it.” “我們破壞了我們自己的真實性引用的問題一樣，主權，當我們有我們手中的權利，在中東它” 。

United States officials are directly advising Iraq on a host of issues, from electricity to education.美國官員直接提供意見，伊拉克就一系列問題，從電力，教育。 But they have avoided the limelight when questions turn to how Iraq should manage its oil endowment, insisting that a decision must rest with the Iraqi government.但他們卻避免曝光時，問題又如何，伊拉克應管理其石油養老，堅持必須決定休息與伊拉克政府。

The State Department advisers on the Western contracts say they purposely avoid trying to shape Iraqi policy.美國國務院顧問，對西方的合同說，他們刻意避免試圖形狀的伊拉克政策。

“They have not negotiated with the international oil companies since the 1970s,” said the senior State Department official, who was speaking about Iraqi oil officials and who is directly involved in shaping United States energy policy in Iraq. “他們有沒有經過談判，與國際油公司自七十年代以來， ”說，國務院高級官員，誰是在談到伊拉克石油官員和誰是直接參與在塑造美國的能源政策，在伊拉克。

The advice on the drafting of the contracts was not binding, he said, and sometimes the ministry chose to ignore it.的意見，就草擬的合同是沒有約束力，他說，有時財政部選擇忽略它。 “The ministry did not have to take our advice,” he said, adding that the Iraqis had also turned to the Norwegian government for counsel. “該部並沒有採取我們的意見， ”他補充說，伊拉克人也轉而挪威政府為律師。 “It has been their sole decision.” “它已被他們唯一的決定” 。

The advisers say they were not involved in advancing the oil companies’ interests, but rather treated the Oil Ministry as a client, the State Department official said.顧問說，他們沒有參與，在推進油公司的利益，而是處理石油部作為一個客戶，國務院官員說。 “I do not see this as a conflict of interest,” he said. “我不認為這是一個利益衝突， ”他說。 A potential area of criticism, however, is that only Western companies got the bigger oil contracts.一個潛在的領域的批評，但是，只有西方國家的公司得到了更大的石油合同。 In particular, Russian companies that have experience in Iraq and had sought development contracts are still waiting.特別是，俄羅斯的公司有在伊拉克的經驗，並曾要求開發合同仍在進行中。

Earlier in the occupation of Iraq, American advisers supported the Oil Ministry’s effort to dismiss claims by the Russian company Lukoil to a large Saddam Hussein-era deal.較早前在對伊拉克的佔領，美國顧問支持石油部的努力，解僱索賠由俄羅斯公司盧克石油公司在相當大的薩達姆統治時期處理。 The ministry maintains that the Hussein government canceled the contract three months before the invasion.該部堅持認為，侯賽因政府取消了合同，前3個月入侵。 Lukoil says the attempt to cancel the deal was illegal because Mr. Hussein had not appealed to international arbitration first, as required in the contract terms.盧克石油公司說，試圖取消該交易是非法的，因為侯賽因先生並沒有呼籲國際仲裁第一，視需要在合約條款。

The new oil contracts have also become a significant political issue in the United States.新的石油合同也已成為一項重大的政治問題在美國。

Three Democratic senators, led by Charles E. Schumer of New York, sent a letter to the State Department last week asking that the deals be delayed until after the Iraqi Parliament passes a hydrocarbons law outlining the distribution of oil revenues and regulatory matters.三民主黨參議員率領的由查爾斯e.舒默在紐約，致函美國國務院上週要求交易推遲到後，伊拉克議會通過一項碳氫化合物法概述分配石油收入和規管事宜。 They contend the contracts could deepen political tensions in Iraq and endanger American soldiers.他們爭辯的合約可能加深政治緊張局勢在伊拉克和危及美國士兵。

Criticism like that has prompted objections by the Bush administration and the secretary of state, Condoleezza Rice, who say the deals are purely commercial matters.批評一樣，已促使反對布什政府和美國國務卿，康多莉扎賴斯說，誰的交易是純粹的商業事宜。 Ms. Rice, speaking on Fox News this month, said: “The United States government has stayed out of the matter of awarding the Iraq oil contracts.賴斯女士，在談到福克斯新聞，這一個月，說： “美國政府一直留出來的問題，批出伊拉克的石油合同。 It’sa private sector matter.”這是私營部門的事“ 。

Advisers from the State, Commerce, Energy and Interior Departments are assigned to work with the Iraqi Oil Ministry, according to the senior diplomat.顧問由國家，商業，能源和內部部門分配到的工作，與伊拉克石油部，據該資深外交家。 In addition, the United States Agency for International Development has a contract for Management Systems International, a Washington consulting firm, to advise the oil and other ministries.在此外，美國國際開發署已訂立合約，為管理系統的國際，華盛頓的諮詢公司，向石油和其他部委。 The agency’s program is called Tatweer, the Arabic word for development.該機構的程序是所謂的tatweer ，阿拉伯語單詞的發展。

“The legal department of the Ministry of Oil passed us a draft of the contract,” Samir Abid, a Canadian of Iraqi origin who is an employee of the Tatweer program, said in a telephone interview. “法律部，石油部通過我們的草案，合同， ”薩米爾阿比德，加拿大伊拉克原產地誰是僱員的tatweer計劃，在電話採訪中說。 “They passed it to us and asked for our comments because we were mentoring them.” “他們通過給我們，並詢問我們的意見，因為我們的指導他們” 。

He added: “It was an exercise in deciding how best to do these contracts.他補充說： “這是一個行使在決定如何最好地做這些合同。 I don’t know if they used our comments or not.”我不知道，如果他們使用我們的意見或不“ 。

In a statement, the agency said its advisers had reviewed the oil company contracts, known as technical support agreements: “At the request of the Ministry of Oil, the Tatweer Energy Team has done a review of the format, structure and clarity of language of blank draft contracts.”在一份聲明中，該機構稱，其顧問委員會已審查了油公司的合同，稱為技術支持的協議： “在要求石油部， tatweer能源小組已做了檢討，格式，結構和清晰的語言空白合同草案“ 。

The statement said the team did not have access to confidential information from the oil companies.聲明說，團隊沒有接觸機密信息時，從油公司。

Consultants said the advice was necessary because the Oil Ministry, like other sectors of the Iraqi government, has experienced an exodus of qualified employees and lacks lawyers schooled in drawing up contracts.顧問說的意見是必要的，因為石油部，像其他行業的伊拉克政府，經歷了大批高素質的員工和缺乏教育的律師在擬定合同。

A supervisor with the Tatweer program, who was not authorized to speak publicly and declined to be quoted by name, said that ministry officials, many of them near retirement, needed help.主管與tatweer計劃，誰是未獲授權發言，公開和拒絕被引述姓名，說，衛生部官員，他們中的許多附近的退休，需要幫助。

The American government lawyers provided specific advice, the State Department official said, like: “These are the clauses you may want.美國政府的律師提供了具體的意見，國務院官員說，如： “這是第您可能會想要。 You will need a clause on arbitration.您將需要一個條款，對仲裁。 You will need this clause to make this work.”您將需要這條條文，使這項工作“ 。

See More: 看到更多的： Iraq 伊拉克 Oil 石油

Have Your Say: US Advised Iraqi Ministry on Oil Deals 有您這樣說：美國的建議，伊拉克內政部就石油交易
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This entry was posted on Monday, June 30th, 2008 at 10:07 pm and is filed under 此項目被張貼在週一， 2008年6月30日在下午10時07分，並提交下 War & Terrorism News 戰爭和恐怖主義新聞 . 。 You can follow any responses to this entry through the 您可以按照任何的反應，此項目通過 RSS 2.0 2.0 feed. 餵養。 You can 您可以 leave a response 留下的回應 , or ，或 trackback Trackback跟踪 from your own site. 從你自己的網站。

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