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سوء ليس تعذيب إن دكتورة [إيس] [ثر]
يوم السّبت, أبريل - نيسان [25ث], 2009
المنطق مريضة من الوكالة المخابرات الأمريكيّة مذكرات.ب [شري] [فينك] | ربّما ال أكثر يبرّد مظهر أنّ أوصل محترفات طبيّة ظاهريّا شكل البحث على المعتقلات, دون رضاءهم. سابقة وكالة المخابرات الأمريكيّة مديرة مايكل [ف.]. [هدن] كان أثيرة من مثل أنّ عندما أتى هو إلى يعالج [هيغ-فلو] ذعر مشبوهات, هو لعب في أرض عادلة, غير أنّ مع "طبشور غبار على مرابطي." أربعة جائز مذكرات جعلت يطلق ب [أبما] إدارة هو فسحة أنّ الحكم دور في وكالة المخابرات الأمريكيّة إستجوابات كان لعبت ب ه طبيّة ومستخدمة نفسانيّة. وفقا ل الولايات المتّحدة الأمريكيّة محور [دبرتمنت وف جوستيس] مكتب من جائز إستشارة, أيّ ألّف المذكرات, جائز موافقة أن يستعمل [وتربوأردينغ], نوم حرمان وأخرى تقنيات متعسّفة على الوجود من "نظامة من طبيّة ونفسانيّة [مونيتور]" من إستجوابات. طبيّة وعيّنت مستخدمة نفسانيّة كان إلى مدربة إستجوابات ويتدخّل أن يضمن أنّ مستجوبات لم يسبّبوا "جدّيّة أو ضرر دائمة" ولذلك انتهك ال الولايات المتّحدة الأمريكيّة قانون فيديراليّة ضدّ تعذيب. يصوّت التفكير تقريبا دائريّة. بما أنّ واحدة مذكرةوضعت, من شهر ماي 2005, هو: "القريبة يعزّز [مونيتور] من كلّ معتقلة ل أيّ إشارات أنّ هو في خطر من يختبر ألم قاسية طبيعيّة الاستنتاج أنّ ال يضمّ إستعمال من إستجواب تقنيات يكون لا ينوى أن ينزل هذا ألم." [إين وثر ووردس,] [أس لونغ س] طبّيّا كان يدرّب مستخدمة حاضرة ومستحسنة من التقنيات يكون يستعمل, هو [ب] لم تعذيب. يزوّد المذكرات [أفّيسل كنفيرمأيشن] من كلا [موش-ربورتد] وأدوار مجهولة سابقا من دكاترة, نفسانيات, طبيبة مساعدات وأخرى مستخدمة طبيّة مع الوكالة المخابرات الأمريكيّة مكتب من خدمات طبيّة ([أمس]). الحكومة ميّز محاميات هذا أدوار طبيّة بما أنّ "وقايات" لمعتقلات. كان سهو طبيّة حاضرة من البداية من الخاصّ إستجواب برنامج يتبع ال 9/11 هجوم ويظهر أن يتلقّى نمات أكثر يشكّل على البرنامج وجود. ال [إرليست] من الأربعة مذكراتيفيد, من أغسطس - آب 2002, أنّ خبيرة طبيّة مع خبرة في الجيش بقاء تهرب مقاومة, فرار ([سر]) كان تدريب حاضرة أثناء [وتربوأردينغ] من معتقلة أبو [زوبده] ووضع موقف إلى إجراءات "إن يعتبر طبّيّا ضروريّة أن يمنع قاسية طبيّة أو ضرر طبيعيّة إلى [زوبده]." (كلّ إستجواب استوردت تقنيات, المذكرات يقال, كان "" من [سر].) فيما بعد, [أمس] تضمّنت مستخدمة كان في "يصمد وقايات ل, وفي [مونيتور] تزويد من, الإجراءات" يستعمل على أخرى معتقلات [هيغ-فلو]. In December 2004, the OMS produced a set of “Guidelines on Medical and Psychological Support to Detainee Rendition, Interrogation and Detention,” a still-secret document that is heavily quoted from in three legal memos that were written the following year. The CIA declined our request to comment further on the OMS’ role in detainee treatment. The OMS employs physicians, psychologists and other medical professionals to care for CIA employees and their families. Perhaps the most chilling aspect of the memos is their intimation that medical professionals conducted a form of research on the detainees, clearly without their consent. “In order to best inform future medical judgments and recommendations, it is important that every application of the waterboard be thoroughly documented,” one memo reads. The documentation included not only how long the procedure lasted, how much water was used and how it was poured, but also “if the naso- or oropharynx was filled, what sort of volume was expelled … and how the subject looked between each treatment.” Special instructions were also issued with regard to documenting experience with sleep deprivation, and “regular reporting on medical and psychological experiences with the use of these techniques on detainees” was required. The Nuremberg Code, adopted after the horrors of “medical research” during the Nazi Holocaust, requires, among other things, the consent of subjects and their ability to call a halt to their participation. The memos also draw heavily on the advice of psychologists that interrogation techniques would not be expected to cause lasting harm. At times this advice sounds contradictory. While calling waterboarding “medically acceptable,” the OMS also deemed it “the most traumatic of the enhanced interrogation techniques.” The fact that traumatic events have the potential to cause long-lasting post-traumatic stress syndrome has been well documented. Physicians for Human Rights, in interviews with eleven former detainees held in Iraq and Afghanistan, found “severe, long-term physical and psychological consequences.” “All the individuals we evaluated were ultimately released without ever being charged,” said Dr. Allen Keller, medical director of the Bellevue/New York University School of Medicine Program for Survivors of Torture. The memos describe the techniques in highly precise and clinical detail, befitting a medical textbook. During waterboarding, in which a physician and psychologist were to be present at all times, “the detainee is monitored to ensure that he does not develop respiratory distress. If the detainee is not breathing freely after the cloth is removed from his face, he is immediately moved to a vertical position in order to clear the water from his mouth, nose and nasopharynx.” Side effects including vomiting, aspiration and throat spasm that could cut off breathing were each addressed: “In the event of such spasms … if necessary, the intervening physician would perform a tracheotomy.” While physician assistants could be present when most “enhanced” techniques were applied, “use of the waterboard requires the presence of a physician,” one memo said, quoting the OMS guidelines. Doctors were also described as having vetted the practices for safety. Certain limits on waterboarding were created “with extensive input from OMS.” One memo states that OMS “doctors and psychologists” confirmed that combining the various techniques “would not operate in a different manner from the way they do individually, so as to cause severe pain.” Medical and psychological personnel were required to observe whenever interrogators came into physical contact with detainees, including slapping them and pushing them into flexible walls (”walling”). Whenever a detainee was doused with cold water, a medical officer had to be on hand to monitor for signs of hypothermia. Confining prisoners to cramped boxes required “continuing consultation between the interrogators and OMS officers.” Prisoners made to stand for long periods to prevent sleep were to carefully monitor detainees for swelling of the legs and other dangerous conditions, and at least three times early in the program were switched, on medical advice, to “horizontal sleep deprivation.” This was one example of how medical personnel could, according to the CIA, help prevent “severe physical or mental pain or suffering” on the part of the detainees. However, the memos show that the OMS’ role was not merely to limit the medical impact of interrogations, but also to consult on the effectiveness of interrogations. A May 30, 2005, memo quotes the OMS suggesting that cramped confinement was “not … particularly effective” because it provides “a safe haven offering respite from interrogation.” Some medical professionals are calling for their colleagues to be investigated and sanctioned for participating in practices that professional medical and psychological organizations and officials in the Justice Department now call torture. “We stand ready to adjudicate these issues,” said American Psychological Association spokesperson Rhea Farberman. But finding out which professionals were involved in designing, monitoring and implementing the interrogation techniques may be difficult. The four memos were released almost in their entirety. The few redactions concerned mainly the names of the personnel involved. Have Your Say: Abuse Isn’t Torture If a Doctor Is There Please read our posting guidelines before posting. Alternatively you can discuss this report here. Related News
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