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翻译：
             
备忘录棚子光在对睡眠剥夺酷刑的CIA用途
星期一， 2009年5月11日
由格雷戈·米勒 | 报导自华盛顿-，当Obama总统在对严厉审讯方法的CIA的用途上个月准备发布秘密备忘录，白宫调遣大量高潮性呼吁。 你来自前CIA主任迈克尔· V。 Hayden，表达怀疑管理准备暴露方法它也许以后决定它需要。 “是您告诉我在威胁的所有情况下，您不会干涉被拘留者的睡眠周期？” Hayden根据来源要求一位高级白宫官员，熟悉交换。 从开始，睡眠剥夺更比最猛烈的方法是其中一要素在CIA的审讯节目，过去常常帮助打破许多被怀疑的恐怖分子。 并且它是在方法之中艰苦与战斗的代办处保持。 技术由Obama总统的禁令在苛刻的审讯方法现在禁止于1月，虽然特遣部队与代办处也许在将来使用的其他审讯方法一起回顾它的用途。 由于它的有效率-并且悟性它比waterboarding，头关上或者被强迫的裸体较不可厌恶的-睡眠剥夺也许看作为一个tempting技术恢复。 但司法部备忘录由Obama上个月发布了，以及官员提供的信息熟悉节目，表明方法，在末端介入迫使被束缚的囚犯站立，有时在几天，是有争议在美国范围内。 情报机构比广泛被知道。 CIA总检查员的报告2004年发布的比它其他方法除waterboarding以外，依据官员熟悉本文，由于重要对对睡眠剥夺的代办处的用途怎样技术是应用的。 囚犯安排他们的脚shackled到地板和他们的手打紧挨他们的下巴，根据司法部备忘录。 被拘留者是仅穿在尿布和没允许哺养自己。 开始渐渐离开睡觉的囚犯会掀动结束和由他的链子捉住。 备忘录认为超过25 CIA的囚犯被服从了到睡眠剥夺。 代办处允许保持囚犯醒为，只要11天; the limit was later reduced to just over a week. According to the memos, medical personnel were to make sure prisoners weren’t injured. But a 2007 Red Cross report on the CIA program said that detainees’ wrists and ankles bore scars from their shackles. When detainees could no longer stand, they could be laid on the prison floor with their limbs “anchored to a far point on the floor in such a manner that the arms cannot be bent or used for balance or comfort,” a May 10, 2005, memo said. “The position is sufficiently uncomfortable to detainees to deprive them of unbroken sleep, while allowing their lower limbs to recover from the effects of standing,” it said. In the Red Cross report, prisoners said they were also subjected to loud music and repetitive noise. “I was kept sitting on a chair, shackled by hands and feet for two to three weeks,” said suspected Al Qaeda operative Abu Zubaydah, the first prisoner captured by the CIA, according to the Red Cross report. “If I started to fall asleep, a guard would come and spray water in my face.” In the Justice Department memos, sleep deprivation was described as part of a “baseline” phase of interrogation, categorized as less severe than other “corrective” or “coercive” methods. Within the CIA, sleep deprivation was seen as a method with the unique advantage of eroding prisoners’ will to resist without causing lasting harm. “Waterboarding was obviously the most controversial,” said a former senior U.S. government official who was briefed extensively on CIA interrogation operations. But “sleep deprivation is probably the most effective thing they had going.” Facing congressional efforts in 2005 and 2006 to block the use of certain techniques, CIA lawyers and Bush administration officials lobbied to keep a core set of methods, including sleep deprivation. In 2007, after a U.S. Supreme Court ruling compelled the White House to bring the CIA program into compliance with the Geneva Convention, President Bush signed an executive order that outlined detainees’ rights to the “basic necessities of life.” The order listed “adequate food and water, shelter from the elements, necessary clothing” and protection from extreme heat and cold. But it made no mention of sleep as a basic necessity. Current and former U.S. intelligence officials said sleep deprivation multiplied the coercive power of other techniques that included face-slapping and confinement in small boxes. “It was viewed as a tool that enabled all the others,” said a former CIA official directly involved in the program. The former official, like others, described internal thinking on condition of anonymity. The Justice Department memos also cited research that suggested sleep deprivation was not harmful. “Experience with sleep deprivation shows that ’surprisingly, little seemed to go wrong with the subjects physically,’ ” said the May 10, 2005, Justice Department memo — one of many instances in which government lawyers cited scientific papers in asserting that the program was safe. But some authors of those studies have since said that the conclusions of their research were grossly misapplied. James Horne, director of the Sleep Research Center at Loughborough University in Britain, said he was never consulted by U.S. officials and didn’t know how his work was being used until the memos were released. “My response was shocked concern,” Horne said in an e-mail interview. Just because the pain of sleep deprivation “can’t be measured in terms of physical injury or appearance . . . does not mean that the mental anguish is not as bad.” Horne said that it was dangerous for the CIA to extrapolate from independent research in which subjects had gone for as long as a week without sleep, voluntarily, and were free to eat, rest, watch television or leave the research facility at any time. By contrast, CIA prisoners were subjected to major additional stresses that risk physical and mental collapse. “To claim that 180 hours is safe in these respects is nonsense,” Horne wrote in a separate online posting. Even if sleep deprivation succeeded in getting prisoners to talk, he said, “I would doubt whether the state of mind would be able to produce credible information, unaffected by delusion, fantasy or suggestibility.” Have Your Say: Memos shed light on CIA use of sleep deprivation torture Please read our posting guidelines before posting. Alternatively you can discuss this report here. Related News
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