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Luce della tettoia degli appunti su uso di CIA di tortura di privazione di sonno
Lunedì 11 maggio 2009
Da Greg Mugnaio | Segnalando da Washington - poichè il presidente Obama ha preparato l'ultimo mese per liberare gli appunti segreti sull'uso del CIA dei metodi severi di interrogazione, la Casa Bianca fielded un turbine di neve degli appelli dell'ultimo minuto. Uno è venuto dall'ex direttore Michael V. di CIA. Hayden, che ha espresso il disbelief che la gestione è stata preparata per esporre i metodi esso potrebbe più successivamente decidere che ha avuto bisogno di. “Siete mi che dite che in tutte le circostanze della minaccia, non interferiate mai con il ciclo di sonno di un detainee?„ Hayden ha chiesto ad un funzionario superiore della Casa Bianca, secondo le fonti al corrente dello scambio. Dall'inizio, la privazione di sonno era stata uno degli elementi più importanti nel programma di interrogazione del CIA, usato per aiutare le dozzine della rottura dei terroristi ritenuti sospetto, molto più dei metodi più violenti. Ed è fra i metodi l'agenzia combattuta il più duro per mantenere. La tecnica ora è proibita dal divieto del presidente Obama in gennaio sui metodi duri di interrogazione, anche se un gruppo di esperti sta rivedendo il relativo uso con altri metodi che di interrogazione l'agenzia potrebbe impiegare in avvenire. A causa della relativa efficacia - così come la percezione che era meno discutibile che waterboarding, testa-sbattendo o il nudity forzato - la privazione di sonno può essere vista come tecnica di tentazione per ristabilire. Ma gli appunti di reparto della giustizia hanno liberato l'ultimo mese da Obama, come pure le informazioni fornite dai funzionari al corrente del programma, indicano che il metodo, che coinvolge forzare i prigionieri concatenati levarsi in piedi, a volte per i giorni sull'estremità, era più discutibile in Stati Uniti Comunità di intelligenza che ampiamente è stato conosciuto. Una relazione del General di ispettore di CIA pubblicata in 2004 era più critica dell'uso dell'agenzia della privazione di sonno che era di qualunque altro metodo oltre a waterboarding, secondo i funzionari al corrente del documento, a causa di come la tecnica è stata applicata. I prigionieri hanno avuti loro piedi shackled al pavimento ed alle loro mani cuffed vicino ai loro menti, secondo gli appunti di reparto della giustizia. I Detainees erano placcati soltanto in diapers e non conceduti alimentarsi. Un prigioniero che ha cominciato andare alla deriva fuori per dormire inclinerebbe eccessivo e sarebbe interferito dalle sue catene. Gli appunti hanno detto che più di 25 dei prigionieri del CIA sono stati sottoposti alla privazione di sonno. Ad un punto, l'agenzia è stata permessa mantenere i prigionieri svegli per finchè 11 giorno; the limit was later reduced to just over a week. According to the memos, medical personnel were to make sure prisoners weren’t injured. But a 2007 Red Cross report on the CIA program said that detainees’ wrists and ankles bore scars from their shackles. When detainees could no longer stand, they could be laid on the prison floor with their limbs “anchored to a far point on the floor in such a manner that the arms cannot be bent or used for balance or comfort,” a May 10, 2005, memo said. “The position is sufficiently uncomfortable to detainees to deprive them of unbroken sleep, while allowing their lower limbs to recover from the effects of standing,” it said. In the Red Cross report, prisoners said they were also subjected to loud music and repetitive noise. “I was kept sitting on a chair, shackled by hands and feet for two to three weeks,” said suspected Al Qaeda operative Abu Zubaydah, the first prisoner captured by the CIA, according to the Red Cross report. “If I started to fall asleep, a guard would come and spray water in my face.” In the Justice Department memos, sleep deprivation was described as part of a “baseline” phase of interrogation, categorized as less severe than other “corrective” or “coercive” methods. Within the CIA, sleep deprivation was seen as a method with the unique advantage of eroding prisoners’ will to resist without causing lasting harm. “Waterboarding was obviously the most controversial,” said a former senior U.S. government official who was briefed extensively on CIA interrogation operations. But “sleep deprivation is probably the most effective thing they had going.” Facing congressional efforts in 2005 and 2006 to block the use of certain techniques, CIA lawyers and Bush administration officials lobbied to keep a core set of methods, including sleep deprivation. In 2007, after a U.S. Supreme Court ruling compelled the White House to bring the CIA program into compliance with the Geneva Convention, President Bush signed an executive order that outlined detainees’ rights to the “basic necessities of life.” The order listed “adequate food and water, shelter from the elements, necessary clothing” and protection from extreme heat and cold. But it made no mention of sleep as a basic necessity. Current and former U.S. intelligence officials said sleep deprivation multiplied the coercive power of other techniques that included face-slapping and confinement in small boxes. “It was viewed as a tool that enabled all the others,” said a former CIA official directly involved in the program. The former official, like others, described internal thinking on condition of anonymity. The Justice Department memos also cited research that suggested sleep deprivation was not harmful. “Experience with sleep deprivation shows that ’surprisingly, little seemed to go wrong with the subjects physically,’ ” said the May 10, 2005, Justice Department memo — one of many instances in which government lawyers cited scientific papers in asserting that the program was safe. But some authors of those studies have since said that the conclusions of their research were grossly misapplied. James Horne, director of the Sleep Research Center at Loughborough University in Britain, said he was never consulted by U.S. officials and didn’t know how his work was being used until the memos were released. “My response was shocked concern,” Horne said in an e-mail interview. Just because the pain of sleep deprivation “can’t be measured in terms of physical injury or appearance . . . does not mean that the mental anguish is not as bad.” Horne said that it was dangerous for the CIA to extrapolate from independent research in which subjects had gone for as long as a week without sleep, voluntarily, and were free to eat, rest, watch television or leave the research facility at any time. By contrast, CIA prisoners were subjected to major additional stresses that risk physical and mental collapse. “To claim that 180 hours is safe in these respects is nonsense,” Horne wrote in a separate online posting. Even if sleep deprivation succeeded in getting prisoners to talk, he said, “I would doubt whether the state of mind would be able to produce credible information, unaffected by delusion, fantasy or suggestibility.” Have Your Say: Memos shed light on CIA use of sleep deprivation torture Please read our posting guidelines before posting. Alternatively you can discuss this report here. Related News
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