|
|
Μεταφράστε:
             
Η κατάχρηση δεν είναι βασανιστήρια εάν ένας γιατρός είναι εκεί
Σάββατο, 25η Απριλίου 2009
Η άρρωστη λογική των υπομνημάτων CIA.Από Sheri Fink | Ίσως η πτυχή κατάψυξης είναι ότι οι ιατρικοί επαγγελματίες διεύθυναν προφανώς μια μορφή έρευνας για τους κρατουμένους, χωρίς συγκατάθεσή τους. Προηγούμενη CIA διευθυντής Michael V. Το Hayden αγάπησε ρητό ότι όταν τους διαχειριζόμενους μεγάλης αξίας υπόπτους τρόμου, θα έπαιζε στο δίκαιο έδαφος, αλλά με τη «σκόνη κιμωλίας στις σφήνες μου.» Τέσσερα νομικά υπομνήματα απελευθερωμένος από την κυβέρνηση Obama το καταστήστε σαφές ότι ο ρόλος διαιτητών στις ερωτήσεις CIA διαδραματίστηκε από το ιατρικό και ψυχολογικό προσωπικό του. Σύμφωνα με τις ΗΠΑ. Το τμήμα γραφείου της δικαιοσύνης της νομικής συμβουλής, που τα υπομνήματα, νομική έγκριση για να χρησιμοποιήσει, τη στέρηση ύπνου και άλλες καταχρηστικές τεχνικές περιέστρεψε στην ύπαρξη ενός «συστήματος του ιατρικού και ψυχολογικού ελέγχου» των ερωτήσεων. Το ιατρικό και ψυχολογικό προσωπικό διορίστηκε στις ερωτήσεις οργάνων ελέγχου και επεμβαίνει για να εξασφαλίσει ότι οι ανακρίσεις δεν προκάλεσαν τη «σοβαρή ή μόνιμη ζημιά» και παραβιάζει έτσι ΗΠΑ. ομοσπονδιακό καταστατικό ενάντια στα βασανιστήρια. Ο συλλογισμός ηχεί σχεδόν κυκλικός. Όπως ένα υπόμνημα, από τις Μαΐου 2005, βαλμένος το: «Η στενή παρακολούθηση κάθε κρατουμένου για οποιαδήποτε σημάδια ότι είναι σε κίνδυνο βίωσης του δριμύ φυσικού πόνου ενισχύει το συμπέρασμα ότι η συνδυασμένη χρήση των τεχνικών ερώτησης δεν προορίζεται να επιβάλει τέτοιο πόνο.» Με άλλα λόγια, εφ' όσον το ιατρικά εκπαιδευμένο προσωπικό ήταν παρόν και ενέκρινε του χρησιμοποίησης των τεχνικών, δεν ήταν βασανιστήρια. Τα υπομνήματα παρέχουν την επίσημη επιβεβαίωση και τα δύο πολύς-αναφερόμενος και προηγουμένως άγνωστοι ρόλοι των γιατρών, των ψυχολόγων, των βοηθών παθολόγων και άλλου ιατρικού προσωπικού με το γραφείο της CIA των ιατρικών υπηρεσιών (OMS). Οι κυβερνητικοί δικηγόροι χαρακτήρισαν αυτούς τους ιατρικούς ρόλους ως «μέτρα προστασίας» για τους κρατουμένους. Η ιατρική παράλειψη ήταν παρούσα από την αρχή του πρόσθετου προγράμματος ερώτησης μετά από τις επιθέσεις 9/11 και εμφανίζεται να γίνεται περισσότερο τυποποιημένη πέρα από την ύπαρξη του προγράμματος. ο πιό πρόωρος των τεσσάρων υπομνημάτων, από τις Αυγούστου 2002, δηλώνει ότι ένας ιατρικός εμπειρογνώμονας με την εμπειρία των στρατιωτικών Αντίσταση διαφυγής επιβίωσης, διαφυγή (Η ΞΗΡΑ) κατάρτιση θα ήταν παρούσα κατά τη διάρκεια του κρατουμένου Abu Zubaydah και θα έβαζε μια στάση στις διαδικασίες «εάν κρίνονται ιατρικά απαραίτητες να αποτρέψει την αυστηρή ιατρική ή φυσική ζημιά σε Zubaydah.» (Όλες οι τεχνικές ερώτησης, τα υπομνήματα εν λόγω, «εισήχθησαν» από ΞΗΡΟ.) Αργότερα, OMS το προσωπικό συμμετείχε «στο σχεδιασμό των μέτρων προστασίας για, και στον έλεγχο της εφαρμογής, τις διαδικασίες» που χρησιμοποιήθηκαν σε άλλους μεγάλης αξίας κρατουμένους. In December 2004, the OMS produced a set of “Guidelines on Medical and Psychological Support to Detainee Rendition, Interrogation and Detention,” a still-secret document that is heavily quoted from in three legal memos that were written the following year. The CIA declined our request to comment further on the OMS’ role in detainee treatment. The OMS employs physicians, psychologists and other medical professionals to care for CIA employees and their families. Perhaps the most chilling aspect of the memos is their intimation that medical professionals conducted a form of research on the detainees, clearly without their consent. “In order to best inform future medical judgments and recommendations, it is important that every application of the waterboard be thoroughly documented,” one memo reads. The documentation included not only how long the procedure lasted, how much water was used and how it was poured, but also “if the naso- or oropharynx was filled, what sort of volume was expelled … and how the subject looked between each treatment.” Special instructions were also issued with regard to documenting experience with sleep deprivation, and “regular reporting on medical and psychological experiences with the use of these techniques on detainees” was required. The Nuremberg Code, adopted after the horrors of “medical research” during the Nazi Holocaust, requires, among other things, the consent of subjects and their ability to call a halt to their participation. The memos also draw heavily on the advice of psychologists that interrogation techniques would not be expected to cause lasting harm. At times this advice sounds contradictory. While calling waterboarding “medically acceptable,” the OMS also deemed it “the most traumatic of the enhanced interrogation techniques.” The fact that traumatic events have the potential to cause long-lasting post-traumatic stress syndrome has been well documented. Physicians for Human Rights, in interviews with eleven former detainees held in Iraq and Afghanistan, found “severe, long-term physical and psychological consequences.” “All the individuals we evaluated were ultimately released without ever being charged,” said Dr. Allen Keller, medical director of the Bellevue/New York University School of Medicine Program for Survivors of Torture. The memos describe the techniques in highly precise and clinical detail, befitting a medical textbook. During waterboarding, in which a physician and psychologist were to be present at all times, “the detainee is monitored to ensure that he does not develop respiratory distress. If the detainee is not breathing freely after the cloth is removed from his face, he is immediately moved to a vertical position in order to clear the water from his mouth, nose and nasopharynx.” Side effects including vomiting, aspiration and throat spasm that could cut off breathing were each addressed: “In the event of such spasms … if necessary, the intervening physician would perform a tracheotomy.” While physician assistants could be present when most “enhanced” techniques were applied, “use of the waterboard requires the presence of a physician,” one memo said, quoting the OMS guidelines. Doctors were also described as having vetted the practices for safety. Certain limits on waterboarding were created “with extensive input from OMS.” One memo states that OMS “doctors and psychologists” confirmed that combining the various techniques “would not operate in a different manner from the way they do individually, so as to cause severe pain.” Medical and psychological personnel were required to observe whenever interrogators came into physical contact with detainees, including slapping them and pushing them into flexible walls (”walling”). Whenever a detainee was doused with cold water, a medical officer had to be on hand to monitor for signs of hypothermia. Confining prisoners to cramped boxes required “continuing consultation between the interrogators and OMS officers.” Prisoners made to stand for long periods to prevent sleep were to carefully monitor detainees for swelling of the legs and other dangerous conditions, and at least three times early in the program were switched, on medical advice, to “horizontal sleep deprivation.” This was one example of how medical personnel could, according to the CIA, help prevent “severe physical or mental pain or suffering” on the part of the detainees. However, the memos show that the OMS’ role was not merely to limit the medical impact of interrogations, but also to consult on the effectiveness of interrogations. A May 30, 2005, memo quotes the OMS suggesting that cramped confinement was “not … particularly effective” because it provides “a safe haven offering respite from interrogation.” Some medical professionals are calling for their colleagues to be investigated and sanctioned for participating in practices that professional medical and psychological organizations and officials in the Justice Department now call torture. “We stand ready to adjudicate these issues,” said American Psychological Association spokesperson Rhea Farberman. But finding out which professionals were involved in designing, monitoring and implementing the interrogation techniques may be difficult. The four memos were released almost in their entirety. The few redactions concerned mainly the names of the personnel involved. Have Your Say: Abuse Isn’t Torture If a Doctor Is There Please read our posting guidelines before posting. Alternatively you can discuss this report here. Related News
|
Just say No to Crap from paul w. ! Last post by paul w @ 03:57 AM
Go to Forum
| Latest Topics
9/11 Citizen Investigation. Last post by paul w @ 03:14 AM Contaminated Baxter Vaccine An ‘Attempt to Provoke Pandemic’? Last post by initiatrix @ 02:53 AM Just Say No To Crap YouTube Clips! Last post by paul w @ 02:41 AM It's past time that the 7/7 and 9/11 forums were moved out of the Fringe. Last post by initiatrix @ 02:25 AM Federal Court Reinstates Torture Flight Lawsuit Last post by Thinking Man's Idiot @ 10:34 PM Orbital Power Plant Dummies' Guide. Last post by Thinking Man's Idiot @ 10:25 PM  Email This Page To A Friend Latest Headlines
More Breaking News  Archive
|
The views expressed in the RINF news wire and newsletter are the sole responsibility of the author (s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the webmaster. RINF.COM: Breaking News & Alternative Media is Copyleft - Copy & Distribute Freely. News Forum |
Loading ...
