’03 US Memo Approved Torture 2003年，美国的备忘录中批准酷刑
WASHINGTON华盛顿 — The Justice Department in 2003 gave military interrogators broad authority to use extreme methods in questioning detainees and argued that wartime powers largely exempted interrogators from laws banning harsh treatment, according to a memorandum publicly disclosed on Tuesday. -美国司法部在2 003年发表的军事情报广泛的权力，用极端的方法，在讯问被拘留，并认为战时权力基本上豁免审讯人员从法律，禁止残酷对待，根据一项谅解备忘录，公开披露对周二。
In a sweeping legal brief written in March 2003, when the Pentagon was struggling to determine the appropriate limits for its interrogators, the Justice Department gave the Pentagon much of the same authority it had provided to the在笼统的法律简短的书面于2003年3月，当五角大楼正在挣扎，以确定适当的限制，其审问，司法部给五角大楼许多同样的权力，它提供给 Central Intelligence Agency中央情报部 in a memorandum months earlier.在一份备忘录个月前。 Both memorandums were later rescinded by the Justice Department.这两个备忘录，后来被撤销，由司法部。
The disclosure of the 2003 document, a detailed 81-page opinion written by披露2003年的文件，其中详细的81页的书面意见，由 John C. Yoo约翰长柳 , who at the time was the second-ranking official at the Office of Legal Counsel at the Justice Department, is likely to fuel the already intense debate about legal boundaries in the face of a continuing terrorist threat.他们在当时的是第二级别的官员在办公室的法律顾问，在司法部，很可能会助长本已激烈的辩论，法律的界限，在面对持续的恐怖威胁。
Mr. Yoo’s memorandum is the latest document to illuminate the legal foundation that Bush administration lawyers used after the attacks of Sept. 11, 2001, to give the White House broad powers to capture, detain and interrogate suspects around the globe.柳先生先生的备忘录，则是最新的文件，照亮了法律基础，布什政府的律师用来攻击事件后， 2001年9月11日，让白宫广泛权力的捕获，拘留和审问嫌犯遍布全球。
The thrust of Mr. Yoo’s brief has long been known, but its specific contents were revealed on Tuesday after government lawyers turned it over to the主旨柳先生先生的简短长期以来，人们已经知道，但其具体内容分别透露，周二后，政府律师把它移交给 American Civil Liberties Union美国公民自由联盟 , which has sought hundreds of documents from the Bush administration under the Freedom of Information Act. ，它已要求数以百计的文件，布什政府根据资讯自由法。
Some legal scholars said Tuesday that they were amazed at the scope of the memorandum.一些法律学者说，周二说，他们感到惊讶的范围备忘录。
“This is a monument to executive supremacy and the imperial presidency,” said Eugene R. Fidell, who teaches military justice at "这是一座丰碑，以行政霸权和帝国院长说： "尤金传译fidell ，教军事司法 Yale耶鲁 Law School and the Washington College of Law at American University.法学院和华盛顿大学的法律在美国大学。 “It’s also a road map for the Pentagon for fending off any prosecutions.” "这也是一个路线图，五角大楼为击退任何检控" 。
The memorandum gave the military broad latitude to use harsh interrogation methods.该备忘录给军事北纬广泛使用残酷审讯方法。 It reasoned that federal laws prohibiting assault were not applicable to military interrogators dealing with members of它的理由是，美国联邦法律禁止殴打当时并不适用于军事审讯人员处理成员 Al Qaeda盖达 because of White House authority during wartime.由于白宫管理局在战时。 It also argued that many American and international laws would not apply to interrogations overseas.它也说，许多美国和国际的法律并不适用于盘问海外。
“Even if an interrogation method arguably were to violate a criminal statute, the Justice Department could not bring a prosecution because the statute would be unconstitutional as applied in this context,” it reads. "即使讯问方法，可以说是人侵犯了刑事法规，司法部不能把一个起诉，因为该规约将违宪，适用于在此背景下， "内容。
Justice Department lawyers later rescinded both Mr. Yoo’s memorandum and the similar one written for the CIA in August 2002.美国司法部的律师后来都挞先生柳的谅解备忘录，以及类似的一个书面为美国中央情报局在2002年8月。 In a book published last year,在一本书去年出版 Jack Goldsmith杰克金 , who as head of the Office of Legal Counsel made the decision to rescind the memorandums, criticized the documents, saying they had used careless legal reasoning to provide national security agencies with sweeping interrogation authority.他担任法律顾问办公室作出决定，撤消该备忘录，指责该文件说，他们曾不小心用法律推理，以提供国家安全机构与清扫讯问权威。
Written to William J. Haynes II, who at the time was the Pentagon’s general counsel, Mr. Yoo’s document was meant to give legal guidance to Defense Department lawyers as they wrestled with a list of interrogation methods for prisoners at the military prison at Guantánamo Bay, Cuba.写信给威廉海恩斯二，在当时的五角大楼的总律师先生，柳先生的文件，是为了给予法律指导，以国防部律师，因为他们抢夺了一份清单，列出的审讯方法，为囚犯在军事监狱在古巴关塔那摩的。
The document explains that Mr. Haynes had asked the Justice Department “to examine the legal standards governing military interrogations of alien unlawful combatants held outside the United States.”该文件解释说，先生海恩斯曾要求司法部" ，以审查法律标准军事盘问外来非法战斗人员之外举行的"美国。
The Pentagon was trying to set clear guidelines for military interrogators after五角大楼正在试图确定明确的指导方针，为军事审讯后， Donald H. Rumsfeld唐纳德拉姆斯菲尔德 , the defense secretary at the time, withdrew approval for some interrogation techniques opposed by some senior military lawyers. ，国防部长，在那个时候，撤回批准了一些审讯手段反对一些军方高级律师。
Ultimately, Mr. Yoo’s memorandum provided the legal foundation for the group’s final report, which defended the use of harsh interrogation methods.最终，柳先生先生的备忘录，提供了法律基础，该组的最后报告，其中捍卫了使用严厉的审讯方法。
Similar to the document written for the CIA in August 2002, Mr. Yoo’s memorandum offered a narrow definition of what constitutes torture.类似的书面文件，为美国中央情报局在2002年8月，柳先生先生的备忘录，提供了一个狭隘的定义什么构成酷刑。
“The victim must experience intense pain or suffering of the kind that is equivalent to the pain that would be associated with serious physical injury so severe that death, organ failure or permanent damage resulting in a loss of significant body functions will likely result,” Mr. Yoo wrote. "受害人必须经历剧烈疼痛或痛苦的那种等于痛苦会与身体受到严重伤害如此之严重，以至于死亡，器官衰竭或永久性的损害，造成的损失重大的身体功能，将可能导致" 。柳写道。
Despite the wide latitude the document gave to the military, the Pentagon never authorized some of the harshest interrogation methods used by the CIA, including虽然被广泛纬度文件送给军方，国防部从未授权的一些最严厉的审讯方法中情局利用，其中包括 waterboarding , a simulated drowning technique. ，模拟溺水技术。
Amrit Singh, a lawyer for the American Civil Liberties Union, said that the Yoo memorandum seemed to give military interrogators “carte blanche” to use any techniques and suggested that it was the legal underpinning for abuses that occurred months later at the Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq. amrit辛格，一名律师，为美国公民自由联盟说，这个柳备忘录似乎给军方审讯人员"处理权" ，利用任何技术，并建议表示，这是法律上的承诺，对侵权行为的发生几个月后，在阿布格莱布监狱伊拉克。
No Pentagon investigations have found that any senior Bush administration officials were complicit in the abuse at Abu Ghraib.没有五角大楼调查后，未发现任何布什政府高级官员共谋虐待在阿布格里卜监狱。
The investigations did find, however, that for several years after the Sept. 11 attacks, the Pentagon failed to set uniform standards for military interrogations worldwide.本次调查发现，然而，数年后，九一一事件以来，五角大楼没有一套统一的标准，为军事盘问全世界。
Martin S. Lederman, a former lawyer for the Office of Legal Counsel who now teaches at马丁第lederman ，一名前律师为法律顾问办公室的人，现在任教于 Georgetown University乔治敦大学 , noted Tuesday night on the legal blog Balkinization that Mr. Yoo’s memorandum was issued on a Saturday one day after his boss, Jay S. Bybee, left the Justice Department.指出，周二晚就法律博客balkinization先生柳的谅解备忘录，发表了一个周六一天后，他的老板杰伊第bybee ，离开了司法部。
Some legal experts and civil liberties groups have for years criticized the August 2002 memorandum written for the CIA as overly expansive in the authority it gave the agency to interrogate detainees.一些法律专家和公民自由团体已多年批评2002年8月写的备忘录为中央情报局过于膨胀，在权力，它给予该机构审问囚犯。
That memorandum was also written by Mr. Yoo, who is now a law professor at the University of California, Berkeley, but it was signed by Mr. Bybee and for several years has been commonly known as the Bybee memo.该备忘录还写柳先生先生，他现在是一个法学教授，在加利福尼亚大学伯克利分校的，但它是由先生bybee和几年一直是俗称为bybee备忘录。
It was prepared after an internal debate in the government about the methods used to extract information from它准备后，一个内部辩论中，政府所采用的方法提取信息 Abu Zubaydah阿布祖贝达 , one of ，其中一 Osama bin Laden拉登 ’s top aides, after his capture in April 2002. ' s最高幕僚后，他的被捕，在2002年4月。
The document provided a legal foundation for coercive techniques used later against other high-ranking detainees, like该文件提供了法律基础，为强制使用的技术后，对其他高层被拘留者一样， Khalid Shaikh Mohammed哈立德谢赫穆罕默德 , who is believed to be the chief architect of the Sept. 11 attacks and was captured in early 2003.他们相信是总设计师， 911被抓获，在2003年年初。
The Detainee Treatment Act passed by Congress in 2005 required the Defense Department to restrict interrogation methods to those set out in the Army Field Manual, which bans coercive interrogations.被拘留者待遇法案在国会通过，在2005年要求美国国防部限制审讯方法，以这些内容已载列于陆军战场手册，其中禁止强制盘问。
Last year, President Bush issued an executive order narrowing the list of approved techniques for the CIA Intelligence officials have said that waterboarding is not on the list of currently approved techniques but that President Bush could authorize its use during an emergency.去年，美国总统布什发布行政命令，缩小名单核定技术中情局情报官员已表示， waterboarding不在名单上的，目前核定的技术，但布什总统可以授权它的使用是在紧急情况下。
Comment on '’03 US Memo Approved Torture' : 评论'' 03年美国便笺批准酷刑' ：
Related News: 相关新闻：
