Sobercircle.com Sobercircle.com

George W. Bush George W. Bush

There has been no shortage of controversy when it comes to the younger years of our current president. Não tem havido falta de controvérsia quando se trata da mais jovem anos de nosso atual presidente. Described as irresponsible and a risk-taker, Bush has admitted to an excess of alcohol consumption for much of his early life. Descrito como irresponsável e um risco-tomador, Bush tenha admitido a um excesso de consumo de álcool por muito mais do início de sua vida. He was well known for drinking in excess throughout college, and for being the type of drunk who acted out and lost all inhibitions. Ele era conhecido por beber em excesso em toda universidade, e por ser o tipo de embriaguez, que actuou fora e perdeu todos inibições. From his early twenties until the time he was 30, Bush was arrested for disorderly conduct, was seen acting inappropriately in a number of high class social situations, and was arrested for driving drunk near his family’s home in Maine. Desde seus primeiros vinte anos até que o tempo que ele era de 30, Bush foi preso por conduta desordenada, foi visto agindo inadequadamente num elevado número de situações classe social, e foi preso por dirigir embriagado perto de sua família de origem, em Maine. He subsequently had his license suspended for two years. Ele posteriormente teve sua licença suspensa por dois anos. Bush claims to have quit drinking after waking up with a hangover on his 40th birthday. Bush alega ter quit potável após acordar-se com uma ressaca em seu 40o aniversário. While Bush maintains claims of his sobriety, there has been recent press accounting for his drinking, and in June of 2007, a photo was taken showing bush drinking a beer at the G8 Summit in Germany. Embora Bush defende reivindicações da sua sobriedade, tem havido últimos prima pela sua contabilidade potável e, em Junho de 2007, uma foto foi tirada mostrando bush beber uma cerveja na Cimeira do G8, na Alemanha.

http://www.realchange.org/bushjr.htm#partied Http://www.realchange.org/bushjr.htm # partied
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush_substance_abuse_controversy Http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush_substance_abuse_controversy

Bush Drunk Footage Bush Drunk footage

Illegal Drugs: Drogas ilegais:

Bush claims he has not used any illegal drugs since 1974. Bush alega que ele não tenha usado qualquer drogas ilegais desde 1974. There have been reports that Bush was arrested for cocaine possession, with the records later being expunged. Houve relatos que Bush foi preso por posse cocaína, com os registros mais tarde a ser expunged. It has been speculated that Bush’s cessation of flying in 1972, as the result of his refusal to take a physical exam, was the result of his fear of a subsequent drug test which may have found him in violation of drug use policies. Foi especularam que Bush's cessação de voar em 1972, como resultado da sua recusa em tomar um exame físico, foi o resultado do seu medo de um teste subsequente droga que pode ter encontrado ele na violação do uso de drogas políticas.
The following is a parody of Bush’s sometimes impaired-sounding cadence of speech. O seguinte é uma paródia de Bush é por vezes prejudicada-auscultação cadência da fala.

Bill Clinton Bill Clinton

During the Clinton years, there was certain controversy over his possible use of Marijuana. Durante os anos Clinton, houve certa controvérsia sobre seu possível uso de maconha. While younger, Clinton admitted to using marijuana, although he famously claimed that he “did not inhale.” This type of double-talk revisited him again during the Monica Lewinsky scandal, and Clinton is believed by many to have experimented with not only marijuana but with a number of other illicit substances. Embora jovens, Clinton admitiu a usar maconha, embora ele famosa alegou que ele "não inalar." Este tipo de double-talk revisitado ele novamente durante o escândalo Monica Lewinsky, Clinton e é acreditado por muitos que já experimentou maconha, mas não só Com uma série de outras substâncias ilícitas.
There are unsubstantiated rumors that arose about an incident that took place in the 1980’s while Clinton was still governor of Arkansas. Existem infundadas que surgiram rumores acerca de um incidente que teve lugar no 1980's Clinton enquanto ainda era governador do Arkansas. According to Dr. Sam Houston, a well respected doctor in Little Rock (and one-time doctor to Hillary’s father), has made claims regarding an alleged cocaine overdose by Clinton. Segundo o Dr. Sam Houston, um bem respeitado médico em Little Rock (e um médico a tempo para Hillary pai), fez reivindicações relativas a uma suposta overdose de cocaína Clinton. Apparently the incident is well known in Little Rock medical circles and the incident is well chronicled. Aparentemente, o incidente é bem conhecido nos círculos médicos Little Rock e do incidente é bem chronicled.
According to Dr. Houston, then Governor Clinton arrived at the hospital with the help a state trooper, followed closely behind by his wife, Hillary. Segundo o Dr. Houston, então governador Clinton chegou ao hospital com a ajuda de um estado trooper, seguido de perto por trás por sua mulher, Hillary. While Bill was being treated, it has been claimed that Hillary made numerous threats to on-call doctors, warning that if word leaked about Clinton’s drug use, she would have their medical licenses revoked. Enquanto Bill estava sendo tratada, tem sido defendido que Hillary fez numerosas ameaças à sobre-call médicos, a advertência de que, se divulgado palavra sobre Clinton de drogas, ela teria os seus médicos licenças revogadas. Later on, Dr. Houston was quoted by the “Clinton Chronicles” as saying “Dr. Mais tarde, o Dr. Houston foi citado pelo "Clinton Crônicas", como dizem "Dr. Suen, SUEN, a doctor at the medical center here in Little Rock that’s taken care of Bill Clinton for his sinus problems, which may indeed be drug related to cocaine use, as they destroy the sinus passages (there is a word missing here or something). Suen, SUEN, um médico no centro médico aqui em Little Rock's que cuidaram de Bill Clinton para o seu seio problemas, o que pode, de facto, ser relacionada com a droga consumo de cocaína, como eles destroem os seios passagens (existe uma palavra ausente aqui Ou algo parecido). Governor Bill Clinton was taken into the hospital, I believe it was the medical center, on at least one or two occasions, for cocaine abuse and overdosage, in which he actually had to be cared for at the hospital.” Governador Bill Clinton foi levado para o hospital, eu acho que era o centro médico, em pelo menos uma ou duas vezes, de cocaína e abuso sobredosagem, em que ele realmente tinha que ser atendidos para ao hospital. "

http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a37edb5185038.htm Http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a37edb5185038.htm

Richard Nixon Richard Nixon

According to a little-publicized report in a recent book chronicling the “secret life” of Richard Nixon, claims were made regarding not only his latent violence and teetering psychosis, but also regarding his use and possible abuse of the drug Dilantin. De acordo com um relatório divulgado pouco-em um recente livro chronicling o "segredo vida", de Richard Nixon, reivindicações foram feitas em relação não só a sua violência latente e teetering psicose, mas também em relação a sua utilização e eventual abuso da droga Dilantin. Dilantin, the brand name of a common antiepileptic known as Phenytoin, slows brain activity. Dilantin, o nome de uma marca comum antiepiléptica conhecido como Fenitoína, retarda a actividade cerebral. It controls conductivity between brain cells and has been said to have anxiety-controlling and mood-stabilizing effects. Controla condutividade entre as células cerebrais e tem sido dito a ter ansiedade de controlar e humor-estabilizador efeitos. Reports from users also claim it produces a strong alcohol-like buzz that can last for days. Relatórios dos usuários também afirmam que produz um forte álcool-como buzz que pode durar dias.
Jack Dreyfus, the founder of the Dreyfus Fund, was a major proponent of the use of phenytoin, and was known to have originally prescribed the drug to Nixon himself. Jack Dreyfus, fundador da Dreyfus Fundo, foi um dos principais proponentes do uso de fenitoína, e era conhecido por ter inicialmente prescrito o medicamento para si próprio Nixon. Further accounts state that Dreyfus supplied “remarkable amounts” of Phenytoin to Nixon throughout the 1960s and 1970s. Outras contas indicam que Dreyfus oferecidos "notável montantes" de Fenitoína de Nixon em toda a década de 1960 e 1970. Nixon apologetics don’t dispute Nixon’s acceptance of the Dilatin pills, but claim only that he did so as a courtesy to his friend Dreyfus, who had developed a strange obsession with the drug. Nixon apologética não disputa Nixon's aceitação do Dilatin pílulas, mas afirmam que ele fê-lo apenas como uma cortesia para o seu amigo Dreyfus, que tinham desenvolvido uma estranha obsessão com a droga.

http://archives.cnn.com/2000/ALLPOLITICS/stories/08/28/nixon.book/index.html Http://archives.cnn.com/2000/ALLPOLITICS/stories/08/28/nixon.book/index.html

John F. Kennedy John F. Kennedy

Although it is not widely discussed, Kennedy was not a healthy man for much of his life. Embora não seja amplamente discutida, Kennedy não era um homem saudável durante grande parte da sua vida. In fact, he was read his last rites two times before his assassination, and was known for having spent much of his life and presidency covering up his significant illnesses. Na verdade, ele foi ler o seu último ritos duas vezes antes de seu assassinato, e era conhecido por ter despendido muito de sua vida e da Presidência a dissimular a sua significativa doenças. The most severe of which was Addison’s disease, which required him to take constant doses of testosterone. A mais grave das quais foi Addison, Doença, que obrigava-oa tomar constantes doses de testosterona. This dosing is well accounted for, and while it was never at the status of abuse, it was believed by some to be the catalyst behind some of his more infamous infidelities and his significant and difficult-to-control libido. Esta dosagem é bem representaram, e enquanto ela nunca foi ao status de abuso, que se julgou por alguns de ser o catalisador para trás alguns de seus mais famosos infidelities e sua significativa e difícil-a-controle libido.
One of Kennedy’s supposed mistresses (in fact, his supposed favorite mistress), Mary Pinchot Meyer, was known to have described a number of Kennedy’s illegal misgivings, including his use of marijuana and LSD. Um dos supostos Kennedy's mistresses (na verdade, seu suposto amante favorita), Mary Pinchot Meyer, era conhecido por ter descrito uma série de dúvidas Kennedy's ilegais, incluindo o seu uso de maconha e LSD. According to Meyer, as described by James Truitt, she was having a prolonged affair with Kennedy, and had admitted to smoking marijuana with the president. De acordo com Meyer, conforme descrito por James Truitt, que ela estava tendo um affair com a prolongada Kennedy, e tinha admitido a fumar maconha com o presidente. Furthermore, she was later quoted as telling Timothy Leary (LSD advocate), about her experiences on LSD with Kennedy, and a small circle of some of the most powerful men in Washington. Além disso, ela foi posteriormente citado como dizendo Timothy Leary (LSD defensor), sobre suas experiências com o LSD em Kennedy, e um pequeno círculo de alguns dos mais poderosos homens em Washington. The day after the Kennedy assassination, Meyer called Leary desperately sobbing, claiming that “they” could no longer “control him.” O dia após o assassinato Kennedy, Meyer chamado Leary desesperadamente sobbing, afirmando que "eles" já não podia "controlar ele."

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Pinchot_Meyer Http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Pinchot_Meyer

Presidential Hopefuls: Hopefuls Presidenciais:

Al Gore Al Gore

While he may currently have achieved a sparkly and glowing aura in the eyes of the nation, Al Gore is rumored by many to have had a somewhat shady past. Enquanto ele pode ainda ter conseguido um sparkly e brilhante aura aos olhos do povo, Al Gore é por muitos rumores de ter tido um pouco obscuros passado. Including in this haze is his supposed use of drugs during and after his stint in Vietnam and for a period of time after his return from the war. Incluindo neste neblina é seu suposto uso de drogas durante e após a sua stint no Vietnã e por um período de tempo depois do seu regresso da guerra. While Gore has publically admitted to smoking pot, he has made claims it was only a “few times.” Former college friends and acquaintances, have a different story to tell, however. Gore Embora tenha admitido publicamente a fumar pote, que fez alegações era apenas uma "algumas vezes". Colégio Antigos amigos e conhecidos, têm uma história diferente para contar, no entanto. According to them, Gore was a significant user of marijuana, and spent a great deal of his time in college smoking pot in his dorm room and watching TV. Segundo eles, Gore foi um usuário de maconha, e passei grande parte do seu tempo na faculdade fumar pote em seu dormitório e sala assistindo TV. Friends of Gore, such as John Warnecke, say that Gore got high upwards of three to four times per week. Amigos de Gore, como John Warnecke, dizer que Gore recebeu alta para cima de três a quatro vezes por semana. He claimed that Gore liked to get high while listening to the Grateful Dead, and talked about grandiose things like what he would do if he were president. Ele alegou que Gore gostava de receber alta enquanto estiver a ouvir Grateful Dead, e falou coisas grandiosas como o que ele faria se fosse presidente. Gore was described by his friends as the sort of stoner who was a mix of melancholy, paranoia and expansiveness. Gore foi descrito por seus amigos como o tipo de stoner, que era um misto de melancolia, paranóia e expansiveness.

http://www.realchange.org/gore.htm#drugs # Http://www.realchange.org/gore.htm drogas

Dan Quayle Dan Quayle

Dan Quayle was known to have experimented with a number of illicit drugs during his college years. Dan Quayle era conhecido por ter experimentado com uma série de drogas ilícitas durante seu colégio anos. In his college yearbook at DePauw University, there is one image with a caption “The Trip’ is a colorful psychedelic journey into the wild sights and sounds produced by LSD.” Later on in his career, a convicted drug dealer by the name of Brett Kimberlin told a New York radio station that he had been Quayle’s pot dealer through college. Em seu colégio no Anuário DePauw University, há uma imagem com uma legenda "A Viagem" é um colorido psychedelic viagem para o selvagem vistas e os sons produzidos por LSD. "Mais tarde, em sua carreira, um traficante de drogas, condenado pelo nome de Brett Kimberlin disse a uma estação de rádio Nova Iorque, que tinha sido Quayle's pote concessionário através colégio. Apparently Quayle bought small quantities of marijuana from the man every month for a period of nearly two years. Aparentemente Quayle comprou pequenas quantidades de maconha do homem todo mês por um período de quase dois anos. When he and his wife got married, his dealer gave him a present of some Afghanistan hashish known as “Acapulco Gold.” Quando ele e sua esposa se casaram, o seu revendedor lhe deu um presente de algumas Afeganistão haxixe conhecido como "Acapulco Gold".

http://www.realchange.org/quayle.htm#pot Http://www.realchange.org/quayle.htm # pote

John Kerry John Kerry

John Kerry has, in the past, voiced some support for the decriminalization of marijuana and has been quoted as saying “I’ve met plenty of people in my lifetime who’ve used marijuana and who I would not qualify as serious addicts – who use about the same amount as some people drink beer or wine or have a cocktail. John Kerry tem, no passado, alguns manifestaram apoio à descriminalização da maconha e foi citado como dizendo "Eu reuniu repletas de pessoas na minha vida que já usou maconha e quem não gostaria de qualificar como grave toxicodependentes - que usam Sobre o mesmo montante como algumas pessoas bebem cerveja ou vinho ou ter um cocktail. I don’t get too excited by any of that.” When asked during a live debate in November 2003 on CNN, Kerry was asked if he had ever smoked marijuana. Eu não obtém muito animado por qualquer das isso. "Quando perguntado durante um debate ao vivo, em Novembro de 2003, relativa à CNN, Kerry foi indagado se ele já tinha fumado maconha. Honestly, Kerry responded that he had. Honestamente, Kerry respondeu que tinha.

http://www.norml.org/index.cfm?Group_ID=5900 Http://www.norml.org/index.cfm?Group_ID=5900

Barack Obama Barack Obama

Recently there has been some controversy surrounding Barack Obama’s admission regarding his drug use during his youth. Recentemente, tem havido alguma controvérsia em torno da admissão Barack Obama sobre o consumo de drogas durante a sua juventude. While he maintains that he has not touched any illegal drugs in at least 20 years, his own biography reveals that he tried a number of illicit substances as a young man. Enquanto ele sustenta que ele não tenha tocado alguma drogas ilegais em pelo menos 20 anos, a sua própria biografia revela que ele tentou uma série de substâncias ilícitas como um rapaz. He wrote “I had learned not to care; I blew a few smoke rings, remembering those years. Ele escreveu: "Eu não tinha aprendido a cuidar; me soprou algumas fumo anéis, lembrando os anos. Pot had helped, and booze; maybe a little blow when you could afford it. Pot tivesse ajudado, e booze; talvez um pouco duro golpe quando ele podia suportar. Not smack, though.” Obama wrote additionally “Junkie, Pothead, That’s where I’d been headed; the final, fatal role of the young would-be black man.” Eventually, Obama claims, drug use came to hold no appeal, and seemed only a roadblock to his eventual happiness. Não smack, embora ". Obama escreveu adicionalmente" Junkie, Pothead, That's onde eu sido liderada; o final, fatal papel dos jovens teriam de ser homem negro ". Eventualmente, Obama créditos, uso de drogas chegou a realizar nenhum Recorrido, e parecia apenas um obstáculo à sua eventual felicidade. He writes that he prefers to keep his life as a literal open book, and explains that his drug use, by the time he was 20, was no more than a memory. Ele escreve que ele prefere manter a sua vida como um livro aberto literal, e explica que o seu consumo de drogas, pelo tempo que ele era 20, não era mais do que uma memória.

http://www.mapinc.org/newsnorml/v03/n1786/a06.html Http://www.mapinc.org/newsnorml/v03/n1786/a06.html

Alcoholic Presidents: Alcoólicas Presidentes:

http://www.doctorzebra.com/prez - Based on the book “The Health of the Presidents.” Http://www.doctorzebra.com/prez - Baseado no livro "A Saúde dos Presidentes".

Ulysses Grant Ulysses Grant
While some may argue that Ulysses Grant was not by classical terms an “alcoholic,” there is certainly evidence to suggest that he had a problem with drinking. Enquanto alguns podem argumentar que Ulysses Grant não era clássica por termos um "alcoólicas", é certamente indícios que sugiram que ele tinha um problema com o álcool. During his military career, he was known for his heavy drinking, but it typically did not interfere with his performance. Durante sua carreira militar, ele era conhecido por seu pesado beber, mas que normalmente não interfere com o seu desempenho. At one point, however, after his distinguished service during the Mexican war, Grant was stationed in an isolated outpost in Oregon. Em um ponto, porém, após a sua ilustre serviço durante a guerra mexicana, Grant estava estacionado num posto avançado isolado no Oregon. His loneliness drove him to excessive drinking, which eventually led to his resignation and relief of duties. Sua solidão levou-oa beber excessivo, o que acabou por conduzir à sua demissão e alívio dos deveres. During his presidency, Grant continued to drink, and was known to have been drunk at his inauguration. Durante a sua presidência, Grant continuou a beber, e era conhecido por ter sido embriagado em sua inauguração. Additionally, the President died of throat cancer, which can certainly be attributed at least partially to his heavy alcohol consumption. Além disso, o presidente morreu de câncer de garganta, que pode certamente ser atribuídos pelo menos parcialmente ao seu consumo pesado álcool.

Grover Cleveland Grover Cleveland
Alcohol use has been somewhat of a constant for a number of US presidents. Álcool tem sido um pouco de um constante para um certo número de E.U. presidentes. One of the less offending, though still arguably alcoholic presidents, was Grover Cleveland. Um dos menos ofensiva, mas sem dúvida alcoólicas presidentes, foi Grover Cleveland. He was well known to “enjoy beer,” but according to many, he had some trouble controlling his appetite for it. Ele era conhecido como "apreciadores de cerveja", mas, de acordo com muitos, ele teve alguns problemas para controlar seu apetite por ele. According to one friend, Lyman K. Bass, he drank as many as four to eight beers daily and was well known for his prodigious beer belly. De acordo com um amigo, Lyman K. Bass, ele bebeu tanto como como quatro a oito horas diárias e cervejas era bem conhecido por sua prodigiosa cerveja barriga.

Martin Van Buren Martin Van Buren
While not widely considered an alcoholic, Martin Van Buren was certainly a man known for his ability to drink. Embora não seja amplamente considerado um alcoólico, Martin Van Buren foi, sem dúvida, um homem conhecido por sua habilidade para beber. Like a number of other presidents, Van Buren was able to drink large quantities of alcohol from a young age without seeming drunk. Tal como uma série de outros presidentes, Van Buren era capaz de beber grandes quantidades de álcool a partir de uma idade nova, sem aparente embriaguez. He eventually gained the nickname “Blue Whiskey Van” and it was believed that his heavy drinking lasted well into his time in the White House. Ele finalmente ganhou o apelido "Whiskey Blue Van" e que se julgou que a sua pesada potável durou bem em sua época na Casa Branca.

James Buchanan James Buchanan
James Buchanan was known by many as a man with sophisticated taste, who was celebrated by some for his serious drinking abilities. James Buchanan era conhecido por muitos como um homem com paladar sofisticado, que foi celebrada por algumas de suas graves potável habilidades. He was known to have complained about the size of champagne bottles in the white house, and was amused when guests mistook his ten-gallon cask of Jacob Baer Whiskey to be his own special blend. Ele era conhecido por ter queixado do tamanho garrafas de champanhe na casa branca, e se divertiu quando convidados confundiam sua ten-galão barril de Jacob Baer Whiskey a ser a sua própria mistura especial. He was known to have consumed as many as two or three bottles of cognac and old rye a week, and was known by the press for his ability to resist the effects of alcohol in high doses- an obvious hallmark of alcoholic tolerance. Ele era conhecido por ter consumido como muitos como duas ou três garrafas de conhaque e uma semana de idade centeio, e era conhecido pela imprensa por sua capacidade de resistir aos efeitos do álcool em doses elevadas-uma evidente marca do alcoólicas tolerância.

Franklin Pierce Franklin Pierce
Franklin Pierce was perhaps the presidency’s greatest drunk, consuming great quantities of alcohol while in office, and appearing drunk in a number of instances. Franklin Pierce foi talvez o maior da Presidência bêbado, que consomem grandes quantidades de álcool, enquanto no escritório, e aparecendo bêbado em um certo número de casos. Shortly before he was inaugurated, the president and his wife were involved in a train accident where their only son was nearly decapitated before their eyes. Pouco antes ele foi inaugurado, o presidente e sua esposa estavam envolvidos em um acidente de comboios onde seu único filho estava quase decapitado antes de seus olhos. As a result of the traumatic incident (which his wife attributed to God’s intervention in an attempt to remove distractions from his presidential bid), Pierce became significantly depressed and saw the accident as punishment for his sins. Como resultado do incidente traumático (que sua esposa atribuída ao Deus da intervenção, numa tentativa de eliminar distrações do seu lance presidenciais), Pierce se tornou significativamente deprimida e viu o acidente como castigo por seus pecados. Pierce was described as “an alcoholic” by everyone who was close to him. Pierce foi descrita como "uma alcoólicas", por todos aqueles que estava próximo a ele. At the end of his presidential term, when asked what was next for him, Pierce was known to have responded by saying “There is nothing left…but to get drunk.” No final de seu mandato presidencial, quando perguntado o que estava próximo a ele, Pierce foi conhecido por ter respondido, dizendo "Não há nada esquerda… mas para chegar bêbado".

While not widely considered alcoholics, a number of other presidents were known for their fondness of drink. Embora não seja amplamente considerados alcoólatras, uma série de outros presidentes foram conhecidos pelo seu gosto de bebida. The following are thought to be some of their favorite cocktails. Seguem-se, pensa-se algumas das suas favoritas cocktails.

Gin and tonic (Gerald Ford) Gin e tônica (Gerald Ford)
Martini (Herbert Hoover) Martini (Herbert Hoover)
Rum and coke; dry martini (Richard Nixon) Rum e coque; seca martini (Richard Nixon)
Scotch or brandy (Franklin Roosevelt) Scotch ou brandy (Franklin Roosevelt)
Bourbon (Harry Truman) Bourbon (Harry Truman)
Scotch and soda (Lyndon Johnson) Scotch e soda (Lyndon Johnson)

Use of Cannabis in Early Presidencies Uso de Cannabis em Early Presidências

While it is certainly debated, there seems to be significant evidence for the use of cannabis by many of our founding fathers. Embora seja certamente debatido, parece haver evidência significativa para o uso de cannabis por muitos dos nossos fundadores. It is unclear just how prevalent smoking of cannabis was during the colonial era, but it is fact that a number of men, including George Washington, were aware of the effects of the drug and likely used it themselves. Ainda não está claro o quão prevalente de fumar cannabis foi durante a época colonial, mas é fato que um certo número de homens, incluindo George Washington, estavam conscientes dos efeitos da droga e provavelmente utilizado por si próprios. President George Washington was known to have written a letter with a veiled reference to hashish. Presidente George Washington foi conhecida por ter escrito uma carta com um véu referência ao haxixe. He said, “The artificial preparation of hemp, from Silesia, is a real curiosity.” He went on to discuss the dissemination of hemp seeds and the separation of male and female hemp plants in an effort to increase the potency of smoked cannabis. Ele disse, "O artificial preparação de cânhamo, de Silésia, é uma verdadeira curiosidade." Ele passou a discutir a disseminação de sementes de cânhamo e à separação dos sexos masculino e feminino cânhamo plantas em um esforço para aumentar a potência da cannabis fumado. He, along with Thomas Jefferson farmed hemp at one point in their life. Ele, junto com Thomas Jefferson cultivada de cânhamo a um ponto em sua vida. Jefferson and Ben Franklin, additionally, were ambassadors to France during the period of time that hashish was in vogue, and they likely partook in these new experiences. Jefferson e Ben Franklin, adicionalmente, foram embaixadores de França, durante o período de tempo que o haxixe estava em voga, e eles provavelmente partook nestas novas experiências. According to a researcher at the American Historical Reference Society and consultant for the Smithsonian, Dr. Burke, there is plenty of evidence to suggest a number of our presidents smoked cannabis. De acordo com um investigador no American Society histórica de Referência e consultor para o Smithsonian, o Dr. Burke, há uma abundância de indícios de um certo número dos nossos presidentes fumado maconha. According to him, Washington, Jefferson, Madison, Monroe, Jackson, Taylor and Pierce all took pleasure from smoking hemp during their presidency. Segundo ele, Washington, Jefferson, Madison, Monroe, Jackson, Taylor e Pierce todos tiveram prazer de fumar cânhamo durante a sua presidência. Pierce was even quoted as saying that smoking cannabis was the only positive thing about the Mexican War. Pierce foi sequer citado como tendo afirmado que fumar cannabis foi a única coisa positiva sobre a Guerra Mexicano.

By Dr. Bob Curran Ao Dr. Bob Curran
RINF Alternative News RINF alternativa Notícias

Atlantis! Lemuria! Shamballha! Shangri-La! The very names conjure up images of sunken cities or forgotten lands hidden in the impenetrable jungle or amongst mountain peaks somewhere beyond the edges of civilization. O próprio nome evoca imagens de cidades ou afundado esqueceu terras escondida na selva impenetrável ou montanha entre picos algures fora as bordas da civilização. They also suggest ancient and powerful cultures and technologies long vanished from the world, remnants of which-if popular imagination is to be believed-may still lie slumbering in the caverns far beneath the earth. Eles também sugerem antiga e poderosa culturas e tecnologias longo desapareceu do mundo, remanescentes de que-se imaginação popular está a ser acreditado-ainda pode mentir slumbering nas cavernas muito abaixo da terra. Is there any truth in such beliefs? Há alguma verdade em tais crenças?

Allied to the names of these ancient places are further stories of legendary sites-places like the Garden of Eden in Christian lore, Ygdrassil, the World-Tree of Viking myth or even Davy Jones’ Locker, recently made famous by the film series Pirates of the Caribbean. Aliado aos nomes desses lugares são mais antigas histórias do lendário sites de lugares como o Jardim do Éden na sabedoria cristã, Ygdrassil, a árvore do Mundo-Viking mito ou mesmo Davy Jones' Locker, recentemente fez famosa pelo filme da série Piratas Do Caribe.

So strong has the lure of these distant, exotic and often fabulous places proven to be that many men have gone in search of them, either as individuals or at the head of expeditions, some of which have been provided by their own countries. Assim, tem a forte atração desses distantes, exóticos e muitas vezes lugares fabulosos revelou-se que muitos homens têm ido em busca dos mesmos, quer como indivíduos ou na cabeça das expedições, alguns dos quais foram fornecidos pelos seus próprios países. A good number have set out to find wealth or land, some have done so for political reasons, and a few for the sheer adventure of the enterprise. Um bom número já definidos para encontrar riqueza ou terrestre, alguns o fizeram por razões políticas, e alguns de pura aventura da empresa. Some have returned empty-handed, a number have perished in the attempt, and some have simply vanished, thus fuelling speculation that there might be some truth in such legends. Alguns têm retornou de mãos vazias, um número já pereceram na tentativa, e alguns simplesmente desapareceu, assim alimentando especulações que pode haver alguma verdade em tais lendas.

But it was not only lost explorers who fuelled the popular idea of distant realms. Mas não foi só perdeu exploradores que alimentaram a idéia popular de distantes domínios. Television and film makers took up the challenge of actually creating these worlds and giving them some sort of immediacy. Televisão e cinema decisores assumiu o desafio de criar efectivamente estes mundos e dando-lhes uma espécie de instantaneidade. Popular films on the big screen such as The Lost World, Journey to the Centre of the Earth and even the more recent remake of King Kong, set on a forgotten island where a giant gorilla dwells, have speculated about what sort of environments these places might have. Filmes populares no grande ecrã, como O Mundo Perdido, Viagem ao Centro da Terra e ainda o mais recente remake de King Kong, definido em uma ilha onde esqueceu um gigante gorila mora, têm especulou sobre que tipo de ambientes esses locais possam Ter. Were they, for example, swarming with prehistoric creatures or homes to advanced cultures that might fight to guard their privacy or be preparing to attack us in our own locations? Foram eles, por exemplo, swarming com criaturas pré-históricos ou casas para avançadas culturas que possam lutar para proteger sua privacidade ou se preparam para atacar-nos no nosso próprio localidades? Indeed the idea of some monstrous race, lurking in the depths far beneath us and armed with futuristic weapons is a common thought which has barely diminished and still stays in the public nightmares, even today. Na verdade, a ideia de alguns monstruosa corrida, lurking nas profundezas muito baixo e nós armados com armas futuristas é um pensamento comum, que tem apenas diminuiu e ainda permanece no público pesadelos, ainda hoje. On the other hand, the possibility of a place of monastic tranquillity, shut away from a turbulent world, was also encapsulated in Frank Capra’s 1937 film Lost Horizon, sparking a popular belief that perhaps such a place might well exist tucked away somewhere in the high Eastern mountains. Por outro lado, a possibilidade de um lugar de tranquilidade monástica, fechou de distância de um turbulento mundo, também foi encapsulada em Frank Capra's 1937 filme Lost Horizon, faíscas uma crença popular que talvez um tal lugar poderia muito bem existir algures no aninhada O elevado Oriental montanhas. Such a suggestion may still remain, for although orbiting satellites have mapped most of our world for us, there is still a suggestion that in some remote region there is still someone or something-some race of men or creatures-which remains undetected and may either aid or else turn upon mankind at a future date. Tal sugestão pode ainda permanecer, apesar de órbita satélites têm mapeados mais do nosso mundo para nós, não existe ainda uma sugestão que, em alguns remota região ainda existe alguém ou alguma coisa-raça de homens ou de criaturas-que continua a ser detectado e pode Auxílio ou então transformar o homem em uma data futura. The possibilities of lost worlds seem endless. As possibilidades de perda de mundos parecem intermináveis.

Lost lands have also provided inspiration for some well known writers and appear in many works of literature from Edward Bulwer-Lytton’s 1870 masterpiece The Coming Race to Jack Vance’s 1980s Lyonesse trilogy. Lost terras têm também forneceu inspiração para alguns bem conhecidos escritores e aparecem em muitas obras de literatura de Edward Bulwer-Lytton's 1870 A obra Vindo Corrida de Jack Vance's 1980 Lyonesse trilogia. Such books have kept these places in the public eye and have stirred the imaginations of countless readers. Esses livros têm mantido esses lugares no olho público e têm agitado a imaginação de inúmeros leitores. But why has interest in them remained so strong throughout the years? Mas porque tem interesse neles permaneceu tão forte ao longo dos anos? Why, for example, has the Atlantis story achieved such a hold on popular thought? Por que, por exemplo, tem o Atlantis história conseguido deter sobre um tal pensamento popular? And why has Shangri-La stayed at the foremost of our minds, becoming almost a cliché? E porque tem Shangri-La permaneceu no primeiro lugar da nossa mente, tornando-se quase um cliché?

For some they represent, for example, no more than our deepest hopes and desires for an ideal state of being. Para alguns que representam, por exemplo, não mais do que os nossos mais profundos desejos e esperanças para um estado ideal de ser. They may, as they did for Adolph Hitler and the Nazi Party of Germany, symbolize the home of some form of idealized beings or men whose wisdom is far beyond that of the mundane world. Elas podem, como fizeram para Adolph Hitler e do Partido Nazi da Alemanha, simbolizam a casa de alguma forma de seres idealizados ou homens cuja sabedoria está muito além do que o mundo mundanas. Or they may, as they did for Madam Blavatsky, suggest the original cradle of mysticism which surrounds our existence. Ou eles podem, como fizeram para Senhora Blavatsky, sugerem o original berço da mística que envolve a nossa existência. They may even represent some idealized state towards which mankind can strive. Podem ainda representam cerca idealizado estado para que os homens possam empenhar.

And, of course, they also stand for worlds of wonder. E, é claro, eles também defendem a mundos de maravilha. The idea of a kingdom such as Lyonesse, drowned forever beneath the freezing waters of the ocean through the petulant whim of a spoiled daughter; of a nightmarish city like Irem, raised in the desert by unseen demonic forces; of the lost land of Bimini where gushing water confers eternal youth on all those who drink from a wonderful fountain there, all excite and entice us. A ideia de um reino, como Lyonesse, morreram afogados sempre abaixo do congelamento das águas do oceano através da petulant capricho de um estragada filha; nightmarish de uma cidade como Irem, levantada no deserto pelas forças demoníacas incognoscível; das terras perdidas de Bimini onde Água manante confere eterna juventude em todos aqueles que bebem de uma maravilhosa fonte lá, excitar e estimular todos nós. The vision of the lost golden city of El Dorado, hidden deep in the South American jungle or the less material treasure of contentment to be found in the mystical monastic city of Shangri-La somewhere amongst the towering Himalayan peaks, lures something in all of us. A visão da cidade perdida de El Dorado dourado, escondido no fundo da selva da América do Sul ou a menos material tesouro de contentamento de ser encontrado na mística monástica cidade de Shangri-La algures entre os picos towering Himalaias, lures algo de todos nós . In earlier times, those destinations were a goal that might be attained through adventure and daring. Em outros tempos, os destinos eram um objectivo que pode ser alcançado através de aventura e ousadia. In many ways, they also represented the last great challenge of Mankind. De muitas formas, que também representou o último grande desafio da Humanidade.

As travel and new communications cause our perceptions of the world to shrink and become more routinely predictable, these places represent the last wild and unknown locations and may still offer a chance for exploration, excitement and danger. Como viagens e novas comunicações causar nossas percepções do mundo a encolher e tornar-se mais previsível rotina, esses locais representam o último selvagem e locais desconhecidos e ainda pode oferecer uma oportunidade para exploração, a emoção e perigo. Because of this, the idea of lost lands, vanished places and long-disappeared civilizations will not go away. Devido a isso, a ideia de perda de terras, desapareceu locais e de longa desaparecidas civilizações não se vai longe.

By Por Hal Turner Hal Turner

Three weeks ago, I published a brief snippet on the front page of my web site reporting the governments of the US Canada and Mexico are conspiring in secret to merge the three nations into a new entity called the North American Union. Três semanas atrás, publiquei um breve trecho na primeira página do meu site relatando os governos de os E.U. Canadá e México estão conspirando em segredo para fundir as três nações em uma nova entidade chamada a União norte-americana.

There has been much talk of this on various internet blogs for over a year. Tem sido muito falar deste em vários blogs internet há mais de um ano. Most of those blogs have been smeared as “conspiracy theorists” and have been largely ignored by the main stream. A maioria desses blogs foram smeared como "teóricos da conspiração" e tem sido largamente ignorada pelos principais stream.

What prompted my interest in the issue was money: I was sent professional images of actual AMERO coins by someone in the US Treasury! O que levou o meu interesse no assunto foi dinheiro: fui enviado profissional imagens de AMERO reais em moedas por alguém os E.U. Tesouro! The person included a note saying they like my radio show and are frightened by what’s been going on in secret within our government. A pessoa incluída uma nota dizendo que eles mostram como o meu rádio e estão assustados com o que vem acontecendo em segredo dentro do nosso governo.

This Treasury Department person was outraged that our country was beginning to coin money as part of a merger that would do away with our country, via a merger the American public knew nothing about! Esta pessoa estava indignado Departamento do Tesouro que o nosso país estava começando a moeda dinheiro como parte de uma fusão que iria acabar com o nosso país, através de uma fusão a opinião pública americana não sabia nada sobre!

When I got the professional images of the AMERO coin, I was finally intrigued enough to make mention of it on my web site. Quando eu comecei a profissionais imagens do AMERO medalha, fiquei intrigado finalmente suficiente para fazer referência a ele no meu site. My site has gotten over 20 Million visits in the last couple years and is becoming more popular because of the brutal honesty and timely delivery of news that folks don’t find elsewhere. Meu site tem obtido mais de 20 milhões de visitas nos últimos dois anos e está cada vez mais popular por causa da brutal honestidade e entrega atempada das notícias que folks não encontrar outro lugar. This story about AMERO coins would fit my niche of breaking news, so I ran a snippet of a story. Esta história sobre AMERO moedas iria caber meu nicho de quebrar notícia e, por isso, correu um trecho de uma história.

As part of my report, I included the professional images sent to me by the Treasury person. Como parte do meu relatório, incluídos os profissionais imagens enviadas para mim pelo Tesouro pessoa. They appear below: Eles aparecem abaixo:

I also mentioned that very pricey “Collector Proofs” of the coins were also being Minted in Silver and Gold, and I posted an image of one such Silver Proof, shown below: Também mencionou que muito caro "coletor provas" das moedas também foram sendo Minted em Prata e Ouro, e eu publicou uma imagem de um tal de Prata Proof, mostrado a seguir:

The story went on to say that the US Government has intentionally overspent itself for the purpose of irreversibly Bankrupting the country. A história passou a dizer que os E.U. Governo tem intencionalmente overspent própria para efeitos da irreversivelmente Bankrupting o país. The idea is that they will drive the country into economic failure, then when millions of Americans are panicking at the prospect, offer them a solution of merging the three countries as “the only possible way” to avoid losing everything. A idéia é que eles vão conduzir o país na insuficiência económica, em seguida, quando milhões de americanos são panicking na perspectiva de lhes oferecer uma solução de fusão dos três países como "a única via possível", para evitar perder tudo.

They will force Canada into the merger by telling them the US currency they hold and rely upon will be worthless and the only way Canada can even hope to salvage any of the funds is to join the NAU. Eles Canadá em vigor da fusão por dizer-lhes os E.U. moeda que detêm e invocar será inútil e, a única forma Canadá pode mesmo esperar para salvar qualquer dos fundos deverá juntar-se ao NAU.

They will sell it to the Mexican people by saying it will instantly improve their buying-power and quality of life. Vão vendê-lo ao povo mexicano por dizer que vai melhorar de imediato as suas compras de energia e de qualidade de vida.

In reality, the value of the US and Canadian dollars will be significantly reduced to counter the worthless peso being absorbed. Na realidade, o valor do dólar canadense e os E.U. será significativamente reduzida para contrariar o peso inútil a ser absorvido. People in the US and Canada will suffer great financial loss while Mexicans will see significant gain. Pessoas em os E.U. eo Canadá vão sofrer grandes perdas financeiras enquanto mexicanos verá ganho significativo. In the meantime, the financial elite and the politicians they own will make out like bandits! Entretanto, a elite financeira e os políticos que eles próprios vão fazer fora como bandidos!

That’s the reason politicians are doing this: to get rich for themselves and their financial elite pals. Esse é o motivo pelo qual os políticos estão fazendo isso: ficar rico para si e para os seus amigos elite financeira.

The folks in power within government and their buddies in Banking and finance know that in any currency switch, some lose big while others gain big. As pessoas no poder no governo e os seus camaradas em Banking e finanças sabemos que em qualquer moeda mudança, alguns, enquanto outros perdem grande ganho grande. Really big! Realmente grande! In fact, folks with foreknowledge of such a switch can make hundreds-of-millions, perhaps even billions for themselves overnight. Na verdade, pessoas com conhecimento de tal switch pode fazer centenas de milhares, talvez mesmo milhares de si overnight. Those without foreknowledge (common folks like you and me) usually end up being wiped out. Aqueles sem conhecimento (comum pessoas como você e eu) geralmente acabam por ser exterminada.

INSTANT, FULL BLAST “SPIN” INSTANTÂNEO, FULL BLAST "SPIN"

I published the images and the small story and went to bed. Eu publicou as imagens e as pequenas histórias e fomos para a cama. I had no idea what my little story would do. Eu não tinha idéia que o meu estorinha faria.

Within a matter of hours, there was a full blown effort to discredit my story and the images as fake. Dentro de uma questão de horas, houve uma tentativa de desacreditar o pleno explodido minha história e as imagens como falsa.

I was accused of lying. Eu fui acusado de mentir. I was accused of having “photoshopped” the images by creating them in Adobe Photoshop. Eu fui acusado de ter "photoshopped" as imagens, criando-lhes no Adobe Photoshop.

Within a couple days, a basic web site for AMERO “FANTASY COINS” was erected on the internet and word of that site was spread quickly. Dentro de dois dias, uma base web site para AMERO "FANTASIA COINS" foi erguido na internet e que a palavra do site foi espalhar rapidamente. The site contained the same images as I had run on my front page, so clearly whatever “SPIN” was happening was being driven by others who also had the professional images. O site continha as mesmas imagens que eu tinha executado na minha primeira página, de forma clara qual for "SPIN" estava acontecendo estava sendo conduzido por outros, que também teve o profissional imagens.

There was intense effort to claim the whole idea of these coins was a fantasy and there was absolutely no truth to them whatsoever. Houve intenso esforço para reivindicar a ideia dessas moedas era uma fantasia e não houve absolutamente nenhuma verdade que lhes qualquer. That effort to “spin” the story out of existence worked. Esse esforço para "rodar" a história de existência funcionou. Folks quickly lost interest. Folks rapidamente perdeu interesse. I did not. Eu não.

Get me the real thing by any means necessary Get me a coisa real por todos os meios necessários

I reached out to the person in the Treasury who first alerted me to the coins. I chegou-se a pessoa no Tesouro quem primeiro alertou-me para as moedas. That person told me “The shit hit the fan around here when your story ran.” The person went on to say “They told everyone in all the Mints that anyone revealing information about the AMERO would be fired and perhaps even criminally prosecuted for endangering national security.” Essa pessoa me disse "The shit hit do ventilador por aqui, quando a sua história correu." A pessoa passou a dizer "Disseram todos em todas as Mints que ninguém revelar informações sobre o AMERO seria despedido e talvez mesmo processado criminalmente por danos nacional Segurança ".

Ahhhh yes, the grand old catch-all of national security. Ahhhh sim, o velho grand catch-all de segurança nacional. When they wheel that one out, you just KNOW they’re pissed off about something! Quando eles que uma roda de fora, você só SABER eles sobre algo pissed off!

I told the Treasury person that the only way anyone might believe this is happening, is for me to actually get one of the coins. Eu disse ao Tesouro pessoa que a única maneira ninguém poderia acreditar isso acontece, é para mim começar realmente uma das moedas. The Treasury guy balked. O Tesouro guy balked. He said “there’s no way to get one without stealing it.” Ele disse que "não há nenhuma maneira de obter uma sem roubar-la."

I though about that for a moment. Eu bem que sobre isso por um momento. . . . . then decided that if my government is concealing the actual Minting of coins for a new sovereign entity which may end up with power over me, but which I haven’t been told about, then that government deserves whatever gets done to it. Então decidiu que, se o meu governo é dissimular a verdadeira Minting de moedas para uma nova entidade soberana, que podem acabar com o poder sobre mim, mas que eu não tenha sido informada, então merece qualquer governo que se faz a ela.

I told the Treasury person to get me an Amero by any means necessary - even if that meant stealing it. Eu disse ao Tesouro pessoa, para mim um Amero por quaisquer meios necessários - mesmo que significava roubar dele. The Treasury person said it would require them to think about for awhile and if it could be done, I would get one in the mail. O Tesouro pessoa disse que iria obrigá-los a pensar, por algum tempo e se isso poderia ser feito, gostaria de obter uma confirmação pelo correio.

I waited. Esperei. And waited. E esperou. Frankly, after about three weeks, I lost track of the story — until today. Francamente, depois de cerca de três semanas, eu perdi trilha da história - até hoje. A real AMERO coin arrived at my home in the mail this afternoon! Um verdadeiro AMERO moeda chegou a minha casa no correio esta tarde!

The real thing arrives! O real thing chega!

Today, I received a single 20 AMERO coin in the mail. Hoje, eu recebi uma moeda única de 20 AMERO no correio. A real coin. Uma verdadeira moeda. Real metal, really MINTED by the US Mint in Denver, CO. The proof that it is being Minted in Denver is that the coin is stamped with the Mint Identity letter “D” on the bottom right of the side with the eagle just like regular US coins already in circulation today! Real metal, realmente MINTED por os E.U. Mint em Denver, CO A prova de que ela está sendo Minted em Denver é que a moeda é carimbada com o Mint Identidade letra "D" na parte inferior do lado direito com a águia apenas como regular E.U. moedas em circulação já hoje!

Click each image to enlarge it, CLICK TWICE TO SUPER ENLARGE IT! ! Clique em cada imagem para ampliá-la-la, CLIQUE dobro TO SUPER ENLARGE IT!

Please note the letter “D” stamped below and to the right of the Planet earth at the bottom right of the coin in this photo. Observe a letra "D" carimbada abaixo e à direita do Planeta Terra, na parte inferior direita da moeda nesta foto. That “D” stands for the United States Mint at Denver, CO. Que "D" stands para os Estados Unidos Mint em Denver, CO

VIDEO!

So that you can see this is a real, metal coin, I have made a small video of me holding the coin, turning it, then dropping it on a wooden table top so you can hear what it sounds like when it hits. Portanto, você pode ver que este é um real, moeda metálica, fiz um pequeno vídeo de me segurando a moeda, transformando-a, em seguida, largando-o numa mesa de madeira superior para que você possa ouvir o que ele soa como quando se atinge.
Download the Windows Media Video here Baixe o Windows Media Video aqui

I WAS RIGHT! Eu estava certo!

I stand vindicated. I stand justificado. All those who claimed I fabricated the images now owe me an apology. Todos aqueles que alegou que as imagens manufaturados Devemo-me agora um pedido de desculpas. All those who claimed these were “fantasy” coins can now explain why anyone in their right mind would spend Millions of dollars to create the rare and expensive professional dies and plates necessary for minting coins that will not be issued? Todos aqueles que alegou estes foram "fantasia" moedas agora pode explicar porque é que ninguém no seu direito mente iria gastar milhões de dólares para criar o raro e caro profissional morre e chapas necessárias para cunhagem das moedas que não serão emitidas?

The simple truth is, the coins are real. A verdade é simples, as moedas são reais. The plan to merge the US, Canada and Mexico is real. O plano de fundir os E.U., o Canadá eo México é real. Our government is lying about it and the fact they are minting money at the Denver Mint bearing the name of Union of North America is proof. O nosso governo está mentindo sobre isso eo fato de que eles são cunhagem dinheiro, a Denver Mint com o nome de União da América do Norte é a prova.

So America, Canada and Mexico, our governments are betraying us and planning to merge our countries without our knowledge or consent, or by financial disaster they bring-on intentionally. Portanto América, do Canadá e do México, os nossos governos estão trair-nos e planejamento para unir nossos países, sem o conhecimento ou consentimento, ou por desastre financeiro que elas trazem-nos intencionalmente. What are we going to do about it? O que é que vamos fazer em relação a isso?

For my part, the Second Amendment comes to mind. Pela minha parte, a segunda alteração vem à mente.

– Hal Turner -- Hal Turner

The Observer The Observer

Fragments of bomb timer that helped to convict a Libyan ex-agent were ‘practically carbonised’ before the trial, says bankrupt Swiss businessman Fragmentos de bomba relógio que ajudou a condenar um ex-agente líbios foram "praticamente carbonizado" antes do julgamento, diz falido empresário suíço

The key piece of material evidence used by prosecutors to implicate Libya in the Lockerbie bombing has emerged as a probable fake. A peça chave da prova material utilizado pelos procuradores implicar a Líbia no Lockerbie bombardeamento surgiu como um provável falso.
Nearly two decades after Pan Am flight 103 exploded over Scotland on 21 December, 1988, allegations of international political intrigue and shoddy investigative work are being levelled at the British government, the FBI and the Scottish police as one of the crucial witnesses, Swiss engineer Ulrich Lumpert, has apparently confessed that he lied about the origins of a crucial ‘timer’ - evidence that helped tie the man convicted of the bombing to the crime. Quase duas décadas depois voo Pan Am 103 explodiu durante Escócia, em 21 de Dezembro de 1988, as alegações de política internacional e intriga shoddy inquérito trabalhos estão sendo formuladas pelo Governo britânico, o FBI e da polícia escocesa como um dos principais testemunhas, engenheiro suíço Ulrich Lumpert, tem aparentemente confessou que ele mentiu sobre as origens de um crucial "timer" - provas que ajudaram a amarrar o homem condenado do bombardeamento ao crime.

The disaster killed 270 people when the London to New York Boeing 747 exploded in mid-air. O desastre matou 270 pessoas, quando a Londres para Nova York Boeing 747 explodiu no ar. Britain and the US blamed Libya, saying that its leader, Colonel Muammar Gadaffi, wanted revenge for the US bombing of Tripoli in 1986. Bretanha e os E.U. culpa Líbia, dizendo que o seu líder, coronel Muammar Gadaffi, queria vingança para os E.U. bombardeamento de Tripoli, em 1986. At a trial in the Netherlands in 2001, former Libyan agent Abdulbaset al-Megrahi was jailed for life. Em um julgamento na Holanda em 2001, o ex-agente líbio Abdulbaset al-Megrahi foi preso por toda a vida.

He is currently serving his sentence in Greenock prison, but later this month the Scottish Court of Appeal is expected to hear Megrahi’s case, after the Scottish Criminal Cases Review Commission ruled in June that there was enough evidence to suggest a miscarriage of justice. Ele está atualmente servindo sua sentença em prisão Greenock, mas ainda este mês o escocês Tribunal de Recurso é esperar para ouvir Megrahi do caso, após a Scottish Criminal Cases Review Comissão decidiu, em Junho de que havia provas suficientes para sugerir uma erros judiciários. Lumpert’s confession, which was given to police in his home city of Zurich last week, will strengthen Megrahi’s appeal. Lumpert da confissão, que foi dado à polícia em sua casa da cidade de Zurique, na semana passada, vai reforçar Megrahi do recurso.

The Zurich-based Swiss businessman Edwin Bollier, who has spent nearly two decades trying to clear his company’s name, is as eager for the appeal as is Megrahi. O empresário suíço Zurich-baseado Edwin Bollier, que gastou quase duas décadas tentando limpar seu nome da empresa, é tão ansiosos para que o recurso como é Megrahi. Bollier’s now bankrupt company, Mebo, manufactured the timer switch that prosecutors used to implicate Libya after they said that fragments of it had been found on a Scottish hillside. Bollier's agora falida, Mebo, fabricado o timer switch que procuradores usada para implicar Líbia, depois de terem dito que fragmentos de que tinha sido encontrado em um escocês encosta.

Bollier, now 70, admits having done business with Libya. Bollier, agora 70, reconhece ter feito negócios com a Líbia. ‘Two years before Lockerbie, we sold 20 MST-13 timers to the Libyan military. "Dois anos antes de Lockerbie, que vendeu 20 MST-13 temporizadores para os militares líbios. FBI agents and the Scottish investigators said one of those timers had been used to detonate the bomb. Agentes do FBI e investigadores escoceses disse um daqueles temporizadores tinham sido utilizados para detonação da bomba. We were shown a fuzzy photograph and I confirmed the fragments looked as though they came from one of our timers.’ Fomos mostrado um fuzzy fotografia e eu confirmou os fragmentos olhou como se veio de um dos nossos contadores. "

However, Bollier was uneasy with the photograph he had been shown and asked to see the fragments. No entanto, Bollier estava apreensivo com a fotografia tinha sido demonstrado, e pediu para ver os fragmentos. He was finally given permission in 1998 and travelled to Dumfries to see the evidence. Ele foi finalmente dado permissão, em 1998 e viajou para Dumfries para ver as provas.

‘I was shown fragments of a brown circuit board which matched our prototype. "Eu era mostrado fragmentos de um marrom placas de circuito que resultou nosso protótipo. But when the MST-13 went into production, the timers contained green boards. Mas, quando o MST-13 entrou em produção, os temporizadores contidas placas verdes. I knew that the timers sold to Libya had green boards. Eu sabia que os temporizadores vendidos à Líbia tinha placas verdes. I told the investigators this.’ Eu disse aos investigadores isso. "

Back in Switzerland, Bollier’s company was in effect bankrupt, having faced a lawsuit from Pan Am and having lost major clients, such as the German federal police to which Mebo supplied communications equipment. Volta da Suíça, Bollier da empresa falida foi, com efeito, depois de ter enfrentado uma ação da Pan Am e ter perdido grandes clientes, como a polícia federal alemã para que Mebo fornecidos equipamentos de comunicações.

In 2001, Bollier spent five days in the witness box at the Lockerbie trial at Camp Zeist in the Netherlands. Em 2001, gastou Bollier cinco dias em casa a testemunhar no julgamento Lockerbie em Camp Zeist na Holanda. ‘I was a defence witness, but the trial was so skewed to prove Libyan involvement that the details of what I had to say was ignored. A photograph of the fragments was produced in court and I asked to see the pieces again. When they were brought to me, they were practically carbonised. They had been tampered with since I had seen them in Dumfries.’

Few people apart from conspiracy theorists and investigative journalists working on the case were prepared to believe Bollier until the end of last month, when Lumpert, one of his former employees, walked into a Zurich police station and asked to swear an affidavit before a notary.

IPO Information Service
flamesong

On 4 August 2007 Dr. Hans Koechler received from Mr. Edwin Bollier, head of the Swiss-based company MEBO AG, a copy of the German original of an Affidavit, dated 18 July 2007 and signed by Mr. Ulrich Lumpert, former employee (electronics engineer) of MEBO AG, Zurich, related to the Lockerbie case. On 4 August 2007 Dr. Hans Koechler received from Mr. Edwin Bollier, head of the Swiss-based company MEBO AG, a copy of the German original of an Affidavit, dated 18 July 2007 and signed by Mr. Ulrich Lumpert, former employee ( electronics engineer) of MEBO AG, Zurich, related to the Lockerbie case.

In a statement released today, Dr. Hans Koechler, who has followed the Lockerbie proceedings since the beginning of the trial in the Netherlands in May 2000, highlighted basic aspects and questions of this new revelation that appear to be of relevance not only in connection with the upcoming second appeal of the convicted Libyan national, but also for new prosecutorial action ex officio by the Scottish authorities. In a statement released today, Dr. Hans Koechler, who has followed the Lockerbie proceedings since the beginning of the trial in the Netherlands in May 2000, highlighted basic aspects and questions of this new revelation that appear to be of relevance not only in connection with the upcoming second appeal of the convicted Libyan national, but also for new prosecutorial action ex officio by the Scottish authorities.

In his affidavit Mr. Lumpert implicitly admits having committed perjury as witness No. 550 before the Scottish Court in the Netherlands. He states (Par. 2) that he has stolen a handmade (by him) sample of an “MST-13 Timer PC-board” from MEBO company in Zurich and handed it over, on 22 June 1989 (!), to an “official person investigating the Lockerbie case.” He further states (in Par. 5) that the fragment of the MST-13 timer, cut into two pieces for “supposedly forensic reasons,” which was presented in Court as vital part of evidence, stemmed from the piece which he had stolen and handed over to an investigator in 1989. He states (Par. 2) that he has stolen a handmade (by him) sample of an “MST-13 Timer PC-board” from MEBO company in Zurich and handed it over, on 22 June 1989 (!), to an “ official person investigating the Lockerbie case.” He further states (in Par. 5) that the fragment of the MST-13 timer, cut into two pieces for “supposedly forensic reasons,” which was presented in Court as vital part of evidence, stemmed from the piece which he had stolen and handed over to an investigator in 1989. He further states that when he became aware that this piece was used for an “intentional politically motivated criminal undertaking” (vorsätzliche politisch kriminelle “Machenschaft”) he decided, out of fear for his life, to keep silent on the matter.

The rather late admission of Mr. Lumpert is consistent with an earlier revelation in the British and Scottish media according to which a former Scottish police officer (whose identity has not yet been disclosed to the public) stated “that the CIA planted the tiny fragment of circuit board crucial in convicting a Libyan” for the bombing of the Pan Am jet (Scotland on Sunday, 28 August 2005). The rather late admission of Mr. Lumpert is consistent with an earlier revelation in the British and Scottish media according to which a former Scottish police officer (whose identity has not yet been disclosed to the public) stated “that the CIA planted the tiny fragment of circuit board crucial in convicting a Libyan” for the bombing of the Pan Am jet (Scotland on Sunday, 28 August 2005).

Upon receipt of the document, Dr. Koechler informed the owner of MEBO AG on 7 August 2007 that Mr. Lumpert will have to submit his affidavit under oath before the competent judicial authorities of Scotland. In the meantime (22 August 2007), the owner of MEBO AG has requested the Scottish judicial authorities – by way of the Swiss Prosecutor’s office and on the basis of the agreement on mutual judicial assistance between the UK and Switzerland – to investigate the alleged criminal manipulations referred to in Mr. Lumpert’s statement. In the meantime (22 August 2007), the owner of MEBO AG has requested the Scottish judicial authorities – by way of the Swiss Prosecutor’s office and on the basis of the agreement on mutual judicial assistance between the UK and Switzerland – to investigate the alleged criminal manipulations referred to in Mr. Lumpert’s statement.

In his capacity as UN-appointed observer of the Lockerbie trial, Dr. Hans Koechler has repeatedly raised the issue of the timer fragment and expressed his amazement at the Defense team’s refusal to look into the matter during Mr. Megrahi’s appeal when questions as to the reliability of forensic evidence had already been raised. In his capacity as UN-appointed observer of the Lockerbie trial, Dr. Hans Koechler has repeatedly raised the issue of the timer fragment and expressed his amazement at the Defense team’s refusal to look into the matter during Mr. Megrahi’s appeal when questions as to the reliability of forensic evidence had already been raised. (See Dr. Koechler’s appeal report, Par. 10 [c] of 26 March 2002; his statement of 23 August 2003, Par. 10; and his statement of 14 October 2005, Par. 2.)

It is to be recalled that, as witness before the Lockerbie court, Mr. Edwin Bollier had raised the issue of the manipulation of the timer fragments, but was brusquely interrupted in his testimony by the presiding Judge and prevented from giving further information in this matter. It is to be recalled that, as witness before the Lockerbie court, Mr. Edwin Bollier had raised the issue of the manipulation of the timer fragments, but was brusquely interrupted in his testimony by the presiding Judge and prevented from giving further information in this matter .

In the meantime (information received on 26 August 2007), Mr. Lumpert has revised part of his Affidavit (Par. 5); he now states that the letter “M” on the timer fragment (supposedly for the German word Muster: sample), unlike previously stated, has been engraved by himself. In the meantime (information received on 26 August 2007), Mr. Lumpert has revised part of his Affidavit (Par. 5); he now states that the letter “M” on the timer fragment (supposedly for the German word Muster: sample) , unlike previously stated, has been engraved by himself. In view of this and earlier statements, Mr. Lumpert’s credibility will have to be assessed very carefully by the competent judicial authorities and he will have to be made aware of the consequences, in terms of criminal law, of lying to the Court.

At the same time, the credibility of the Scottish Criminal Cases Review Commission (SCCRC) is also at stake. In its News Release of 28 June 2007, in which it had announced the referral of Mr. Al-Megrahi’s case to the Scottish High Court for a second appeal, the SCCRC found it necessary to “absolve” the investigating authorities of any suspicion of wrongdoing. In its News Release of 28 June 2007, in which it had announced the referral of Mr. Al-Megrahi’s case to the Scottish High Court for a second appeal, the SCCRC found it necessary to “absolve” the investigating authorities of any suspicion of wrongdoing. Should Mr. Lumpert’s confession be proven to be true, the SCCRC’s statement – “The Commission undertook extensive enquiries in this area but found nothing to support that allegation or to undermine the trial court’s conclusions in respect of the fragment” – will appear highly questionable, even dubious. Should Mr. Lumpert’s confession be proven to be true, the SCCRC’s statement – “The Commission undertook extensive enquiries in this area but found nothing to support that allegation or to undermine the trial court’s conclusions in respect of the fragment” – will appear highly questionable, even dubious. The public will have to ask why a supposedly independent judicial review body would try to exonerate “preventively” officials in a case which is being returned to the High Court for a second appeal because of suspicions of a miscarriage of justice.

If it is indeed the rule of law that governs the Scottish polity, the Scottish judicial authorities will have to deal with this new revelation ex officio – independently of how the appeal court in Mr. Megrahi’s case will evaluate this witness’s confession of perjury. If it is indeed the rule of law that governs the Scottish polity, the Scottish judicial authorities will have to deal with this new revelation ex officio – independently of how the appeal court in Mr. Megrahi’s case will evaluate this witness’s confession of perjury.

Those responsible for the midair explosion of PanAm flight 103 will have to be identified and brought to justice. If there was any wrongdoing, criminal and/or due to incompetence, of the judicial authorities in the investigation and prosecution of the Lockerbie case, this will also have to be dealt with through proper procedures of criminal law. A continuation of the rather obvious cover-up which we have witnessed up until now is neither acceptable for the citizens of Scotland nor for the international public, Dr. Koechler stated.

Granma International
flamesong
21st August 2007

On August 20, the 11th Circuit Appeals Court in Atlanta heard convincing allegations by the legal team defending the five Cuban anti-terrorist fighters imprisoned in the United States.

The defense lawyers submitted that the prosecution committed serious procedural errors and used intimidation to pressure the jury of the initial trial, which took place in Miami in a climate of apparent hostility toward the five heroes.

For the first time eminent foreign legal professionals were present at the hearing of the case of Gerardo Hernández, Fernando González, Ramón Labaniño, Antonio Guerrero and René González, known as the Five in the international campaign for their release.

Alicia Jrapko, a member of the International Free the Five Committee, told the Cuban radio and TV Roundtable program over the phone that the presence of prestigious international lawyers was much larger than before and signified strong backing for the Cuban anti-terrorist fighters.

Juan Guzmán, the Chilean attorney who brought charges against the ex-dictator Augusto Pinochet, was present and informed the Roundtable program (again by phone) that the US government was unable to refute the defense truths, as reflected in the international media.

Guzmán appreciated the questions put by the sitting judges and stated that there is really no evidence to justify the charges of espionage against the prisoners, nor that of “conspiring to commit murder,” brazenly brought against two of them.

It was also abundantly clear that Miami was not an appropriate venue for the original trial, where the Five were handed down sentences ranging from 15 years’ imprisonment to two life terms, because the jury was intimidated, a point firmly established by the defense appeal, Guzmán added. It was also abundantly clear that Miami was not an appropriate venue for the original trial, where the Five were handed down sentences ranging from 15 years’ imprisonment to two life terms, because the jury was intimidated, a point firmly established by the defense appeal, Guzmán added.

The Chilean legal professional thought that the defense achieved its main objective: to communicate the poor conduct of the US government and the shortcomings of the jury selected for the Miami trial.

“In line with my legal experience, my impression was that those who have knowledge of this case would have to rule in favor of the five Cubans,” Guzmán affirmed.

The multinational TV networks Telesur and CNN covered aspects of the hearing and antecedents in the case of the Five.

This September the Cuban patriots will have completed nine years of arbitrary detention in the United States after they were sentenced for crimes that they did not commit in a rigged trial in Miami, lacking in procedural guarantees, as confirmed by UN experts and three judges at the Court of Appeals in the first hearing. This September the Cuban patriots will have completed nine years of arbitrary detention in the United States after they were sentenced for crimes that they did not commit in a rigged trial in Miami, lacking in procedural guarantees, as confirmed by UN experts and three judges at the Court of Appeals in the first hearing.

Chávez condemns US protection of terrorist Posada Carriles
Granma International
flamesong

The United States’ harboring of terrorist Luis Posada Carriles is one more example of how US rulers are threatening the world, said Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez.

The leader recalled, “It has been more than two years since we applied for the extradition of one of the worst terrorists in the history of the continent.” The US has yet to agree despite the accumulation of evidence supporting the demand.

“He (Posada Carriles) is a terrorist”, said Chávez, “The whole world knows it, and the US government knows it better than any one else, yet it refuses to extradite him and has only charged him with the violation of immigration laws. “He (Posada Carriles) is a terrorist”, said Chávez, “The whole world knows it, and the US government knows it better than any one else, yet it refuses to extradite him and has only charged him with the violation of immigration laws . Now he is freely walking the streets of Miami.”

Chávez raised the issue during a press conference as he ended his visit to Uruguay as part of a tour begun in Argentina, also to include Ecuador and Bolivia.

“He has committed murder, planted bombs, trained terrorists and torturers, yet they accuse him only of violating immigration laws, even though Cuba has handed over exact details showing how, where and with whom he entered the United States.”

Chávez added that this was why Sean Penn (the US actor) told him in Caracas that the rulers of that country were “a threat to the world”.

flamesong

On 8th June 2001 in a federal court in Miami five Cuban men, Gerardo Hernández, Ramón Labañino, Antonio Guerrero, Fernando González and René González were convicted of charges of false identification, espionage and conspiracy to commit murder. Their sentences ranged from 75 years to life.

Cuba has been the bogey man for the American people since the Castro-led revolution resulted in the ousting of US puppet Fulgencio Batista in January 1959 and the resulting expulsion of American tax exiles and gangsters. Many of the exiled settled in Florida and have since waged a largely unreported ‘private’ terrorist war on Cuba which has resulted in the deaths of over 3000 Cubans.

The five men, known as the Miami Five in Cuba and the Cuban Five in Miami were sent to infiltrate and monitor the anti-Cuban terrorist activities of such groups as Brothers to the Rescue, Comandos F4, CORU, Alpha 66 and Omega 7, based in Miami and warn of planned terrorist attacks - though it transpired that the groups activities were know, if not supported, by the FBI and CIA. The five men, known as the Miami Five in Cuba and the Cuban Five in Miami were sent to infiltrate and monitor the anti-Cuban terrorist activities of such groups as Brothers to the Rescue, Comandos F4, CORU, Alpha 66 and Omega 7, based in Miami and warn of planned terrorist attacks - though it transpired that the groups activities were know, if not supported, by the FBI and CIA. As a result of the information they supplied, many terrorist act were pre-empted and two aircraft involved in these attacks were shot down.

However, the five were arrested on 12th September 1998 and held in solitary confinement for 17 months. The trial, which began in November 2000, was held in Miami and the defence lawyers argued from the outset that this could not lead to a fair trial - given the local anti-Cuban sentiment - and five times the judge denied a change of venue.

Four years after their conviction (and after seven years in prison) their convictions were overturned and they were granted a new trial outside Florida. Within two months a panel of twelve judges began deliberating thier case and a year later their retrail was denied.

They remain in prison. The wives of two men, Gerardo Hernández and René Gonzáles, are persistently denied visas to visit their husbands. Amnesty International challenged the fairness of the trial in an open letter to the US State Department in 2006 and continue to monitor the situation. Those who have champione their cause include Eight Nobel laureates - amongst them Desmond Tutu and Günter Grass.

Caught on camera.
The Federal Prosecutor for Southern Florida, Guy Lewis (right) steps up to hug Jose Basulto, the head of the so called ‘Brothers to the Rescue’ organisation after sentencing the hearings. Basulto, a former CIA agent and vetran of the Bay of Pigs invasion is a member of the Cuban American National Foundation. He was at the forefront of the campaign to keep Elian Gonzalez in the US and has admitted to having made attemps on the life of Fidel Castro. It was Basulto’s planes that were shot down by Cuban air force Migs in 1996 when they violated Cuban airspace despite repeated warnings not to do so. These pictures talken from US television prove the close links between the Federal prosecutor’s office and the Cuban-American Mafia. Is it possible that the Miami Five got a fair trial?

There is an international campaign to Free The Five. In the UK, Father Geoff Bottoms works tirelessly to raise awareness and frequently travels to Cuba and Miami to represent the prisoners and was awarded the Cuban Frienship Medal by Fidel Castro for his work.

By ANGELA DOLAND

The official story goes like this: On the last night of Jim Morrison’s life, the rocker went to a movie in Paris, listened to records, fell ill and died of heart failure in his bathtub at the age of 27.

But rumors have always swirled around the death of The Doors frontman and, 36 years later, a former Paris nightclub manager is telling a different story. In a new book, Sam Bernett says that Morrison died in a toilet stall of his club after what he believes was a heroin overdose.

He writes of his shock on finding Morrison’s body: “The flamboyant singer of ‘The Doors,’ the beautiful California boy, had become an inert lump crumpled in the toilet of a nightclub.” Bernett, whose French-language book is called “The End: Jim Morrison,” says he believes two drug dealers brought Morrison’s body back to his apartment. He writes of his shock on finding Morrison’s body: “The flamboyant singer of ‘The Doors,’ the beautiful California boy, had become an inert lump crumpled in the toilet of a nightclub.” Bernett, whose French-language book is called “The End: Jim Morrison,” says he believes two drug dealers brought Morrison’s body back to his apartment.

Bernett, who was in his early 20s when Morrison died in 1971, went on to become a prominent radio personality, rock biographer and a vice president of Disneyland Paris . Though he was pestered for years by reporters investigating Morrison’s death, he kept his story quiet until his wife suggested writing a book last year.

“For me it’sa very bad (memory),” Bernett told The Associated Press.

Rumors have long suggested that Morrison died of an overdose and that he had fallen ill at the nightclub, but witnesses did not come forward.

Patrick Chauvel, a noted war photographer and writer, sometimes helped run the bar at the club. He recalls giving a hand to men who were carrying Morrison in a staircase there.

“I think he was already dead,” said Chauvel, who considered putting the episode in a 2005 book before his publisher cautioned against it. Chauvel said he thought an ambulance would have been called if Morrison were still alive.

“I don’t know,” he said. “It was a long time ago, and we weren’t drinking only water.”

An official at the Paris prosecutor’s office said it was very unlikely the case on Morrison’s death would be reopened or that anybody could be prosecuted in the affair, because the statute of limitations — the time limit on legal proceedings — had run out. An official at the Paris prosecutor’s office said it was very unlikely the case on Morrison’s death would be reopened or that anybody could be prosecuted in the affair, because the statute of limitations — the time limit on legal proceedings — had run out .

Stephen Davis , the author of “Jim Morrison: Life, Death, Legend,” says he would not rewrite history because of the new book. Based on his reporting, he believes Morrison did overdose at the club, but that it was shortly before his death — not the same night — and that he survived the experience.

“It just seems likely that if he died in the toilet of a nightclub, it would have come out before now,” Davis said.

Morrison came to Paris in March 1971 at a troubled time in his life. At a 1969 concert in Florida , he was accused of exposing his genitals to the audience. He was convicted of indecent exposure and profanity, and the episode led to promoters canceling concerts and earned the band a stream of negative publicity.

Morrison left for Paris with his appeal pending. There, he lived in a Right Bank apartment with his girlfriend, Pamela Courson, and he wandered the streets, sightseeing and toting around a plastic bag containing his writings. In Paris, he gained so much weight as to become almost unrecognizable, and his health suffered.

He also partied. Morrison spent “practically every night” at the Rock and Roll Circus, the hip Left Bank nightclub that Bernett managed, where stars like Roman Polanski and Marianne Faithfull were regulars, Bernett said.

At around 1 am on July 3, 1971, Morrison went to the club and was joined by two men — drug dealers who sold him heroin for Courson, Bernett said. At one point, Bernett noticed that Morrison had disappeared. Later, the bouncer broke down the door of a locked toilet stall, and they discovered Morrison unresponsive, Bernett said.

Bernett says he asked a doctor, a club customer, to examine the singer.

“When we found him dead, he had a little foam on his nose, and some blood too, and the doctor said, ‘That must be an overdose of heroin,’” Bernett said. Bernett added that he did not see Morrison take any heroin that night but said the singer was known to sniff the drug because he was afraid of needles.

Bernett says the two drug dealers insisted Morrison was just unconscious and carried him out of the club. Though Bernett says he wanted to call the paramedics and authorities, the club’s owner ordered him to keep quiet to avert a scandal.

Bernett believes the dealers brought Morrison’s body home and dropped it into the bathtub, a last attempt to revive him.

Morrison’s girlfriend, who died three years later of an overdose, told police an entirely different story.

Courson said the couple went to the movies and out for dinner that night, listened to records and fell asleep. According to her testimony in police records, Morrison awoke in the night feeling ill and took a hot bath. Courson said she found him dead in the tub.

Morrison was buried in Pere Lachaise cemetery, in a small ceremony without fanfare, on July 7, 1971. No autopsy was ever performed.

__

Associated Press Writer Verena von Derschau in Paris contributed to this report.

[Robin Lindley is a Seattle attorney and writer who covers international affairs, human rights, politics, law, medicine, the media, and arts. He was a chair of the World Peace through Law Section of the Washington State Bar Association, and a staff attorney with the US House Select Committee on Assassinations on the investigation of the death of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.]

In the African-American community, a mistrust of doctors and medical research is widespread and deeply rooted in a history of involuntary, abusive and non-therapeutic experimentation on blacks documented since at least the eighteenth century.

In her acclaimed new book, Medical Apartheid: The Dark History of Medical Experimentation on Black Americans from Colonial Times to the Present , journalist and bioethicist Harriet Washington traces this mistrust in the first comprehensive history of the medical mistreatment of African Americans.

Publisher’s Weekly praised Washington as a “great storyteller,” and named Medical Apartheid one of the best books of 2006, finding it “even at its most distressing, compulsively readable.” PW, Kirkus and Booklist each honored the book with starred reviews, and the Black Caucus of the American Library Association bestowed its Honor Nonfiction Award for 2007 on Medical Apartheid . Publisher’s Weekly praised Washington as a “great storyteller,” and named Medical Apartheid one of the best books of 2006, finding it “even at its most distressing, compulsively readable.” PW, Kirkus and Booklist each honored the book with starred reviews , and the Black Caucus of the American Library Association bestowed its Honor Nonfiction Award for 2007 on Medical Apartheid .

Washington’s book details horrific abuses by the guardians of health.

Africans found unfit by slave ship surgeons were routinely thrown overboard to die at sea en route to the Americas.

Physicians in the antebellum south believed that blacks were immune to pain and conducted hideous experiments on men, women and children without anesthesia.

More recent experiments include non-consensual and disproportionate sterilization of blacks like the “Mississippi appendectomy” performed on civil rights legend Fannie Lou Hamer.

Blacks were also the subjects of painful radiation and dermatological studies.

In the 1960’s, a neurosurgeon removed parts of the brains of black boys to regulate “behavior problems.”

And, from 1932 until 1972, the US Public Health Service in its Tuskegee experiments promised to treat hundreds of black men for syphilis, but actually provided no treatment, and instead watched the men die slow, painful deaths.

Harriet Washington is a Visiting Scholar at DePaul University School of Law, and a former Fellow in Medical Ethics at Harvard Medical School and at Stanford University.  She has written extensively on medicine and ethics for publications from USA Today to the New England Journal of Medicine and the Harvard Public Health Review. Harriet Washington is a Visiting Scholar at DePaul University School of Law, and a former Fellow in Medical Ethics at Harvard Medical School and at Stanford University.  She has written extensively on medicine and ethics for publications from USA Today to the New England Journal of Medicine and the Harvard Public Health Review.

Robin Lindley: What prompted your interest in bioethics, and your new book?

Harriet Washington: I was always interested in bioethics.  I started as a pre-medical student, like a lot of medical writers.   When I finished college, I ran a small poison center for the university, and stumbled across case files showing a dramatic disparity in the way black and white patients with the same pathology were treated.  I was most struck by how differently blacks were treated in research.  I knew that participating in medical research was inherently risky, but protections are in place to limit the risk and to assure that people know the risks.  All these protections seemed eschewed when it came to black people.  The more I learned, the more I realized it was not part of the historical canon—this aspect of health care disparities was all but ignored. Harriet Washington: I was always interested in bioethics.  I started as a pre-medical student, like a lot of medical writers.   When I finished college, I ran a small poison center for the university, and stumbled across case files showing a dramatic disparity in the way black and white patients with the same pathology were treated.  I was most struck by how differently blacks were treated in research.  I knew that participating in medical research was inherently risky, but protections are in place to limit the risk and to assure that people know the risks.  All these protections seemed eschewed when it came to black people.  The more I learned, the more I realized it was not part of the historical canon—this aspect of health care disparities was all but ignored.

That piqued my interest.  When I became a journalist, I knew I wanted to do [the book], but not until 2002 when I did the clinical ethics fellowship at Harvard did I feel I had the tools to do an ethical analysis so that I would end up with something meaningful. That piqued my interest.  When I became a journalist, I knew I wanted to do [the book], but not until 2002 when I did the clinical ethics fellowship at Harvard did I feel I had the tools to do an ethical analysis so that I would end up with something meaningful.

RL: When you told physicians of your plans for the book, wasn’t there disbelief about the history of medical experimentation on African-Americans?

HW: Several physicians told me that, including physicians in the history of medicine, which I found staggering.  There is a resistance to acknowledging these things, but there’s no question they transpired.  In the book, I use as references mainstream medical articles and physicians’ own writings. HW: Several physicians told me that, including physicians in the history of medicine, which I found staggering.  There is a resistance to acknowledging these things, but there’s no question they transpired.  In the book, I use as references mainstream medical articles and physicians’ own writings.

RL: Can you discuss scientific racism in the antebellum period?

HW: We call it scientific racism now, but back then it was only science.  The people who studied black people in the antebellum period were southern physicians because then 90 percent of black people then lived in the south.  Physicians supported the enslavement system, and it probably couldn’t have persisted without the physicians who said blacks were inferior and made by the Creator to be the workhorses of the white man.  It was the physicians’ role to help the planter in keeping slaves not healthy, but fit for work, and in keeping slaves subjugated. HW: We call it scientific racism now, but back then it was only science.  The people who studied black people in the antebellum period were southern physicians because then 90 percent of black people then lived in the south.  Physicians supported the enslavement system, and it probably couldn’t have persisted without the physicians who said blacks were inferior and made by the Creator to be the workhorses of the white man.  It was the physicians’ role to help the planter in keeping slaves not healthy, but fit for work, and in keeping slaves subjugated.

There was conflation between medical treatment and punishment.  A physician would jocularly advise a planter that a slave needed “nine drops of essence of rawhide.”  There were physicians who actually prescribed physical punishment as “treatment” for ‘black diseases’—slaves [who resisted slavery]—who ran away, or didn’t work, or were intractable. There was conflation between medical treatment and punishment.  A physician would jocularly advise a planter that a slave needed “nine drops of essence of rawhide.”  There were physicians who actually prescribed physical punishment as “treatment” for ‘black diseases’—slaves [who resisted slavery]—who ran away, or didn’t work, or were intractable.

RL: One southern physician you write about is Dr. James Marion Sims, an esteemed, one-time president of the American Medical Association, who performed horrific experiments on black women and children.

HW: I thought he was a wonderful benefactor, the father of American gynecology—until I read his own writings.  Now I know he was also an abuser of unwilling black subjects.  I was staggered by the things he described.  Sims, the so-called benefactor of women, often used the metaphors of imprisonment and of controlling and imprisoning a woman for her own good.  He wasn’t referring only to black women, but his perfect subjects were enslaved black women who he bought or otherwise acquired to perfect distressingly painful, invasive reproductive surgeries that made his fortune. HW: I thought he was a wonderful benefactor, the father of American gynecology—until I read his own writings.  Now I know he was also an abuser of unwilling black subjects.  I was staggered by the things he described.  Sims, the so- called benefactor of women, often used the metaphors of imprisonment and of controlling and imprisoning a woman for her own good.  He wasn’t referring only to black women, but his perfect subjects were enslaved black women who he bought or otherwise acquired to perfect distressingly painful, invasive reproductive surgeries that made his fortune.

He used black women.  He performed 30 surgeries on one slave woman and, after repeatedly slicing and suturing the genitalia for four or five years, he perfected a repair for vesicovaginal fistula, a horrible complication of childbirth, and made his medical fortune.

He went north, headed the American Medical Association, and even went to France to become the toast of the Second Empire where he treated Empress Eugenie.  All across the world, he’s usually spoken of as a wonderful hero, and that’s the face he turned to white women.  But black women, and black men, saw a different face.  He forced surgery [without anesthesia] on a black male slave named Sam.  Sims blithely wrote about it in a medical journal, and the editors chimed in that he’d done a wonderful thing:  he proved it was possible to operate on people whether or not they were willing. He went north, headed the American Medical Association, and even went to France to become the toast of the Second Empire where he treated Empress Eugenie.  All across the world, he’s usually spoken of as a wonderful hero, and that’s the face he turned to white women.  But black women, and black men, saw a different face.  He forced surgery [without anesthesia] on a black male slave named Sam.  Sims blithely wrote about it in a medical journal, and the editors chimed in that he’d done a wonderful thing:  he proved it was possible to operate on people whether or not they were willing.

RL: And Dr. Sims experiment on many women and children?

HW: About 13 women by my best count.  At any one time, [Sims kept] at least five women in the shack he called a hospital, [but was actually] a laboratory where he confined people.

He also operated on several black children.  He believed that a form of tetany , considered an infectious disease, could be treated in black children by re-arranging particular skull bones.  He never explained how opening the skulls of infants and moving their bones around treated an infectious disease.  Scientific racists believed that black people were less intelligent than white people [because] the skull bones of black children closed early, essentially trapping the brain before it could develop fully. He also operated on several black children.  He believed that a form of tetany , considered an infectious disease, could be treated in black children by re-arranging particular skull bones.  He never explained how opening the skulls of infants and moving their bones around treated an infectious disease.  Scientific racists believed that black people were less intelligent than white people [because] the skull bones of black children closed early, essentially trapping the brain before it could develop fully.

RL: Did any of these children survive these horrific operations?

HW: That’sa chilling thing.  When these subjects are referred to, we rarely find out what happened.  That wasn’t the point.  He didn’t report if the slave infants recovered or died.  In fact, with the surgery on captive women for vaginal fistula, he only records fixing a fistula of one woman, [and] never mentioned what happened to the others. HW: That’sa chilling thing.  When these subjects are referred to, we rarely find out what happened.  That wasn’t the point.  He didn’t report if the slave infants recovered or died.  In fact, with the surgery on captive women for vaginal fistula, he only records fixing a fistula of one woman, [and] never mentioned what happened to the others.

RL: And you write that researchers saw blacks as “clinical material,” and used the bodies of blacks for dissection in medical schools.

HW: When blacks were still enslaved, it was a simple matter because, as the property of the master, there wasn’t even a question of asking anyone else’s consent. Obtaining bodies for anatomical dissection was very difficult with a strong social sentiment against it.  It was not only illegal, but socially reprehensible, to cut up a dead body.  However, modes of practicing medicine were changing and people expected a physician to be familiar with the body.  So whose bodies were used?   Black people’s because they were so convenient.  You simply went to someone who owned slaves and got their dead bodies. Obtaining bodies for anatomical dissection was very difficult with a strong social sentiment against it.  It was not only illegal, but socially reprehensible, to cut up a dead body.  However, modes of practicing medicine were changing and people expected a physician to be familiar with the body.  So whose bodies were used?   Black people’s because they were so convenient.  You simply went to someone who owned slaves and got their dead bodies.

Then the social landscape began changing.  When slavery was abolished, you no longer could commandeer the bodies of black people with impunity—you had to be surreptitious, and there were several ways to do it.  There were hospitals or wings of hospitals that were designated for blacks only where physicians would use black bodies with impunity.  While they were alive, the people were used for clinical display—to display procedures or disorders.  When they died, the bodies were simply moved to the anatomical laboratory. Then the social landscape began changing.  When slavery was abolished, you no longer could commandeer the bodies of black people with impunity—you had to be surreptitious, and there were several ways to do it.  There were hospitals or wings of hospitals that were designated for blacks only where physicians would use black bodies with impunity.  While they were alive, the people were used for clinical display—to display procedures or disorders.  When they died, the bodies were simply moved to the anatomical laboratory.

However, this didn’t supply enough bodies, so physicians began taking fresh bodies from graveyards.  After a while, laws banned this use of bodies, and medical schools became more circumspect.  They began using black porters to obtain bodies.  The Medical College of Georgia used Grandison Harris, a huge, strapping man.  He was so strong, he could go to a black cemetery and pull bodies out with his powerful arms. However, this didn’t supply enough bodies, so physicians began taking fresh bodies from graveyards.  After a while, laws banned this use of bodies, and medical schools became more circumspect.  They began using black porters to obtain bodies.  The Medical College of Georgia used Grandison Harris, a huge, strapping man.  He was so strong, he could go to a black cemetery and pull bodies out with his powerful arms.

Fortunately for me, very specific documentation was kept on the bodies.  In 1989, the Medical College of Georgia renovated an old laboratory.  Construction workers found a cache of ten thousand human bones marked by anatomists in India ink and clearly discarded medical training material.  Three-quarters of them came from the nearby black cemetery. Fortunately for me, very specific documentation was kept on the bodies.  In 1989, the Medical College of Georgia renovated an old laboratory.  Construction workers found a cache of ten thousand human bones marked by anatomists in India ink and clearly discarded medical training material.  Three -quarters of them came from the nearby black cemetery.

RL: So human remains were treated in effect as medical waste?

HW: Exactly.  They found these bones jumbled together with broken test tubes and beakers, even with the bones of animals that had been used for medical research.  There was no attempt to place them in any order, or invest the site with any dignity. This very sad scene was repeated at hospitals throughout the country.

RL: Can you describe the Tuskegee syphilis experiments?

HW: It started as a beneficent experiment in 1928 with Booker T. Washington and Julius Rosenwald, the founder of Sears Roebuck who had devoted himself to positive health initiatives to help black people—to start programs that they would take over. Unfortunately, the stock market crash in 1929 wiped out Rosenwald’s fortune so there was no money for that project.

The Public Health Service of the United States stepped in [in 1932], but public health physicians didn’t care about black self-sufficiency, and showed they didn’t care about black health either.  They decided to take black people with syphilis and, instead of treating them, simply watched them.   About 400 black men with syphilis were recruited under the guise that they would be treated.  They were not told they had syphilis, but that they had “bad blood”—a folk term that could mean many things including venereal disease.  They had 200 men as controls.  For the next forty years, they watched these men die.  The physicians were very open that their intent was to simply trace the progression of disease. The Public Health Service of the United States stepped in [in 1932], but public health physicians didn’t care about black self-sufficiency, and showed they didn’t care about black health either.  They decided to take black people with syphilis and , instead of treating them, simply watched them.   About 400 black men with syphilis were recruited under the guise that they would be treated.  They were not told they had syphilis, but that they had “bad blood”—a folk term that could mean many things including venereal disease.  They had 200 men as controls.  For the next forty years, they watched these men die.  The physicians were very open that their intent was to simply trace the progression of disease.

The physicians also wanted to validate their belief that syphilis treated blacks and whites differently.  White people with syphilis were held to suffer horribly devastating neurological consequences [such as] deafness, blindness, paralysis, but [the researchers] said black people only had problems with their muscles and hearts, because the nervous systems of black people were so primitive and underdeveloped compared to whites.  They took the data, manipulated it, and then falsely claimed they had proved that black people did not suffer any neurological consequences from syphilis, proving indirectly that black people had very inferior brains and nervous systems. The physicians also wanted to validate their belief that syphilis treated blacks and whites differently.  White people with syphilis were held to suffer horribly devastating neurological consequences [such as] deafness, blindness, paralysis, but [the researchers] said black people only had problems with their muscles and hearts, because the nervous systems of black people were so primitive and underdeveloped compared to whites.  They took the data, manipulated it, and then falsely claimed they had proved that black people did not suffer any neurological consequences from syphilis, proving indirectly that black people had very inferior brains and nervous systems.

So the physicians were focused on everything except treatment.  In the 1940’s, penicillin was found to cure syphilis.  It was like a Holy Grail—as though scientists had now developed a shot to cure AIDS.   The Surgeon General, Thomas Parran, had made finding a cure for syphilis his mission, so he and the Public Health Service were thrilled.  Everyone got shots for syphilis, except for the men in the experiment.  Most of the men died slow, lingering, painful deaths—and so did many of their wives, girlfriends and children. So the physicians were focused on everything except treatment.  In the 1940’s, penicillin was found to cure syphilis.  It was like a Holy Grail—as though scientists had now developed a shot to cure AIDS.   The Surgeon General, Thomas Parran, had made finding a cure for syphilis his mission, so he and the Public Health Service were thrilled.  Everyone got shots for syphilis, except for the men in the experiment.  Most of the men died slow, lingering, painful deaths—and so did many of their wives, girlfriends and children.

In 1972, the study was stopped when Peter Buxtun, a young investigator for the PHS, discovered the study and told a journalist friend who wrote about it.  When it hit the newspapers, and people in the United States—black and white—were horrified that the Public Health Service, the group that supposedly guards our health, would do this to a group of powerless, old black men. In 1972, the study was stopped when Peter Buxtun, a young investigator for the PHS, discovered the study and told a journalist friend who wrote about it.  When it hit the newspapers, and people in the United States—black and white—were horrified that the Public Health Service, the group that supposedly guards our health, would do this to a group of powerless, old black men.

In 1997, Bill Clinton issued an apology for the study.  There were still a few survivors, and there was a dramatic and cathartic White House ceremony.  It’s wonderful that he issued the apology, and it’s even better that part of the resolution was a bioethics center established at Tuskegee University.  But all in all it’s very sad because subsequent events have shown that we didn’t learn what we should have.  After the Tuskegee study—although historians speak as though it was the only important abuse of black people—there were many other abuses as bad or worse than Tuskegee. There were still a few survivors, and there was a dramatic and cathartic White House ceremony.  It’s wonderful that he issued the apology, and it’s even better that part of the resolution was a bioethics center established at Tuskegee University.  But all in all it’s very sad because subsequent events have shown that we didn’t learn what we should have.  After the Tuskegee study—although historians speak as though it was the only important abuse of black people—there were many other abuses as bad or worse than Tuskegee.

RL: It seems you’ve done the definitive study of the Tuskegee experiment.

HW: It’s because like anyone who studies history, I had access to the work of earlier historians such as James Jones [author of Bad Blood ] and Allen Brandt who had done good investigations.  I took their work further by interviewing some important actors and addressing questions that had largely been ignored. HW: It’s because like anyone who studies history, I had access to the work of earlier historians such as James Jones [author of Bad Blood ] and Allen Brandt who had done good investigations.  I took their work further by interviewing some important actors and addressing questions that had largely been ignored.

RL: Among the most chilling experiments you describe were the brain operations Dr. Orlando Andy performed on black children.  Weren’t these fairly recent?

HW: It was in the 1960’s—not the antebellum past.  Writing that part had me in tears, it was so upsetting.  Dr. Orlando J. Andy of the University of Mississippi was performing lobotomies, which were done then, and it was disturbing because our understanding of the brain was cruder then.  Andy presented it as therapeutic for boys with behavior problems.  He used six-, seven-, eight-, nine-year-old boys who had been institutionalized.  To say a boy had a behavior problem when you’re not a psychologist, when you don’t have psychological report, when you don’t have details, when the boy’s institutionalized and his parents are not part of the informed consent equation, it’s quite abusive. HW: It was in the 1960’s—not the antebellum past.  Writing that part had me in tears, it was so upsetting.  Dr. Orlando J. Andy of the University of Mississippi was performing lobotomies, which were done then, and it was disturbing because our understanding of the brain was cruder then.  Andy presented it as therapeutic for boys with behavior problems.  He used six-, seven-, eight-, nine-year-old boys who had been institutionalized.  To say a boy had a behavior problem when you’re not a psychologist, when you don’t have psychological report, when you don’t have details, when the boy’s institutionalized and his parents are not part of the informed consent equation, it’s quite abusive.

What’sa behavior problem?  Most six to nine-year-old boys are quite annoying at some time, but that doesn’t mean they should have parts of their brains taken out.  One case Andy wrote up as an example of his best work was five repeated surgeries on the same black boy, precipitated by “a behavior problem” that nobody ever quantified. What’sa behavior problem?  Most six to nine-year-old boys are quite annoying at some time, but that doesn’t mean they should have parts of their brains taken out.  One case Andy wrote up as an example of his best work was five repeated surgeries on the same black boy, precipitated by “a behavior problem” that nobody ever quantified.

When you look at the mores of the segregation-era south then, there was a very narrow range of behavior for black men and boys.  Emmett Till, a 14-year-old black boy, was tortured and murdered on suspicion of whistling at a white woman.  So for Andy, a non-psychologist, to say the boy had a behavior problem and that’s why he repeatedly went in and took out important areas of the brain is shocking. When you look at the mores of the segregation-era south then, there was a very narrow range of behavior for black men and boys.  Emmett Till, a 14-year-old black boy, was tortured and murdered on suspicion of whistling at a white woman.  So for Andy, a non-psychologist, to say the boy had a behavior problem and that’s why he repeatedly went in and took out important areas of the brain is shocking. At that time, they didn’t understand all the functions of the amygdala, so he’d take out the amygdala, and when that didn’t help, he’d take out the fornix, and then he’d take out part of the frontal lobe.  He notes what he removed, and how he tried to see what happened.  It was very much research and not therapy, and very recklessly done. At that time, they didn’t understand all the functions of the amygdala, so he’d take out the amygdala, and when that didn’t help, he’d take out the fornix, and then he’d take out part of the frontal lobe.  He notes what he removed, and how he tried to see what happened.  It was very much research and not therapy, and very recklessly done.

And, by the end, these children who had lobotomies were barely functional.  These children who had been functional could no longer walk or talk or had seizures.  It was horrifying, and made worse by Andy saying he didn’t want his work restricted to young black boys.  He felt that rioting blacks should have lobotomies, as did other neurosurgeons. And, by the end, these children who had lobotomies were barely functional.  These children who had been functional could no longer walk or talk or had seizures.  It was horrifying, and made worse by Andy saying he didn’t want his work restricted to young black boys.  He felt that rioting blacks should have lobotomies, as did other neurosurgeons.

In the late sixties or early seventies, several physicians got a huge grant from the government to explore doing lobotomies.  These lobotomies were actually performed on black prisoners, not white ones, in several state prisons.  Here were doctors who had a very troubling agenda of performing lobotomies on black people whose politics they did not like, and this was done in prisons, which are civil rights deserts. In the late sixties or early seventies, several physicians got a huge grant from the government to explore doing lobotomies.  These lobotomies were actually performed on black prisoners, not white ones, in several state prisons.  Here were doctors who had a very troubling agenda of performing lobotomies on black people whose politics they did not like, and this was done in prisons, which are civil rights deserts.

This mentality has not gone away.  We saw it in New York City with the fenfluramine experiments where only blacks boys were allowed by protocol—no white boys were allowed—and they were given the toxic drug fenfluramine to monitor serotonin levels because researchers wanted to prove that these black boys had brain changes that would show them to be potential criminals. This mentality has not gone away.  We saw it in New York City with the fenfluramine experiments where only blacks boys were allowed by protocol—no white boys were allowed—and they were given the toxic drug fenfluramine to monitor serotonin levels because researchers wanted to prove that these black boys had brain changes that would show them to be potential criminals.

The same thing happened in the 1970’s in Baltimore when a physician affiliated with Johns Hopkins looked for chromosomal abnormalities that he said could be tied to a propensity for violence.  He looked at a pool of boys that was 85 percent black.

RL: Are there survivors of Dr. Andy’s haunting experiments?

HW: It’s likely there are survivors but, by the time of his writing, they had lost brain function and were institutionalized.  They could still be lost in institutions.   I am still haunted by this.  It’s so frightening, especially when I see that the mentality that drove it has not gone away. HW: It’s likely there are survivors but, by the time of his writing, they had lost brain function and were institutionalized.  They could still be lost in institutions.   I am still haunted by this.  It’s so frightening, especially when I see that the mentality that drove it has not gone away.

RL: And you describe research in prisons with captive pools of subjects.

HW: Yes.  And last year, a government panel recommended reopening of prisons to research, and it’s almost certain prisons will be opened to research.

I’m very concerned about what’s happened recently with research in this country.  We’ve got someone at the helm of NIH [National Institutes of Health] clinical trials who has adopted, in my opinion, a very cavalier attitude toward the rights of some research populations: prisoners seem to be one, and Third-World patients another.  Subjects in Africa and other parts of the Third World have been treated horribly by American researchers.  Things are done with them against their will, without their knowledge, and they’re offered much lower standards of research care and treatment—and this is justified as “practical ethics.”  Practical ethics means we will do one thing in Guinea and another in Connecticut, that some people’s lives and rights mean more than others. I’m very concerned about what’s happened recently with research in this country.  We’ve got someone at the helm of NIH [National Institutes of Health] clinical trials who has adopted, in my opinion, a very cavalier attitude toward the rights of some research populations: prisoners seem to be one, and Third-World patients another.  Subjects in Africa and other parts of the Third World have been treated horribly by American researchers.  Things are done with them against their will, without their knowledge, and they’re offered much lower standards of research care and treatment—and this is justified as “practical ethics.”  Practical ethics means we will do one thing in Guinea and another in Connecticut, that some people’s lives and rights mean more than others .

If you’re talking about the law, which gives minimal protections, a person has to give permission to participate in experiments.  But in 1996, the law changed, and people can now be experimented on without their consent or their knowledge.  If you’re unconscious and admitted to an emergency department, doctors can use you in a research protocol without asking your permission, without informing you.   That 1996 federal provision has been used by companies that have devices to perfect and drugs to sell, and it’s been done with the blessing of some at NIH who are now at the helm.   Things we don’t consider fair are now done with impunity, and legally.  And ethicists use semantics to defend their actions. If you’re talking about the law, which gives minimal protections, a person has to give permission to participate in experiments.  But in 1996, the law changed, and people can now be experimented on without their consent or their knowledge.  If you’ re unconscious and admitted to an emergency department, doctors can use you in a research protocol without asking your permission, without informing you.   That 1996 federal provision has been used by companies that have devices to perfect and drugs to sell, and it’s been done with the blessing of some at NIH who are now at the helm.   Things we don’t consider fair are now done with impunity, and legally.  And ethicists use semantics to defend their actions.

RL: But non-consensual experimentation contravenes the Nuremberg protocols and other ethical protocols.

HW: The first sentence of the Nuremberg Code says, “The voluntary consent of the subject is absolutely essential.”  But the Nuremberg Code is toothless, with no enforceable penalties for noncompliance.  There are federal regulations that seek to legally constrain research institutions, but too often, the miscreants are never tried or punished.   I’m not saying that the mass of physicians is amoral or bad.  I believe the opposite is true.  But I am saying they regard the Nuremberg Code as a good code for Nazi barbarians, but not anything to which they need to subscribe. HW: The first sentence of the Nuremberg Code says, “The voluntary consent of the subject is absolutely essential.”  But the Nuremberg Code is toothless, with no enforceable penalties for noncompliance.  There are federal regulations that seek to legally constrain research institutions, but too often, the miscreants are never tried or punished.   I’m not saying that the mass of physicians is amoral or bad.  I believe the opposite is true.  But I am saying they regard the Nuremberg Code as a good code for Nazi barbarians, but not anything to which they need to subscribe.

RL: What would you like your readers to take away from the book?

HW: Most of the change has been positive for black people and other research subjects.   Most people are no longer forced into research or abused with impunity because they’re black.  Research precautions do not perfectly protect people today, but the rampant abuse of yesterday does not exist anymore.  That’s very positive, and I’m happy to acknowledge that. HW: Most of the change has been positive for black people and other research subjects.   Most people are no longer forced into research or abused with impunity because they’re black.  Research precautions do not perfectly protect people today, but the rampant abuse of yesterday does not exist anymore.  That’s very positive, and I’m happy to acknowledge that.

The bad news is that our researchers use Third World and developing countries as their personal laboratory.  There’s abuse very similar to what blacks went through in the early days of our republic.   We have to demand that our researchers treat people abroad the same way they treat people here. The bad news is that our researchers use Third World and developing countries as their personal laboratory.  There’s abuse very similar to what blacks went through in the early days of our republic.   We have to demand that our researchers treat people abroad the same way they treat people here.

The other thing is for black people to understand that we have been abused, but that avoiding medical care and research is not something we can afford.  It’s very dangerous for us, and is already harming us. For example, black people get hepatitis C more than white people, but the only conventional medication, Interferon, doesn’t work for black people.  Part of the problem is that so few black people participate in research initiatives that we don’t know about problems soon enough. For example, black people get hepatitis C more than white people, but the only conventional medication, Interferon, doesn’t work for black people.  Part of the problem is that so few black people participate in research initiatives that we don’t know about problems soon enough.

Having said that, because there are still inequities and research is still dangerous, we also must charge government and researchers to tighten protections.  The institutional review board (IRB) system, which is designed to protect patient subjects, does not work well and needs to be fixed.  There also should be a course for research subjects to explain their rights, and how to protect themselves.  Except for emergent situations, no one should be permitted to be a research subject who has not taken that course.  Today, medical research subjects know only what the involved researcher chooses to tell them about the research, and that’s not good enough. Having said that, because there are still inequities and research is still dangerous, we also must charge government and researchers to tighten protections.  The institutional review board (IRB) system, which is designed to protect patient subjects, does not work well and needs to be fixed.  There also should be a course for research subjects to explain their rights, and how to protect themselves.  Except for emergent situations, no one should be permitted to be a research subject who has not taken that course.  Today, medical research subjects know only what the involved researcher chooses to tell them about the research, and that’s not good enough.

http://hnn.us/roundup/entries/38691.html

DER Führer Adolf Hitler ist tot. These six words, announcing the death of the Nazi leader, should have brought the Second World War to an end in November 1943.

The sentence was part of a press release drafted by disaffected German officers who hatched an audacious plot to kill Hitler and then use a secret army to seize control of key sites before suing for peace with the Allies.

The full story - which surpasses any Hollywood war movie for drama, farce and ironic twists - has been uncovered by a German academic who closely examined detailed records left behind by the plotters.

Major General Henning von Tresckow created a new force of around 20,000 troops based in German-controlled territory in the east, telling High Command it was needed to protect against a potential revolt by slave labourers. Major General Henning von Tresckow created a new force of around 20000 troops based in German-controlled territory in the east, telling High Command it was needed to protect against a potential revolt by slave labourers.

Tresckow then organised a ‘fashion parade’ at which Hitler was to inspect new uniforms, little suspecting one of the models was a suicide bomber. Once the Führer was dead, Tresckow planned to blame the killing on rogue SS elements, use his secret army to take command, and end the war.

But the putsch was foiled days before it was due to be launched, thanks to the RAF. The uniforms were among the casualties from two nights of bombing raids on Berlin, so the plot was abandoned.

Documents minutely detailing every moment of the overthrow of Nazi Germany and its aftermath were immediately buried by the panicked plotters. They were uncovered by the victorious Soviets in 1945 and lay in Moscow archives until a recent study by Professor Peter Hoffmann of the McGill University, Montreal.

Hoffman, a world authority on wartime resistance to Hitler within the German army, believes another of the plotters was Colonel Claus von Stauffenberg, the man who earned his place in history by almost killing the Führer with a briefcase bomb in 1944.

Interest in the subject of anti-Hitler plotting is likely to reach new heights later this year when Hollywood actor Tom Cruise begins shooting a major movie in which he plays Stauffenberg.

The new research shows Tresckow was an equal, if not greater, threat to Hitler. Among a close-knit group of conspirators, he worked on the demise of a man he called “the enemy of the world” and a “dancing dervish”.

At least two earlier plots have been uncovered, both involving cognac bottles packed with explosives. After they failed, Tresckow began work, in the summer of 1943, on a far more ambitious scheme.

Trescow’s plan was to kill Hitler at his war HQ, dubbed the ‘Wolf’s Lair’, in East Prussia, now part of the Russian enclave of Kaliningrad. Hitler would be shown new German army winter uniforms, one of them modelled by Axel von dem Bussche, a decorated war hero who had vowed to kill the Führer after witnessing a massacre of Soviet Jews. Bussche would pose in the new uniform while holding two hand grenades, fully aware he too would die.

Meanwhile, Tresckow and his colleagues used their power to assign divisions to a new internal security force. The cover story for creating the army was to put down any attempts to rebel by enemies of the Reich such as slave workers.

It was planned that the army would begin an exercise 12 hours before the assassination and move in on Hitler’s East Prussian HQ, with other troops deploying near government offices in Berlin.

Seven hours before the assassination, commanders would establish the exact location of SS troops and two hours after that be fully prepared for combat against them.

Within 10 minutes of Hitler’s death, the code-words for a successful operation would be given, and the next phase of the plan would begin.

At “X plus 25 minutes” Tresckow’s army would occupy the Wolf’s Lair, along with the East Prussian HQs of Hermann Göring, Heinrich Himmler, and Nazi foreign minister Joachim von Ribbentrop.

After 30 minutes, a news statement was to be read on German radio, saying that Hitler was dead and accusing a “a traitorous clique” of SS and party leaders for trying to take personal advantage of the dismal situation on the Eastern Front. The statement would reassure the nation that a group of army officers had taken control and would bring stability.

But then disaster struck. On the nights of November 22 and 23, a series of bombing raids destroyed the trains containing the fashion show uniforms.

Hoffmann told Scotland on Sunday: “The plans demonstrate, and give details of, a thorough and promising preparation of a coup to seize control of Germany that was to accompany the assassination. This would have been followed by immediate armistice talks, or surrender. The plans show that the preparations of autumn 1943 were more thorough and promising of success than any other plans.”

He added: “The plans demonstrate Tresckow’s central role in these preparations, and his role as the driving force and leader of the movement to remove Hitler and his regime.”

Professor David Stafford, of Edinburgh University’s Centre for Second World War Studies, said: “The timing is very significant. It was after the great defeats of 1943 and the German Army knew the writing was on the wall. It is fascinating that we are still learning new things about the Second World War.”

Stauffenberg was executed for his role in the July 1944 attempt to kill Hitler, and Tresckow killed himself with a grenade because he feared being tracked down. Bussche - the only one of the three who was meant to die in the plots - survived the war and died in 1993.

http://news.scotsman.com/international.cfm?id=618852007