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Space-Based Domestic Spying: Kicking Civil Liberties to the Curb基于空间的国内监听:踢民权路边

Wednesday, November 12th, 2008 星期三, 2008年十一月12号

By Tom Burghardt |汤姆瑞光|

Last month, I上个月,我 reported报告 that the Department of Homeland Security’s (该国土安全部( DHS美国国土安全部 ) space-based domestic spy program run by that agency’s National Applications Office (NAO) had gone live October 1. )以空间为基础的国内间谍程序运行由该机构的国家应用办公室(脑瘤)已经生活10月1日。

Federal Computer Week 联邦计算机周刊 reports报告 that Charles Allen, DHS’ Undersecretary for Intelligence and Analysis, told the 5th annual查尔斯艾伦,美国国土安全部,负责情报和分析说,第5次年度 GEOINT Symposium地理空间情报研讨会 on geospatial intelligence in Nashville late last month that, “DHS’ imagery requirements are significantly greater, in number and scope, than they were at the department’s creation, and will continue to grow at an accelerating rate as the department’s mission-space evolves.”地理空间情报在田纳西州首府纳什维尔上月底说, “国土安全部'意象要求显着,在数量和范围,比他们在该部的建立,并且将继续增长加速的部门的任务空间发展。 “

Indeed during Hurricane Ike, US Customs and Border Protection for the first time flew the Predator B unmanned aerial vehicle in “support of the Federal Emergency Management Agency’s relief efforts,” the insider tech publication reported.事实上艾克飓风期间,美国海关和边境保护的首次飞行乙捕食者无人机在“支持的联邦紧急事务管理署的救济工作, ”内幕科技出版报告。

As readers are well aware, the Predator B carries out “targeted assassinations” of “terrorist suspects” across Afghanistan, Iraq and Pakistan.正如读者都知道,乙捕食者进行“定点暗杀”的“恐怖嫌疑人”在阿富汗,伊拉克和巴基斯坦。 The deployment of the robotic killing machines in the United States for “disaster management” is troubling to say the least and a harbinger of things to come.部署机器人杀人机器在美国的“灾害管理”令人不安的是至少和预示的东西来。

Despite objections by Congress and civil liberties groups DHS, in close collaboration with the ultra-spooky National Reconnaissance Office (尽管反对由国会和公民自由团体国土安全部的密切配合下,超惊悚的国家侦察办公室( NRO国家侦察局 ), the agency that develops and maintains America’s fleet of military spy satellites, and the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency ( ) ,该机构的开发和维护美国的舰队的军事间谍卫星,以及国家地理空间情报局( NGA ) that analyzes military imagery and generates mapping tools, are proceeding with the first phase of the controversial domestic spying program. ) ,分析图像和军事产生的绘图工具,目前正在与第一阶段的有争议的国内监听计划。

NAO will coordinate how domestic law enforcement and “disaster relief” agencies such as FEMA will use satellite imagery intelligence (IMINT) generated by military spy satellites.审计署将如何协调国内执法和“救灾”机构,如联邦紧急事务管理局将利用卫星图像情报( IMINT )所产生的军事间谍卫星。 As I正如我 wrote写信 earlier this year, unlike commercial satellites, their military cousins are far more flexible, have greater resolution and therefore possess more power to monitor human activity.今年早些时候,不像商业卫星,其军事表亲更为灵活,有更大的决议,并因此拥有更多的权力,以监测人类活动。

Testifying before the House Homeland Security committee in September, Barry Steinhardt, Director of the ACLU’s Technology and Liberty Project, called for a moratorium on the domestic use of military spy satellites until key questions were answered.作证众议院国土安全委员会在9月,巴里斯坦哈特主任,美国公民自由联盟技术和自由项目,要求暂时停止在国内使用的军事间谍卫星,直到关键问题都得到了答复。 Steinhardt斯坦哈特 said , “Congress needs to act before this potentially powerful surveillance tool is turned inward upon the American people. “国会需要采取行动之前,这个潜在的强大监视工具打开抵港后美国人民。 The domestic use of spy satellites represents a potential monster in the making, and we need to put some restraints in place before it grows into something that will trample Americans’ privacy rights.”在国内使用的间谍卫星是一个潜在的怪物的决策,我们需要把一些限制在面前的增长成某种践踏,将美国人的隐私权利。 “

Needless to say, a feckless Congress has done virtually nothing to halt the program.不用说, feckless大会做了几乎没有任何停止的计划。 As The Wall Street Journal 正如华尔街日报 reported报告 in early October, Congress’ “partial funding” of the office “in a little debated $634 billion spending measure,” means that NAO is now providing federal, state and local officials “with extensive access to spy-satellite imagery.”在10月初,美国国会“部分资金”办公室“在一个小辩论六千三百四十零万点零零万美元支出的措施, ”也就是说,现在是脑瘤提供联邦,州和地方官员“广泛接触间谍卫星图像。 ”

Allen told the GEOINT Symposium that while “geospatial efforts are being coordinated across agencies,” technical hurdles must be overcome in order to improve geospatial IT applications. Federal Computer Week avers,艾伦说,地理空间情报研讨会上指出,而“地理空间正在努力协调各机构, ”技术障碍必须克服,以改善地理空间信息技术的应用。 联邦计算机周刊断言,

For developing future satellite imagery capabilities, Allen recommended diversity, availability, survivability and flexibility for future systems in a satellite and modular payload system similar to what was advised by the Marino Report in July 2007 to the director of the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency and the National Reconnaissance Office.对于发展中国家未来的卫星图像的能力,艾伦建议多样性,可用性,生存能力和灵活性,为今后系统的卫星和模块化有效载荷系统类似于获悉的圣马力诺报告在2007年7月向主管国家地理空间情报局和国家侦察办公室。

“It describes an architecture that allows for short time between launch as well as an option for variable modalities. “它描述的架构,使短的时间内发射之间以及变量的选择方式。 This kind of diversity is what I believe will be necessary to assure adequate collection of a wide array of targets,” Allen said.这种多样性是我认为必须保证足够的收集各种各样的目标, “阿伦说。 (Alice Lipowicz, “Geospatial Intelligence Use Grows at DHS, Official Says,” Federal Computer Week , October 30, 2008) (爱丽丝Lipowicz , “地理空间情报使用国土安全部的增长,官员说, ” 联邦计算机周刊十月三十日2008年)

What those “variable modalities” are were not spelled out by Federal Computer Week .什么是“可变模式”是不是说明了联邦计算机周刊 However, the Marino Report was released by然而,圣马力诺报告公布 Chesapeake Analytics Corporation切萨皮克分析公司 , an under-the-radar Arlington, Virginia-based private defense contractor that describes itself “as a ’boutique’ consulting firm” for senior executives “in the geospatial technology sector.” The一个不足的雷达弗吉尼亚州阿灵顿的私人国防承包商,说明自己“作为一个'精品'咨询公司”的高级管理人员“在空间技术领域者。 ” report报告 itself was written by Defense Group Inc. (本身是由国防部的书面集团( DGI工业署署长 ), a spooky Falls Church, Virginia defense contractor for NRO and NGA. ) ,一个幽灵般的瀑布教堂,弗吉尼亚州的国防承包商的国家侦察局和白蛋白。 According to their website, DGI “customers” include the Department of Homeland Security, the Department of Defense and “numerous Intelligence Agencies.”根据他们的网站,工业署署长“客户”包括国土安全部,国防部和“众多的情报机构。 ”

As we have seen however, the use of satellite imagery during “national security events” such as last summer’s political conventions in Denver and St. Paul may have aided FBI and local law enforcement in their preemptive raids on protest organizers and subsequent squelching of dissent.正如我们已经看到然而,利用卫星图像在“国家安全的事件” ,如去年夏天的政治公约,在丹佛和圣保禄可能计算机辅助联邦调查局和当地执法部门在其先发制人的袭击抗议的组织者和随后的压制持不同政见者。 One wonders if this is what DGI refers to when they write that the company “performs work in the national interest, advancing public safety and national security through innovative research, analysis and applied technology”?人们不禁要问,如果这是指工业署署长时,写说,该公司“执行工作的国家利益,促进公众安全和国家安全通过创新的研究,分析和应用技术” ?

NAO’s launch is all the more troubling since an independent review of the program by the Government Accountability Office (脑瘤的推出更是令人不安的,因为一个独立的审查程序由政府问责办公室( GAO ) found that the department has been less than forthcoming that NAO complies with privacy laws and doesn’t violate the Posse Comitatus Act. )发现,该署已不到即将到来的脑瘤符合隐私的法律和不违反波塞Comitatus法。

The 1878 law prohibits the military from playing a role in domestic law enforcement.在1878年的法律禁止军队发挥作用,国内执法。 Since the 1990s however, Posse Comitatus has been eroded significantly by both Democratic and Republican administrations, primarily in the areas of “drug interdiction,” “border security” as well as “Continuity of Government” planning by US Northern Command (NORTHCOM). 20世纪90年代以来然而,波塞Comitatus已大大削弱民主和共和两党管理部门,主要是在“禁毒” , “边界安全”以及“政府的连续性”规划由美国北方司令部(北方司令部) 。

Despite objections by GAO auditors DHS securocrats held up the release of their 60-page report, citing its “sensitive nature.” The September 15, 2008尽管反对高审计员securocrats国土安全部举行了释放其60页的报告中,称其“敏感性质。 ”在08年九月15号 report报告 , entitled “National Applications Office.题为“国家应用办公室。 Certification of Compliance With Legal, Privacy, and Civil Liberties Standards Needs to Be More Fully Justified,” is now in the public domain and was finally released November 6, two days after American national elections.认证遵守法律,隐私和公民自由的标准需要更充分的理由, “现在是在公共领域,并终于11月6日发布两天后,美国全国选举。

It makes for a very troubling read.它使一个非常令人不安阅读。 In their November 6 cover letter to congressional committees, the GAO writes:在其11月6日支付给国会委员会,高写道:

Citing a growing need to use classified satellite information for civil or domestic purposes, in 2005, an independent study group reviewed the future role of the CAC [Civil Applications Committee] and concluded that although the civil domestic users were well supported through the CAC, homeland security and law enforcement users lacked a coherent, organized, and focused process to access classified satellite information.引用越来越需要使用卫星信息归类为民事或住宅用途的,在2005年,一个独立的研究小组审查了今后的作用股市[公务员应用委员会] ,并得出结论说,虽然民间有国内用户的支持以及通过股市,家园安全和执法使用者缺乏连贯,有组织,有重点的进程访问机密卫星的信息。 (GAO, “National Applications Office Certification Review,” GAO-09-105R, November 6, 2008) (高, “国家应用办公室认证审查, ”高- 09 - 105R , 08年11月6日)

However, the “independent study group” cited by GAO was neither independent nor predisposed towards limiting the deployment of military spy satellites for domestic “missions.” Indeed that report, “Independent Study Group, Civil Applications Committee Blue Ribbon Study,” (September 2005), was the product of a panel comprised solely of securocrats and defense and security contractors who stand to make a bundle on NAO. As investigative journalist Tim Shorrock然而, “独立研究小组”援引高既不是独立的,也不倾向于朝向限制部署的军事间谍卫星,为国内“任务。 ”的确该报告中, “独立研究组,公务员应用委员会蓝带研究” ( 2005年9月) ,是产品组成一个小组仅以securocrats及国防和安全承包谁的立场,使捆绑的脑瘤。作为调查记者邵添 revealed发现 last year, the intelligence-sharing system to be managed by NAO,去年,情报共享系统管理的脑瘤,

…will rely heavily on private contractors including Boeing, BAE Systems, L-3 Communications and Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC). ...将主要依靠私人承包商包括波音公司, BAE系统公司, L - 3通信公司和科学应用国际公司( SAIC ) 。 These companies already provide technology and personnel to US agencies involved in foreign intelligence, and the NAO greatly expands their markets.这些公司已经提供技术和人才向美国有关机构的外国情报,审计署将大大提高它们的市场。 Indeed, at an intelligence conference in San Antonio, Texas, last month, the titans of the industry were actively lobbying intelligence officials to buy products specifically designed for domestic surveillance.事实上,在一个情报会议在德克萨斯州圣安东尼奥,上个月,巨头的行业正在积极游说情报官员购买产品专为国内监视。 (”Domestic Spying, Inc.” CorpWatch , November 27, 2007) ( “国内监听,公司” CorpWatch , 2007年11月27日)

Indeed, the “independent study group” was appointed by Mike McConnell, the Director of National Intelligence who himself was a senior vice president for ten years with the spooky Booz Allen Hamilton corporation.事实上, “独立研究小组”是由麦康奈尔主任的国家情报谁是自己的高级副总裁10年,怪异博思艾伦公司。 McConnell oversaw that firm’s extensive contracts in military intelligence and information operations for the Pentagon, Shorrock麦康奈尔监督该公司的大量合同在军事情报和信息业务的五角大楼,邵 reported报告 in March 2008.在2008年3月。

GAO investigators have determined that while DHS “has established procedures for legal review, it has not yet fully addressed all outstanding issues regarding how the planned operations of the NAO, as described in the department’s certification documents, are to comply with legal requirements.高调查人员已确定,而美国国土安全部“的既定程序,法律审查,但尚未完全解决所有悬而未决的问题就如何规划业务的脑瘤,如本文的部门的证明文件,是符合法律规定。 Specifically, DHS has not resolved legal and policy issues associated with NAO support for law enforcement.” As investigators outlined:具体来说,美国国土安全部尚未解决的法律和政策问题与脑瘤支持执法。 “作为调查概述:

DHS originally did not fulfill agency requirements to identify privacy risks and control mechanisms but recently has taken steps to do so.美国国土安全部原来没有履行机构的要求确定的隐私风险和控制机制,但最近已经采取步骤,这样做。 At the time of NAO certification, DHS did not fully explain how the office would comply with widely accepted privacy standards, such as the need for personally identifiable information to be accurate, secure, and used only for limited purposes.在时间的脑瘤认证,美国国土安全部没有充分解释如何办事处将符合普遍接受的隐私标准,如需要个人身份信息是准确,可靠,并只能用于有限的用途。 Specifically, the NAO’s original privacy assessment did not identify or analyze the risks that NAO operations might not meet these standards, nor did it specify measures to mitigate such risks.具体来说,审计署的原始隐私评估没有确定或分析的风险脑瘤行动可能不符合这些标准,也没有具体措施来减轻这种风险。 In response to discussions with us regarding these shortcomings, the Privacy Office developed a revised assessment that represented a substantial improvement in identifying privacy risks and mitigating controls to address them, such as providing appropriate oversight and building a process to identify and correct inaccurate information.在回答与我们讨论有关这些缺点,隐私厅制定了经修订的评估,即代表了很大的改进,确定的隐私风险和减轻管制,以解决这些问题,如提供适当的监督和建设进程,以发现和纠正不准确的信息。 However, differences between the review procedures outlined in the revised privacy impact assessment and those in the standard operating procedures raise questions about whether the specifics of the NAO’s privacy protection controls have been clearly established.然而,分歧的审查程序,在修订的隐私影响评估和那些在标准作业程序提出质疑的具体脑瘤的隐私保护控制了明确规定。 (GAO, op. cit. p. 4) (高,同前。前。第4页)

While paltry recommendations towards mitigating potential civil liberties’ and privacy abuses by NAO were submitted to the DHS Undersecretary of Intelligence and Analysis (Charles Allen), GAO found that “specific measures have not yet been developed to address the potential for improper use or retention of information provided by the NAO and the potential for impermissible requests to be accepted as a result of a reliance on broad annual memorandums as justifications.” In other words at NAO, as at other intelligence agencies across the war on terror’s domestic “battlespace,” it’s business as usual.虽然微不足道的建议,减轻潜在的公民自由和隐私权的侵犯脑瘤已提交给国土安全部副部长的情报和分析(查尔斯阿伦) ,高发现, “具体措施尚未制订解决潜在的不当使用或保留所提供的资料脑瘤和潜在的不允许请求被接受的,由于依赖广泛年度谅解备忘录的理由。 “换句话说在脑瘤,在其他情报机构在反恐战争的国内”战场, “这一切照旧。

Three categories of classified satellite information are to be provided law enforcement by the National Applications Office:三个类别的分类信息,卫星将提供执法由国家应用办公室:

* Geospatial intelligence (GEOINT) –GEOINT is defined as “the exploitation and analysis of imagery and geospatial information to describe, assess, and visually depict physical features and geographically referenced activities on the Earth. * 地理空间情报(地理空间情报)地理空间情报的定义是“剥削和分析的图像和地理空间信息描述,评估,和视觉描绘物理特性和地理参照活动在地球上。 Geospatial intelligence consists of imagery, imagery intelligence, and geospatial information.”地理空间情报包括图像,图像情报和地理空间信息。 “

* Measurement and signature intelligence (MASINT) –MASINT is defined as intelligence “derived from measurements of physical phenomena intrinsic to an object or event.” These phenomena can include the following types:” electro-optical, infrared, laser, spectral, radar, polarimetric, high-power or unintentional radio frequency emanations, geophysical, chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear.” * 测量和签字情报( MASINT ) MASINT是指情报“来自测量的物理现象所固有的,一个物体或事件。 ”这些现象可以包括下列类型: “电子光学,红外,激光,光谱,雷达,极化,高功率或无意的无线电频率emanations ,地球物理,化学,生物,放射性或核武器。 “

* Electronic intelligence (ELINT) –ELINT is defined as “technical and geolocation intelligence derived from non-communications electromagnetic radiations emanating from other than nuclear detonations or radioactive sources. *电子情报(电子情报) ,电子情报的定义是: “技术和地理情报来自非通信电磁辐射来自以外的其他核爆炸或放射源。 It does not include oral or written communications.” Thus, ELINT could include intelligence based on signals from machines, such as computers, but not telephone conversations or other communications between individuals.它不包括口头或书面通报。 “因此,电子情报可能包括情报基础上的信号机,如电脑,但没有电话交谈或其他个人之间的通信。 (GAO, op. cit., p. 25) (高,同前。前。 ,第25页)

While DHS has yet to resolve legal and policy issues associated with NAO support for law enforcement operations, the Office still continues to identify such support as a key element of its “mission.” Indeed, DHS’ Civil Rights and Civil Liberties Office did not resolve how NAO will comply with the applicability of the 4th Amendment to the Constitution which prohibits unreasonable searches and seizures, Posse Comitatus and the Reagan-era Executive Order 12333 that limits how federal intelligence agencies collect information on US citizens and legal residents.尽管美国国土安全部尚未解决的法律和政策问题与脑瘤支持执法行动,该办公室仍继续以确定这种支持作为一项重要内容的“使命。 ”事实上,美国国土安全部'公民权利和公民自由办公室并没有解决如何审计署将遵守适用的第4次宪法修正案,禁止不合理的搜查和扣押,波塞Comitatus和里根时代的行政命令12333 ,限制如何联邦情报机构收集情报的美国公民和合法居民。

Citing lax standards in NAO’s legal review process, GAO found that “the process for developing and approving annual memorandums for MASINT and ELINT has not been delineated.引用松懈标准脑瘤的法律审查过程中,高认为, “这一进程的制定和批准的年度备忘录MASINT和电子情报尚未划定。 Such procedures are an important control in assuring that access, retention, and sharing of information is properly constrained.”这种程序是一个重要的控制,以确保获得,保留和分享信息是正确的限制。 “

However, as the eight long years of the Bush administration have demonstrated, any and all measures to “constrain” out of control federal spy agencies and their privatized assets in the corporate world have been rebuffed.但是,由于长达8年,布什政府已经表明,任何和所有措施,以“限制”失去控制的联邦情报机构的私有化和资产的企业世界已拒绝。 Indeed, congressional oversight of the “intelligence community” and the Executive Branch is a joke–at the expense of an informed citizenry and democratic institutions accountable to the American people.事实上,国会监督的“智能社区”和执行处是一个笑话,以牺牲公民了解情况和民主机构负责向美国人民。

While DHS claims that data gathered for law enforcement purposes will be “in compliance with privacy and civil liberties laws and policies of the United States,” the GAO found that “by broadly sharing information with non-federal users, who are not bound by the Privacy Act, personal information could be at risk of being used in ways not specified when it was originally collected.” Considering that some 70% of US intelligence assets are employees of private security and defense contractors, NAO is a civil liberties disaster waiting to happen.虽然国土安全部称,收集的数据为执法目的将是“在遵守隐私和公民自由的法律和政策,美国”的高认为, “通过广泛的信息共享与非联邦的用户,谁不是受隐私权法,个人信息可能处于危险之中被使用的方式没有具体规定时,原来收集的。 “考虑到大约70 %的美国情报机构的资产雇员的私人保安和国防承包商,脑瘤是一个公民自由等灾害发生。

GAO revealed four key areas where privacy risks have been identified:高发现四个关键领域的隐私风险已经确定:

1. 1 。 An individual may be unaware that personally identifiable information will be collected about him or her in response to a request processed by the NAO.个人可能不知道的个人身份信息将收集有关他或她的要求处理的脑瘤。

2. 2 。 Personally identifiable information may be collected, analyzed, or disseminated in a manner that makes the information inaccurate.个人识别信息可能会收集,分析,或传播方式,使信息不准确的。

3. 3 。 Personally identifiable information may be misused by a requestor.个人身份信息可能被滥用的要求。

4. 4 。 Associated technology may improve so dramatically that qualitatively new capabilities will enable the gathering of personally identifiable information in ways that are impossible today, thus creating new potential privacy risks.相关技术可显着改善,使这一质的新功能将能够使收集个人身份信息的方式是不可能的今天,从而创造了新的潜在的隐私风险。 (GAO, op. cit., p. 44) (高,同前。前。 ,第44页)

DHS claims these issues will be mitigated by “providing appropriate oversight” and by “building a process to identify and correct inaccurate information, and ensuring that the DHS Privacy Office and DHS Office for Civil Rights and Civil Liberties remain critical components of all review processes as new and improved technology is developed.”美国国土安全部索赔的这些问题将得到缓解“提供适当的监督”和“建设进程,以发现和纠正不准确的信息,并确保美国国土安全部保密办公室和国土安全办公室公民权利和公民自由仍然是极为重要的组成部分,所有审查过程新的和改进技术的发展。 “

In other words, we’re to rely on DHS to police itself and that agencies critical to Office operations such as the National Reconnaissance Office and the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency will simply hand over America’s most closely-guarded intelligence secrets to federal civil rights attorneys for appropriate “oversight.” Talk about a blind leap into the darkness!换句话说,我们要依靠美国国土安全部警察本身和机构的重要业务办公室,如国家侦察办公室和国家地理空间情报局将完全交给美国最密切的守卫情报机密联邦公务员律师的权利进行适当的“监督” 。谈盲目跳入黑暗!

Let’s be clear here and shed whatever illusions one may have about the outcome of last Tuesday’s election.让我们在这里明确说明什么幻想一个可能的结果上周二的大选。 Despite the overwhelming rejection of the Bush administration and their surrogates by the American people, the incoming Obama administration will pay lip-service to civil liberties and the rule of law.尽管绝大多数反对布什政府及其代理人的美国人民,新任政府将奥巴马挂在嘴边服务,以公民自由和法治。 This however, will amount to no more than a better public relations campaign, image management and product roll-out.不过,这将金额不超过一个更好的公共关系活动,图像管理和产品推出。 America rebranded.美国更名。

But as we have seen throughout the unfolding disaster that is the “war on terror,” the Democrats have been fully complicit with the crimes of the Bush regime.不过,正如我们所看到的整个发生灾难,是“反恐战争” ,民主党人已经完全同谋的罪行,布什政权。 From the USA Patriot Act, warrantless wiretapping, immunity for criminal telecoms, “preemptive policing,” torture, financial fraud and the looting of the economy by capitalist grifters, not to mention the invasion and occupation of Afghanistan and Iraq, threats against Russia, China, Iran, Pakistan, Bolivia, Cuba and Venezuela–indeed any nation that doesn’t toe the imperialist line–the Democrats have been Bush’s most faithful and reliable partners.从美国爱国者法案,监听,刑事豁免权的电信, “先发制人的治安, ”酷刑,金融诈骗和抢劫的资本主义经济的骗子,更不用提入侵和占领阿富汗和伊拉克,对俄罗斯的威胁,中国,伊朗,巴基斯坦,玻利维亚,古巴和委内瑞拉,事实上任何一个国家,不脚趾帝国主义线民主党已布什的最忠实可靠的合作伙伴。

While the GAO’s report is a welcome addition to the already voluminous catalogue of Bushist horrors, one can expect that NAO’s law enforcement “mission” will quickly–and quietly–come on line.虽然高的报告是一个值得欢迎的除了已经浩繁目录Bushist恐怖,人们可以期望,脑瘤的执法“使命”将很快和悄悄地来就行。 After all there’s bundles of cash, courtesy of the American people, that need to be spread far and wide!毕竟有捆的现金,礼貌的美国人民,需要广为流传!

Tom Burghardt is a researcher and activist based in the San Francisco Bay Area.汤姆瑞光是一个研究者和活动家总部设在旧金山湾区。 In addition to publishing in Covert Action Quarterly , Love & Rage and Antifa Forum , he is the editor of Police State America: US Military “Civil Disturbance” Planning , distributed by AK Press.除了出版的秘密行动季刊爱情与愤怒 ,并Antifa论坛 ,他是警方的编辑国家美国:美国的军事“内乱”的规划,分配支AK出版社。


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