The Challenge Of Modern Slavery挑战现代奴役
By Loretta Napoleoni | Slavery is in our refrigerators.由燕珍纳波莱奥尼|奴隶制是在我们的冰箱。 From fruit to beef, from sugar to coffee, slave labor brings food to our tables.从水果，牛肉，糖的咖啡，奴隶劳动带来的食物，以我们的表。 “Miguel,” a Mexican slave freed by the Coalition of Immokalee Workers, a US human-rights organization, may have harvested the apples we eat at breakfast. “米格尔” ，一名墨西哥奴隶释放联盟immokalee工人，美国的人权组织，可能有收获的苹果，我们吃早餐。 Miguel picked fruit under guard in the United States.米格尔挑选水果根据民警卫队在美国。 He had traveled to el norte to earn the money to pay for treatment for his six-year-old son who has cancer; instead, his employer enslaved him.他曾前往下午北赚取的金钱来支付的待遇，他6岁的儿子，谁也癌;相反，他的雇主被奴役他。
The cocoa we drink while reading the newspaper or watching the morning news shows may come from the Ivory Coast, which supplies half the world market.可可，我们喝的同时，读报纸或看早上的新闻显示，可能来自象牙海岸，其中一半供应世界市场。 Children and adolescents from even poorer neighboring countries, such as Mali, trek all the way to the cocoa plantations to earn a subsistence salary.儿童和青少年免受更差周边国家，如马里，跋涉所有的方式，向可可种植园，以赚取生活费的薪金。 Often, they end up working as slaves in remote farms. ，他们往往结束了工作的奴隶在偏远的农场。 “Nineteen-year-old Drissa was one such young man. “今年19岁的德里萨就是这样一个小伙子。 When he was freed in 2000, he had just gone through a ‘breaking-in’ period as his master accustomed him to enslavement.当他被释放在2000年，他刚刚经历了'突围'期间，作为他的主人习惯于他的奴役。 His back was laced with scars and wounds from being whipped.”他的背部被laced伤痕和伤口被掀起了“ 。
Almost every product we consume has a hidden dark history, from slave labor to piracy, from counterfeit to fraud, from theft to money laundering.几乎每一个产品，我们的消费有一个隐藏的黑暗历史，从奴隶劳动，盗版，从伪造欺诈，盗窃洗钱。 We know very little about these economic secrets because modern consumers live inside the market matrix.我们所知甚少，这些经济机密，因为现代消费者的生活内市场矩阵。
The first thought that comes to mind when we discover that our hot chocolate comes directly from slave labor suggests that we boycott Ivory Coast cocoa.第一认为，来时，我们发现我们的热巧克力直接来自奴隶劳动表明，我们抵制象牙海岸可可。 But this decision would not help free thousands of young slaves like Drissa.但这一决定不会帮助免费数千名年轻的奴隶一样，德里萨。 On the contrary, it could make their lives much worse and harm honest farmers as well.与此相反，它可以使他们的生活更糟糕和危害，诚实的农民，以及。 “Africa is like a body infested with parasites. “非洲就像一个身体带有寄生虫。 One has to be careful not to kill the body to get rid of the parasites,” summarized Rico Carish.一要小心，不要杀死身体摆脱寄生虫“ ，总结了波多黎各carish 。 Millions of people depend for their sustenance on this parasitic rogue economy.数百万人依靠他们的寄托在此寄生无赖的经济体系。 The alternative could impoverish them further, if it does not put them at risk of death.另类可以贫穷，他们进一步，如果它不把他们在死亡的危险。
Often, western intervention, even when willing and well intentioned, achieves very little.很多时候，西方的干预，即使愿意和用心良苦，达到非常少。 In the case of many African commodities, Western companies have no direct contact with farmers.在该案件，许多非洲商品，西方公司并没有直接接触农民。 Trade occurs through local intermediaries, middlemen, and shippers.贸易出现通过当地中介机构，中间人，和付货人。 The profits of slavery are collected at the farm gate, a practice that effectively incorporates them in the price of the product.利润的奴役收集在农场大门，这种做法有效地整合了他们在产品价格。 Often the intermediaries do not even know or care that slave labor is involved in the production of the goods they trade.往往是中介机构甚至不知道或关心的奴隶劳动是涉及在生产的货物，他们的贸易。 This explains why halting imports from the Ivory Coast will not end slavery but force thousands of honest farmers and their families into poverty.这解释了为何停止进口来自象牙海岸不会结束奴隶制，但部队的数千名诚实的农民及其家庭陷入贫困。 To eradicate the problem, one must attack the root causes, a task that only local governments can accomplish.为消除这个问题，一要攻击的根源，一个工作，只有地方政府可以完成。 But good governance also proves a rare commodity on the African continent.但善政也证明了难得的商品在非洲大陆上。
Even more shocking is the discovery that in the twenty-first century, slavery is booming on a global scale.更令人吃惊的是发现，在二十一世纪，奴隶制是蓬勃发展在全球范围内。 According to the United Nations, slavery is growing at an unprecedented rate.根据联合国，奴隶制是增长以前所未有的速度。 Figures put global slavery at 27 million persons, a generation of modern slaves that, according to the International Labor Organization, produces yearly profits of around $31 billion.数字放在全球奴役在27万人，一代人的现代奴隶，根据国际劳动组织，生产，每年利润约310亿美元。 Population explosion and great migrations coupled with globalization have boosted the slave trade.人口爆炸和伟大的迁徙，再加上全球化推动了奴隶贸易。 “The increase in slavery is linked to globalization,” concurs Kevin Bales, author of Ending Slavery: How We Will Free Today’s Slaves. “增加在奴隶制问题是联系在一起的全球化， ”同意凯文包，作者结束奴隶制问题：我们如何将免费今天的奴隶。 “But this is not about sweat-shop workers existing on misery wages. “但是，这不是汗水，车间工人现有的对苦难的工资。 Slaves are under the complete, violent control of another person; they are economically exploited and get only enough food and shelter to stay alive.奴隶是下完成，暴力控制另一个人;他们在经济上受剥削，只能得到足够的食物和栖身之留活着。 For millions of victims, their experience differs little in hardship from that of slaves hundreds of years ago.”为数以百万计的受害者，他们的经验不同，没有什么困难，从奴隶几百年前“ 。
Slavery’s resurgence exerts a direct effect on its cost, which has now fallen for decades.奴隶制的死灰复燃施加直接影响其成本，现在已下降了数十年之久。 Bates calculated that, while over the past 3,000 years the average price of a slave has ranged from $20,000 to $80,000 (adjusted to current dollar value) now people can be bought and sold for a tenth of these prices.贝茨计算，而在过去三千年的平均价格的奴隶的交易区间二点○○万美元，以80000美元（调整，以目前的美元价值）现在，人们可以购买和出售，为的十分之一，这些价格。 After World War II, we witnessed a sudden surge in the supply of slave labor, pushing prices down.二战结束后，我们目睹了突然大幅增加，在供应的奴隶劳动，推动价格下跌。 Ironically, this phenomenon began as a consequence of decolonization, which shifted slave ownership from colonizers to countrymen.讽刺的是，这种现象开始作为一个后果，非殖民化，转移奴隶的所有权从殖民者到全国。 Today’s slaves are predominantly enslaved by their national peers and not by foreign powers.今天的奴隶，主要是被奴役的本国同行，而不是由外国的权力。 Like other commodity markets, slavery operates by the law of supply and demand, and today supply proves plentiful among the millions living on a dollar to two dollars a day.像其他商品市场，奴役的运作受到法律的供应和需求，和今天的证明，丰富的供应之间的数百万生活在1美元兑2美元一天。
Consumers remain blissfully ignorant of these facts.消费者仍然是幸福无知的这些事实。 The market matrix, a complex maze of smoke and mirrors, hides the exploitative nature of trade and commerce.市场矩阵，一个复杂的迷宫，烟雾和镜子，隐藏的剥削性质的贸易和商业。 The shelves of Western supermarkets are stacked with items produced by people in developing countries who earn a miniscule fraction of their value.货架上西方超级市场的堆叠与项目所产生的发展中国家的人民谁赚取微乎其微的一部分其价值。 Consumers, if they ever chose to think about it, might be shocked to learn who pockets most of the profits of their daily grocery shopping.消费者，如果他们选择想想看，可能会震惊地获悉，谁的口袋，大部分的利润，他们的日常食品杂货商场。
Loretta Napoleoni: An expert on financing of terrorism, Loretta advises several governments on counter-terrorism.燕珍纳波莱奥尼：一专家就恐怖主义提供资助的，燕珍意见，几个国家的政府对反恐怖主义。 She is senior partner of G Risk, a London based risk agency.她是高级合伙人克的风险，伦敦基于风险代理。 - She is a Fulbright scholar at Johns Hopkins University’s Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies in Washington DC. -她是一位富布莱特学者约翰霍普金斯大学的保罗每小时尼采高级国际研究学院在华盛顿特区。 and a Rotary Scholar at the London School of Economics..和扶轮社学者在London School of Economics ..
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