America’s Chemically Modified 21st Century Soldiers美國的化學修飾的21世紀士兵
By通過 Clayton Dach克萊頓取景 | Amphetamines and the military first met somewhere in the fog of WWII, when axis and allied forces alike were issued speed tablets to head off fatigue on the battlefield. |安非他明和軍事第一次見面的某處，在霧二戰時的主軸和盟軍都發出了高速片頭疲勞在戰場上。
More than 60 years later, the US Air Force still doles out dextro-amphetamine to pilots whose duties do not afford them the luxury of sleep.超過60年後的今天，美空軍仍doles指出dextro -安非他明，向飛行員，其職責不負擔不起奢侈的睡眠。
Through it all, it seems, the human body and its fleshy weaknesses keep getting in the way of warfare.透過這一切，似乎，人體及其肉質的弱點，不斷收到在方式的戰爭。 Just as in the health clinics of the nation, the first waypoint in the military effort to redress these foibles is a pharmaceutical one.正如在健康診所的國家，第一路點在軍事上的努力來糾正這些foibles是一個製藥一。 The catch is, we’re really not that great at it.漁獲量是，我們真的不是在它的偉大。 In the case of speed, the US Drug Enforcement Agency itself notes a few unwanted snags like addiction, anxiety, aggression, paranoia and hallucinations.在該案件的速度，美國緝毒機構本身注意到，少數不想要的障礙一樣，成癮，焦慮，侵略，妄想和幻覺。 For side-effects like insomnia, the Air Force issues “no-go” pills like temazepam alongside its “go” pills.為產生的副作用，例如失眠，空軍的問題“不走”丸一樣， temazepam並肩其“走出去”丸仔。 Psychosis, though, is a wee bit trickier.思覺失調，雖然是凌晨一點麻煩。
Far from getting discouraged, the working consensus appears to be that we just haven’t gotten the drugs right yet.到目前為止，從越來越氣餒，工作的共識，似乎是說，我們只是沒有得到該藥物的權利。 In recent years, the US, the UK and France — among others — have reportedly been funding investigations into a new line-up of military performance enhancers.最近幾年，美國，英國和法國-除其他外-據報導，資金，調查進入了一個新線的後續軍事性能增強。 The bulk of these drugs are already familiar to us from the lists of substances banned by international sporting bodies, including the stimulant ephedrine, non-stimulant “wakefulness promoting agents” like modafinil (aka Provigil) and erythropoietin, used to improve endurance by boosting the production of red blood cells.大部分的這些藥物已經熟悉我們從列出的物質所禁止的國際體育機構，包括興奮劑麻黃素，非興奮劑“的覺醒，促進代理人”一樣，莫達非尼（又名provigil ）和促紅細胞生成素，用來改善耐力通過提高生產的紅血細胞。
As the chemical interventions grow bolder and more sophisticated, we should not be surprised that some are beginning to cast their eyes beyond droopy eyelids and sore muscles.作為化學干預成長大膽和更先進的，我們不應感到驚訝，有些已開始投下自己的眼睛超越droopy眼瞼和肌肉。 Chief among the new horizons is the alluring notion of psychological prophylactics: drugs used to pre-empt the often nasty effects of combat stress on soldiers, particularly that perennial veteran’s bugaboo known as post-traumatic stress disorder syndrome.行政之間的新地平線是誘人的概念，心理prophylactics ：所用藥物預先往往惡劣的影響，打擊脅迫對士兵，特別是多年生的老的bugaboo稱為創傷後應激障礙綜合徵。 In the US, where roughly two-fifths of troops returning from combat deployments are presenting serious mental health problems, PTSD has gone political in form of the Psychological Kevlar Act, which would direct the Secretary of Defense to implement “preventive and early-intervention measures” to protect troops against “stress-related psychopathologies.”在美國，大約有2五分之二，部隊返回，從作戰部署，提出嚴重的精神健康問題，創傷後應激障礙已經在政治形式的心理克維拉的行為，這將直接局長，國防部以落實“預防和早期干預措施“ ，以保護部隊對”應激相關psychopathologies “ 。
Proponents of the “Psychological Kevlar” approach to PTSD may have found a silver bullet in the form of propranolol, a 50-year-old beta-blocker used on-label to treat high blood pressure, and off-label as a stress-buster for performers and exam-takers.倡議者， “心理克維拉”的做法，以創傷後應激障礙可能已經找到了一條銀彈在的形式，普萘洛爾，一個50歲的β -受體阻滯劑使用的標籤治療血壓高的壓力，和場外的標籤作為一個應力剋星為表演者和考試的行動。 Ongoing psychiatric research has intriguingly suggested that a dose of propranolol, taken soon after a harrowing event, can suppress the victim’s stress response and effectively block the physiological process that makes certain memories intense and intrusive.正在進行的精神科研究有趣的建議劑量的普萘洛爾，採取後不久的悲慘事件，能抑制受害人的應激反應，並有效地阻止生理過程，使某些記憶激烈和侵擾。 That the drug is cheap and well tolerated is icing on the cake.這種藥物是廉價的耐受性好是錦上添花。
Propranolol has already been dubbed the “mourning after pill,” largely by those who argue that its military use amounts to medicating away pangs of conscience.普萘洛爾已被稱為“莫寧事後避孕藥” ，主要是由那些誰辯稱，其軍事用途的款項，以藥物治療以外的陣痛的良心。 For the time being, though, we can set aside our dystopian visions of zombies with guns, since the tranquilizing effects of beta-blockers are unlikely to permit their widespread use on the battlefield.為一段時間內，雖然，我們可以設置預留dystopian我們的願景，殭屍與槍，自tranquilizing的影響， β -阻斷劑是不可能允許他們廣泛地使用在戰場上。 But pharmacology moves more swiftly with each passing year — especially when helped along by defense-research dollars — and we may need to revive those visions sooner than we think.但藥理學的動作更迅速地與每過一年-尤其是當有助於沿線由國防研究美元-我們可能需要恢復這些願景，遲早比我們想像的。
The Mediated Soldier 該導的士兵
In the new model army, brute force and viscera are out.在新的模式，軍隊，野蠻武力和內臟都出來。 Cutting edge gadgetry, omniscient surveillance and precision long-distance termination is in. What motivates it all is the type of war we fear we’ll be fighting.尖端電子產品，無所不知的監視和精確長途終止英寸是什麼動機，它是所有類型的戰爭，我們擔心我們將戰鬥。
On this, the strategists have spoken: with Iraq and Afghanistan as the testing grounds, the conflicts of the future will be guerrilla wars, open-ended, with no battle lines, no rules of engagement and ambivalent or openly hostile civilian populations in which any man, woman or child can turn combatant.在這方面，戰略家的發言：與伊拉克和阿富汗的作為測試的理由，衝突的未來將游擊戰爭，不限名額，沒有戰線，沒有接戰規則和矛盾的或公開的敵對平民在任何男人，女人或兒童可以把戰鬥。
In breeding a future soldier for these future wars, we will inevitably leave behind the mere rectification of human weakness and enter into the realm of the superhuman.在育種中的未來戰士為這些未來的戰爭，我們將不可避免地留下僅僅整改人類的弱點和進入境界的超人。 Glimpses of this realm have already become commonplace in the form of ceramic-Kevlar body armor and night-vision goggles — wizardry that transforms squishy pink men into bullet-proof creatures of the night.一窺這個領域已經成為司空見慣的形式，在陶瓷凱夫拉防彈衣和夜視鏡-w izardry認為，變換s quishy粉紅男人變成防彈動物的夜晚。
Such magic will continue apace under the auspices of dozens of military development initiatives across the globe, creating a species known variously as the Future Force Warrior by the US, FIST by the British Army, Félin by the French.這種魔術將繼續迅速的主持下，數十名軍事發展的倡議，世界各地，創造一個物種已知的各種作為未來部隊勇士由美國，拳頭由英國軍隊， félin由法國。 All are merely the human components of broader visionary projects for what has been called “the army after next,” the most noteworthy of which being the US Army’s Future Combat Systems.一切都只是人類的組成部分，更廣泛的有遠見的項目有什麼被稱為“陸軍後，接下來， ”最值得注意的，其中，美陸軍的未來作戰系統。 With a budget clocking in at $160 billion or so, FCS is not just one of history’s most costly weapons programs; it is an all-encompassing modernization program, one that will usher in a total re-imagining of the armed forces.上一個年度的財政時鐘在在1600億美元，或所以，功能界別的不只是一個歷史上最昂貴的武器項目;這是一個涵蓋一切的現代化計劃，就是將進入一個轉口貿易總額想像的武裝部隊。 What FCS and its kin have imagined for soldiers is a battlefield experience increasingly mediated by technology, insulated in a cocoon of “force multipliers” — military parlance for anything that allows you to accomplish more with fewer personnel.什麼功能界別和其健想像的士兵是一個戰場的經驗越來越介導的技術，絕緣在一個繭的“武力乘數” -軍事用語的事情，可讓您完成更多的與少的人員。 In concrete terms, that translates into an array of tools designed to enhance lethality and survivability: next-generation sidearms; headsets that provide live command and control, detailed geographic data and the ability to fire around corners; smart suits equipped with ultralight nanotech armor, micro-climate conditioning, real-time health monitoring and even automated medical care like CPR and drug delivery.具體而言，即轉化為一個數組的工具，旨在提高殺傷力和生存能力：下一代sidearms ;耳機提供居住的指揮和控制，詳細的地理數據和能力，消防靠近角落;智能適合配備超輕納米技術的盔甲，微氣候調節，實時監測和健康，甚至自動化的醫療照顧，例如心肺復甦術和給藥。 Also on the docket are robotic exoskeletons that allow the soldiers wearing them to carry hundreds of pounds — even while running — without breaking a sweat, as well as handheld imaging equipment that grants the ability to see targets through walls.也談待審案件是機器人外骨骼，讓士兵們穿著他們進行數百英鎊-甚至在運行-沒有打破汗水，以及手持成像設備的補助金能夠看到的目標，透過牆壁。
None of these are sci-fi pipe dreams.這些都不是科幻管的夢想。 The DARPA-developed Radar Scope is already in limited deployment, detecting human breathing through a foot of concrete on two AA batteries.該DARPA的研製雷達的範圍，已經是在有限的部署，檢測人類呼吸，透過腳下的混凝土就兩節AA電池。 Utah-based robotics company Sarcos is expected to deliver its prototype exoskeletons to the Army this year, at roughly the same time that many of the other Future Force Warrior components begin field testing.猶他州基於機器人公司sarcos有望提供其原型外骨骼，向軍隊提出，今年，在大致相同的時間，其他許多未來的力量勇士組成部分，開始進行實地測試。 Full-scale production of a number of the systems is scheduled for early in the next decade.全規模生產了一批制度，定於年初在未來的十年。
The Absent Soldier 缺席的士兵
It is tempting to say that military technology is steadily transforming war into a video game.這是誘人的說，軍事技術正逐步改造成為一個戰爭的視頻遊戲。 Yet there’sa strange irony in the works: as the games claw themselves even closer to the look and feel of real, down-and-dirty warfare, real warfare is fluttering away into strategic and technological abstraction, effectively taking a step back from its own reality.然而，有奇怪的諷刺工程：由於遊戲爪自己更接近的外觀和風格，真正的下跌和骯髒的戰爭，真正的戰爭，是飄揚遠離到戰略和技術抽象，有效地退後一步，從自己的現實。
For all the PlayStation sexiness of the ultra lethal, force-multiplied warrior, the true fate of the in-the-flesh soldier is to vanish into the abstraction.所有的PlayStation性感的超致命，力成倍的戰士，真正的命運在- -肉士兵是消失到抽象。
The explicit purpose of Future Combat Systems is to progressively supplement, to the point of ultimately displacing, the human soldier with a whole array of automated, autonomous and remote technologies — things like unmanned surveillance drones, long-range and non-line-of-sight precision-guided munitions, and unmanned air and ground combat vehicles.明確的目的，未來作戰系統是逐步補充，出發點，最終取代，人類士兵與整個陣列的自動化，自治區和遠程技術-東西一樣，無人駕駛偵察無人駕駛飛機，遠程和非線- -視線精確制導彈藥，以及無人駕駛空中和地面戰鬥車輛。 Though the latter group may never look anything like Schwarzenegger minus skin, make no mistake that what we are talking about here is weaponized robots.雖然後一組可能永遠也看什麼像施瓦辛格減去皮膚，沒有錯誤，我們現在所談論的是這裡武器的機器人。
An oft-quoted US Joint Forces Command study from 2003 (rather candidly titled Unmanned Effects: Taking the Human Out of the Loop) predicted that autonomous, networked robots — faster and more lethal than human combatants — could become the norm by 2025. 1多次引述了美國聯合部隊司令部研究，從2003年（而不是坦率地名為無人駕駛的影響：以人為本走出河套）預言，自治區，網絡機器人-更快和更致命的比人的戰鬥-有可能成為常態，到2 0 25年。 That may prove overly confident, but a congressional mandate has already called for one-third of all US military land vehicles to be unmanned by 2015, increasing to two-thirds by 2025.這可能證明是過於自信，但在國會的任務已經呼籲三分一的美國所有的軍事土地，車輛必須無人駕駛，到2015年，提高到了三分之二，到2025年。
If the idea of autonomous, homicidal robots dashing into troubled Third-World slums sends a major chill down your spine, you’re certainly not alone.如果構思，自治區，殺人機器人衝出成為困擾第三世界國家的貧民窟發送一個重大冷下來你的脊柱，您當然並不孤單。 Well aware of the nightmarish optics, defense contractors and military brass alike have been presenting a united front, noting that this is about moving soldiers out of harm’s way, not about deleting humans from the “kill chain” entirely.深知惡夢般光學，國防承包商和軍事黃銅，都已經提出了統一戰線，注意到，這是有關移動官兵走出傷害的方式，而不是刪去人類從“殺鏈”完全。
While there is little doubt that protecting soldiers is the central motivation, shifting troops into a distant pixel-pushing role also performs a secondary purpose: it neatly removes obstacles for those looking to wage war overseas while expending as little of their domestic political capital as possible.雖然毫無疑問，保護士兵，是中央的動機，轉移部隊進入一個遙遠像素的推動作用，也執行次要目的：它整齊地消除了障礙，對於那些希望在海外發動戰爭的同時，花費少其國內政治資本，盡可能。 You can call it a by-product, or you can call it an ulterior motive, depending upon how dismal your outlook is.您可以調用它的一個副產品，或者您也可以稱之為一個別有用心的，這取決於如何令人沮喪的是您的Outlook 。
Whatever the reasons, as we lose ourselves in the lovely fantasy of sidestepping the maimed veterans and crying widows, we could be walking right into an even nastier pile of shit.無論是什麼原因，因為我們失去了自己在可愛的幻想迴避致殘的退伍軍人和哭泣的寡婦，我們可以散步的權利，成為一個甚至nastier一堆shit外圍。 During the bombing campaign that accompanied the 2003 coalition invasion of Iraq, satellite-guided munitions caused scores of accidental civilian deaths.在轟炸中運動，伴隨著2003年的聯軍入侵伊拉克，衛星制導的彈藥所造成的分數偶然的平民死亡。 If these people had perished at the barrel of coalition rifles, their deaths would have been called massacres; as it stands, they are mere technical glitches and failures of intelligence.如果這些人已經滅亡了在每桶聯盟步槍，他們的死亡將被稱為大屠殺;因為它的立場，他們僅僅是技術故障和失敗的情報。
The moral here is straightforward: once the human presence in the kill chain is diluted, so too is accountability.道德在這裡是直截了當的：一旦人類的存在，在殺死鏈是稀釋，因此，也是問責制。 The future’s soldier could be one surrounded by an inveigling haze of pharmaceuticals, decision-making robots, errant bombs and faulty surveillance data; the only thing to emerge from this haze will be an exhilarating sense of our own guiltlessness.未來的士兵可以是一個包圍一誘騙的陰霾，藥品，決策機器人，錯誤的炸彈和故障監測數據;唯一的事，以擺脫這個陰霾將是一個令人振奮的責任感，我們自己的guiltlessness 。 Alas, the populations against which we use our fancy toys are unlikely to share in the feeling.可惜的是，人口對我們使用我們喜歡的玩具是不可能的份額的感覺。
See More: 看到更多的： Technology 技術 USA News 美國新聞 Warfare 戰Have Your Say: America’s Chemically Modified 21st Century Soldiers 有您這樣說：美國的化學修飾的21世紀士兵
Please note, only selected comments will be published.請注意，只有選定的評論將出版。
Or discuss this report in our our new forums 或討論這個報告在我們的我們的新論壇
This entry was posted on Monday, May 5th, 2008 at 5:42 am and is filed under 此項目被張貼在週一， 2008年5月5日在上午05時42分，並提交下 War & Terrorism News 戰爭和恐怖主義新聞 . 。 You can follow any responses to this entry through the 您可以按照任何的反應，此項目通過 RSS 2.0 2.0 feed. 餵養。 You can 您可以 leave a response 留下的回應 , or ，或 trackback Trackback跟踪 from your own site. 從你自己的網站。
Free Newsletter 免費通訊 
Related News 相關新聞
- NATO probes Afghan detainee ‘abuse’北約探頭阿富汗被拘留者'濫用'
- War vets to talk about US atrocities戰爭獸醫談談美國的暴行
- BAE Systems To Build Mini Spy Robots BAE系統公司建立迷你間諜機器人
- Shock toll of British injured in Afghan war休克的收費英中受傷的阿富汗戰爭
- US soldiers to stay longer in Iraq美軍士兵留在伊拉克不再
Email This Page To A Friend 電子郵件此頁給朋友
Latest Headlines 最新的新聞標題
- Peak Food: Blaming the Victims高峰期的食物：指責受害者
- The Challenge Of Modern Slavery挑戰現代奴役
- Ex-MI5 chief warns over detention前軍情五處行政警告以上的拘留
- Abuse Claims Mount Against Pentagon, Contractors虐待索賠山對五角大樓，承建商
- Britain throws away £10bn of food every year英國拋棄100億英鎊的食品，每年
- Does Organic Really Mean Organic?是否有機真正的意思有機？
- The New Whopper: Burger with a Side of Spies新whopper ：漢堡與方間諜
- US/IRAQ: Pressure to Cut Costs, Troops Strains “Surge”我們/伊拉克：壓力，以降低成本，部隊株“風”
- Under US Law Torture is Always Illegal根據美國法律，酷刑，始終是非法的
- Suicide bomber was in Guantánamo, says US自殺炸彈是在關塔納摩說，美國
More更多 Breaking News突發新聞
Archive 存檔