Orwellian Ubiquitous Computing?奧威爾普適計算？
By 通過 Daniel Taylor 丹尼爾泰勒 | “…just by walking down the street you could be subject to a personal biometric system, you could be scanned by the gateway of the transit system, there could be something embedded in the street or in the flooring beneath you… you could be touching other tangible interfaces in the environment around you… the lamp posts and the other features of the streetscape could have informational services… and last but not least there’s the surveillance element, there’sa UAV, a robotic helicopter which is also surveying the cityscape and communicating with all of these devices… This is really what I mean by a transformation of the relationship between user and device. | “ … …只要走在街上，你可能會受到個人的生物識別系統，您可以掃描網關的運輸系統，可能會有一些嵌入式在大街上，還是在地板下方，你… …你可觸摸其他有形接口，在周圍的環境，你…該燈柱及其他特點的街景可以有信息服務… …以及最後但並非最不重要有監察元素 ， 有無人機，機器人直升機，這也是測量市容和溝通，所有這些設備…這實在是我的意思的轉變之間的關係，用戶和設備。 This person is not a user anymore in any real sense of the English world, they are a subject.” 此人是不是一個用戶不再在任何真正意義上的英語世界，他們是受“ 。
It may seem like a vision of a distant science fiction world, but this scenario 它可能好像的遠景是一個遙遠的科幻世界，但這種情況 laid out by Adam Greenfield 規定由Adam綠地 , author of “ Everyware: The Dawning Age of Ubiquitous Computing “, could be just around the corner. “的作者everyware ：曙光年齡普適計算 ” ，可能只是在街角。 In fact, at this very moment in South Korea an entire city, a “U-city”, is being built that utilizes ubiquitous technology. 事實上，在這個非常時刻，在韓國一整個城市，一個 “ U 型城市” ，是正在興建中，利用無處不在的技術。 It had it’s first test run in March of last year. 它已它的首次試運行於去年3月。 Several other countries are currently planning, or are currently building cities modeled around South Korea’s U-city. 其他幾個國家目前正在規劃，或目前正在建設的城市模型周圍韓國的 U 型的城市。
What exactly is Ubiquitous Computing? 究竟是什麼普適計算？
An “Everyware” world, as Adam Greenfield calls it, is a world in which computers are embedded and merged seamlessly everywhere in the environment. 一 “ everyware ”世界，正如亞當格林菲爾德呼籲，是在這個世界裡，電腦是嵌入式和合併無縫無處不在的環境。 Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tags communicate their position and other information constantly in a vast network. 無線電頻率識別（ RFID ）標籤的溝通，他們的立場和其他信息，不斷在廣闊的網絡。 Everyday objects become “searchable” as if they were part of the interconnected world wide web. 日常物品變成了“搜索”如果他們部分的相互關聯的世界萬維網。 Surveillance in an “Everyware” world is perfected to a degree that is unimaginable. 監視在一個“ everyware ”世界是完善的程度是不可想像的。 Scientific management of people and the environment we inhabit becomes possible, and marketers’ ultimate dreams come true. 科學管理，人與環境，我們居住成為可能，和營銷的最終夢想成真。
Watch this clip as Adam Greenfield explains ubiquitous computing (skip ahead to 1:30 to hear his explanation) 觀賞此剪輯作為亞當格林菲爾德解釋，普適計算（跳過提前至1:30聽到他的解釋）
As computer chips become smaller and their processing power increases exponentially, ubiquitous computing has become a practical reality. 作為計算機芯片越來越小和處理能力的增加，指數，普適計算已成為現實。 As Wired News reports 作為有線新聞報導 , ubiquitous systems are to be rolled out in New York City next year, ，無所不在的系統，以推出在紐約市明年，
“The Architectural League of New York invites architects, artists, designers, technologists, engineers, urbanists, or teams thereof, to submit qualifications for an exhibition that will critically explore the evolving relationship between ubiquitous/pervasive computing and urban architecture. “建築聯盟設在紐約的邀請建築師，藝術家，設計師，技師，工程師， urbanists ，或團隊時，提交的資格，展覽將審慎探索不斷變化的關係，無處不在/普適計算和城市建築。
The League will commission five to seven teams to develop urban interventions–to be installed in and around New York City in spring 2009–that will imagine alternative trajectories for how various mobile, embedded, networked, and distributed forms of media, information and communication systems might inform the architecture of urban space and/or influence our behavior within it .” 聯盟將委員會6點55隊，發展城市的干預措施-將安裝在靠近紐約市在2009年的春天-將想像的替代軌跡如何各種移動，嵌入式，網絡化，並分發給形式的媒體，信息和通信系統可能告知建築的城市空間和/或影響著我們的行為，它 “ 。
Consumer convenience is a central selling point for ubiquitous computing technology. 方便消費者的是一個中央銷售點，無所不在的計算技術。 The well established consumer base for mobile devices was discussed at the March 2008 International Conference on the Internet of Things in Zurich, Switzerland (sponsored by Google, IBM and others) as serving as a means of acclimating individuals to the presence and use of ubiquitous technology. 以及設立了消費者相應的移動設備討論在2008年3月的國際會議在互聯網上的東西，在瑞士的蘇黎世， （贊助由Google ， IBM和其他）作為服務作為一種手段， acclimating個人的存在和使用的技術無處不在。 Possible marketing plans were discussed to introduce “self scanning” through the use of mobile devices to “scan” physical products and browse the items on digital mobile screens in a manner similar to internet shopping. 可能的營銷計劃進行了討論，介紹“自掃描”通過使用移動設備的“掃描 ” 物理產品和瀏覽的項目，數字移動電視屏幕的類似方式的網上購物。 Andreas Schaller, a senior engineer for Motorola, presented information to the Zurich conference. 安德烈亞斯斯凱勒爾，高級工程師，摩托羅拉，提交資料，以蘇黎世的會議。 Schaller’s presentation 斯凱勒爾的介紹 is outlined in the conference proceedings 概述在會議程序 , ，
“The next step is to Internetenable physical objects — connecting people with things and even things with things. “下一步是internetenable實物-連接人與事物，甚至事物的東西。 The Internet of Things will enable connectivity not just between people and their computing devices, but between actual, everyday things. 在互聯網上的東西，將使連接不只是之間的人民和他們的計算設備，但實際之間，每天的事情。 By enabling connectivity for virtually any physical object that can potentially offer a message, the Internet of Things will affect every aspect of life and business in ways that used to be the realm of fantasy — or even beyond fantasy. 使連接幾乎任何物理對象，有可能提供一個信息，在互聯網上的東西，會影響生活的每一個方面和業務的方式必須使用境界的幻想-或什至超越的幻想。
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To ensure a fast adoption rate it is necessary to start with low hanging fruit technologies like barcode scanning by camera, which will become a “free” feature for mobile devices morphing into high end camera phones.” 為確保快速採用率，這是有必要開始與低懸果技術，如條碼掃描相機，這將成為“免費”的功能，為移動設備漸變到高端可拍照手機“ 。
Ubiquitous Surveillance 無所不在的監視
On top of the consumer layer of ubiquitous computing - which will likely be its most visible and emphasized aspect - sits the incredible surveillance capability of this technology. 再加上消費層的普適計算-這將可能成為其最明顯的，並強調方面-坐在難以置信的監視能力使用這種技術。 With video surveillance cameras protruding from every building it isn’t very hard to figure out that you are being watched, but with the internet of things the surveillance grid is merged seamlessly and invisibly into the entire environment. 與視頻監視攝像頭，伸出從每一個建設，這是不是很難弄清楚你正在觀看，但隨著互聯網的東西，監察網格是合併的無縫連接和無形納入整個環境。 In an internet of things, every object, as well as people who are wearing RFID tagged clothes or are using electronic devices, would be “readable” by a computer or wireless network. 在互聯網上的東西，每個物件，以及人誰是身穿RFID標籤的衣服或使用的電子設備，將是“可讀”是由電腦或無線網絡。 The object’s (or person’s) details, exact location and other information could be obtained electronically by invisible sensors in sidewalks, roads, or doorways. 該對象的（或人的）細節，確切位置和其他信息可以得到無形的電子傳感器在人行道，道路，或門口。
In a document dated February 2000, Hewlett Packard’s Internet and Mobile Systems Laboratory announced that, “We want to make people, places, and things web-present. ” 在一份文件日期為2000年2月，惠普公司的因特網和移動通信系統實驗室宣布， “我們希望，使人物，地點和事情， 網絡目前的 ” 。 The document 文件 details the infrastructure of the “internet of things”, 詳情的基礎設施“互聯網的東西” ，
“The convergence of Web technology, wireless networks and portable client devices provide new opportunities for computer communications systems designs. “ 銜接的Web技術，無線網絡和便攜式客戶端設備提供了新的機遇，計算機通信系統的設計。 At HP Labs we have been exploring these opportunities through an infrastructure to support “web presence” for people, places and things. 在惠普實驗室我們一直在探索這些機會，通過基礎設施，以支持“網絡存在”為人民，地方和事物。 Our goal is a bridge between the World Wide Web and the physical world we inhabit. 我們的目標是之間的橋樑，萬維網和物質世界，我們居住。 This bridge includes the ability to interact with devices such as printers from a browser using standard HTTP communication. It also includes the ability to provide people, places and things – electronic or otherwise – with a web resource that is used to store information about them and which is automatically correlated with their physical presence . 這座橋，包括互動能力與設備，如打印機，從瀏覽器使用標準的HTTP通信。 它還包括有能力提供人民，地方和事物-電子或以其他方式-與W e b資源是用來儲存關於他們的信息和這是自動相關，與他們的身體存在 。 We aim to provide users, particularly mobile users, with support for their everyday activities, which mostly concern physical objects other than PC’s.” [emphasis added] 我們的目標是向用戶提供，特別是移動用戶，與支持他們的日常活動，其中大多是關注實物以外的其他PC的“ [著重號另加]
Marketers also see the rise of ubiquitous computing as opening the doorway to scientifically crafted advertising. 商家也看到崛起的普適計算作為開放的大門，科學地製作廣告。 Web history is already used to target computer users with ads Web歷史記錄已被用來在目標計算機上的用戶與廣告 based on their browsing behavior 根據他們的瀏覽行為 , and it is quite easy to see how that model could be applied to the “internet of things”. ，它是很容易，看看如何該模型可以適用於“在互聯網上的東西” 。 Google 谷歌 is currently developing 目前正在開發 ad technology which uses your computer’s microphone to listen to key words being spoken by you or your nearby television which triggers relevant ads on your computer screen. 廣告技術，利用您的計算機上的麥克風，聽取關鍵詞正在發言，由您或您附近的電視觸發相關的廣告，對您的計算機屏幕。 Mobile devices are already being tracked and monitored through stores and other public places in the UK for marketing purposes. 移動設備已被跟踪監視，通過商店和其他公共場所，在英國用於市場營銷目的。 According to the report 根據該報告 , ，
“Foot traffic monitoring firm Path Intelligence, based in the city, is testing patent-pending surveillance technology that continuously tracks mobile phone signals to understand the movement of shoppers as they flow through retail centres or public amenities. “足部的交通監測堅定的路徑情報，總部設在市中心，是測試正在申請專利的監測技術，不斷追踪手機信號，了解運動的購物，因為他們的流動，通過零售中心或公共設施。
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Through this technique, it is possible to gather data on how many people are in a store at a specific time, how many customers visit specific stores, and how shoppers group stores together. 通過這種技術，是有可能的去蒐集數據，對有多少人在商店裡在某一特定的時間，有多少顧客在訪問具體的商店，以及如何購物商店組一起。 In addition, the firm says that the system can also help organisations optimize the layout of their space and improve their retail tenancy mix.” 此外，該公司稱，該系統還可以幫助組織優化佈局，其空間和改善其零售租約組合“ 。
South Korea’s U-City: A Model of the Future? 韓國的 U 型的城市：一個模型對未來的呢？
South Korea is at the forefront in implementing ubiquitous technology. 韓國是在前列，在實施無所不在的技術。 An entire city, New Songdo, is being built in South Korea that fully utilizes the technology. 一整個城市，新松島，正在興建中，韓國充分利用技術。 Ubiquitous computing proponents in the United States admit that while a large portion of the technology is being developed in the US, it is being tested in South Korea where there are less traditional, ethical and social blockades to prevent its acceptance and use. 普適計算倡議者，在美國的承認，而大部份的技術正在開發在美國，它正在測試，在韓國有不那麼傳統，倫理和社會封鎖，以防止其接受和使用。 As the 作為 New York Times reports 紐約時報報告 , ，
“Imagine public recycling bins that use radio-frequency identification technology to credit recyclers every time they toss in a bottle; pressure-sensitive floors in the homes of older people that can detect the impact of a fall and immediately contact help; cellphones that store health records and can be used to pay for prescriptions. “想像一下市民的回收箱，使用無線電頻率識別技術的信貸回收商每一次他們在折騰了一瓶;壓力敏感的樓層，家中年長人士，可偵測的影響下降，並立即聯繫幫助;手機存儲健康記錄和可以用來支付處方。
These are among the services dreamed up by industrial-design students at California State University, Long Beach, for possible use in New Songdo City, a large “ubiquitous city” being built in South Korea. 這些都屬於服務的夢想，由工業設計的學生在美國加州州立大學，長灘，為盡可能利用在松島新城市，一個大型“無處不在的城市”正在興建中在南韓。
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Much of this technology was developed in US research labs, but there are fewer social and regulatory obstacles to implementing them in Korea,” said Mr. Townsend [a research director at the Institute for the Future in Palo Alto, California], who consulted on Seoul’s own U-city plan, known as Digital Media City. 大部分的技術開發在美國的研究實驗室，但也有較少的社會和規章障礙，以落實他們在韓國，先生說： “湯生[研究主任，該研究所為未來在加州帕羅阿圖] ，誰諮詢漢城自己的 U 型的城市規劃，被稱為數字媒體的城市。 “ There is an historical expectation of less privacy. “ 是有歷史的期望，少的隱私。 Korea is willing to put off the hard questions to take the early lead and set standards .” [emphasis added] 韓國是願意把小康硬的問題，採取早期鉛和一套標準 。 “ [著重號另加]
A smaller U-city in South Korea, Hwaseong Dongtan, has already been partially completed and 較小的 U 型的城市，南韓，華城東灘，已部分完成，並 tested 測試 . 。 A promotional video for the Hwaseong Dongtan U-City can be seen 一宣傳短片，為華城東灘 U 型的城市可以看出， here 這裡 . 。 The heavily invested in U-City model of South Korea 大量投資於 U 型城市模型南韓 is currently being exported 目前正在出口 worldwide. 世界各地。
Interestingly, but perhaps not surprisingly, Bill Gates’ Microsoft Corporation is involved with the technological development of South Korea’s U-Cities. 有趣的是，但也許並不奇怪，比爾蓋茨的微軟公司是涉及與科技發展的韓國的 U 型城市。 A Microsoft press release 微軟新聞發布 on May 9th of this year reported that, 5月9日的今年報告說，
“Microsoft Corp. will play a key role in creating a ubiquitous computing environment for future citizens and businesses of Songdo International Business District (IBD). “ ，微軟公司將發揮關鍵作用，創造一個無所不在的運算環境，為未來的公民和企業的松島國際商務區（ IBD ）的。 The city of the future is currently under construction in Incheon just 40 miles southwest of Seoul, South Korea. 城市的未來是目前正在施工，在仁川只是40英里的西南漢城，南韓。 Songdo will be the first “new” city in the world designed and planned as an international business district.” 松島將成為第一批“新”城市在世界上設計和計劃作為一個國際商務區“ 。
What will happen to traditional notions of privacy in an “Everyware” world? 會發生什麼事，以傳統的概念，隱私權在“ everyware ”世界？ Could individuals and dissidents potentially be electronically blacklisted and denied access to cashless payment systems and transit systems as if they were a banned web page in the “internet of things”? 可以個人和持不同政見者可能會被列入黑名單，並以電子方式無法獲得現金付款系統和運輸系統作為，如果他們一個被取締的網頁，在“ Internet的東西”呢？ It remains to be seen whether the ubiquitous computing infrastructure can be fully realized, but it is a technological trend with vastly important implications that is worth keeping an eye on. 仍有待觀察是否有普適計算基礎設施能夠得到充分實現，但它是一個技術趨勢與很大的重要影響是值得關注。
See More: 看到更多的： Big Brother 大哥哥 Technology 技術 World News 世界新聞Have Your Say: Orwellian Ubiquitous Computing? 你說：奧威爾普適計算？
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