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De uitdaging van de Moderne Slavernij

Donderdag, 8 Mei, 2008

modern-slavery.jpgDoor Loretta Napoleoni | De slavernij is in onze ijskasten. Van fruit aan rundvlees, van suiker aan koffie, brengt de slavenarbeid voedsel aan onze lijsten. „Miguel,“ een Mexicaanse slaaf die door de Coalitie van Immokalee Arbeiders, een de menselijk-rechtenorganisatie wordt bevrijd van de V.S., kan de appelen geoogst hebben die wij bij ontbijt hebben gegeten. Miguel plukte fruit onder wacht in de Verenigde Staten. Hij had naar Gr norte gereist om het geld te verdienen om voor behandeling voor zijn zes-jaar-oude zoon te betalen die kanker heeft; in plaats daarvan, verslaafde zijn werkgever hem.

De cacao die wij terwijl het lezen van de krant hebben gedronken of het letten van het op ochtendnieuws toont kan uit Ivoorkust komen, dat levert de helft van de wereldmarkt. Kinderen en adolescenten van nog armere naburige landen, zoals Mali, trek al manier aan de cacaoaanplantingen om een onderhoudssalaris te verdienen. Vaak, beëindigen zij omhoog werkend als slaven in verre landbouwbedrijven. „Negentien-jaar-oude Drissa was één dergelijke jonge mens. Toen hij in 2000 werd bevrijd, was hij net door een `breken-in' periode als zijn hoofd gebruikelijk hem aan enslavement gegaan. Zijn rug werd geregen met littekens en wonden van wordt geranseld.“

Bijna heeft elk product dat wij een verborgen donkere geschiedenis, van slavenarbeid aan piraterij, van vervalsing aan fraude, van diefstal aan witwassen van geld hebben verbruikt. Wij kennen zeer weinig over deze economische geheimen omdat de moderne consumenten binnen de marktmatrijs leven.

De eerste gedachte die komt te letten op wanneer wij ontdekken dat onze hete chocolade direct uit slavenarbeid komt stelt voor dat wij de cacao van Ivoorkust boycotten. Maar dit besluit zou geen vrije duizenden jonge slaven zoals Drissa helpen. In tegendeel, kon het hun leven veel en kwaad slechter eveneens maken eerlijke landbouwers. „Afrika is als een lichaam dat met parasieten wordt geteisterd. Men moet zorgvuldig zijn om het lichaam niet te doden om de parasieten van de hand te doen,“ vatte Rico Carish samen. Miljoenen mensen hangen voor hun sustenance af van deze parasitische schurkeneconomie. Het alternatief kon hen verarmen verder, als het hen niet op risico van dood zet.

Vaak, intentioned de westelijke interventie, zelfs wanneer gewillig en goed, bereikt zeer weinig. In het geval van vele Afrikaanse goederen, hebben de Westelijke bedrijven geen direct contact met landbouwers. De handel komt door lokale tussenpersonen, tussenpersonen, en bevrachters voor. The profits of slavery are collected at the farm gate, a practice that effectively incorporates them in the price of the product. Often the intermediaries do not even know or care that slave labor is involved in the production of the goods they trade. This explains why halting imports from the Ivory Coast will not end slavery but force thousands of honest farmers and their families into poverty. To eradicate the problem, one must attack the root causes, a task that only local governments can accomplish. But good governance also proves a rare commodity on the African continent.

Even more shocking is the discovery that in the twenty-first century, slavery is booming on a global scale. According to the United Nations, slavery is growing at an unprecedented rate. Figures put global slavery at 27 million persons, a generation of modern slaves that, according to the International Labor Organization, produces yearly profits of around $31 billion. Population explosion and great migrations coupled with globalization have boosted the slave trade. “The increase in slavery is linked to globalization,” concurs Kevin Bales, author of Ending Slavery: How We Will Free Today’s Slaves. “But this is not about sweat-shop workers existing on misery wages. Slaves are under the complete, violent control of another person; they are economically exploited and get only enough food and shelter to stay alive. For millions of victims, their experience differs little in hardship from that of slaves hundreds of years ago.”

Slavery’s resurgence exerts a direct effect on its cost, which has now fallen for decades. Bates calculated that, while over the past 3,000 years the average price of a slave has ranged from $20,000 to $80,000 (adjusted to current dollar value) now people can be bought and sold for a tenth of these prices. After World War II, we witnessed a sudden surge in the supply of slave labor, pushing prices down. Ironically, this phenomenon began as a consequence of decolonization, which shifted slave ownership from colonizers to countrymen. Today’s slaves are predominantly enslaved by their national peers and not by foreign powers. Like other commodity markets, slavery operates by the law of supply and demand, and today supply proves plentiful among the millions living on a dollar to two dollars a day.

Consumers remain blissfully ignorant of these facts. The market matrix, a complex maze of smoke and mirrors, hides the exploitative nature of trade and commerce. The shelves of Western supermarkets are stacked with items produced by people in developing countries who earn a miniscule fraction of their value. Consumers, if they ever chose to think about it, might be shocked to learn who pockets most of the profits of their daily grocery shopping.

Loretta Napoleoni: An expert on financing of terrorism, Loretta advises several governments on counter-terrorism. She is senior partner of G Risk, a London based risk agency. - She is a Fulbright scholar at Johns Hopkins University’s Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies in Washington DC. and a Rotary Scholar at the London School of Economics..

To review further articles and listen to podcasts by Loretta Napoleoni, you are invited to visit her website: http://www.lorettanapoleoni.org

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