約翰・萊頓

互聯網內容審查橫跨世界增長。 一次勘測由開放淨主動性(ONI)橫跨41個國家發現那25被應用的內容過濾到塊通入到特殊網站。

Web應用程序例如Google地圖和Skype並且「在內容以為特色的顛覆」網站阻攔名單。 五年前仅「夫婦」狀態根據哈佛法學院的約翰Palfrey，在研究中參與的其中一位研究員行使相似的控制。

「也有在互聯網的標度、範圍和優雅的增量過濾」，他 知道 BBC。

「少量狀態是開放的關於通知他們的公民關於互聯網控制。 There’s no place you can get an answer as a citizen from your state about how they are filtering and what is being filtered,” Palfrey said, adding that filtering almost invariable happens “in the shadows”.

The extent of filtering varies between countries, with those in the Middle East among the most restrictive regimes. Burma, Iran, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Tunisia, the United Arab Emirates, and Yemen were among the states applying the heaviest use of the censor’s “blue pencil”. China, India, Singapore, South Korea, and Thailand all apply controls, albeit to a lesser extent.

Academics from the Universities of Toronto, Harvard Law School, Oxford, and Cambridge who make up the ONI reckon there are three main rationales for internet censorship: politics and power, state security, and the enforcement of social norms (such as a prohibition of pornography in Muslim states). Censorship nearly always falls across multiple categories. Controls, once applied, are often expanded to cover a broad range of content and used to increase government control of cyberspace.

Use of internet filtering leaves citizens with a restricted view of events unfolding around them, as well as restricting their knowledge of the outside world. The ONI study noted the growing use of techniques and tools used to circumvent filtering.

“It’s hard to quantify how many people are doing this. As we go forward each year we want to see if some of these circumvention technologies become more like appliances and you just plug them in and they work,” said Jonathan Zittrain, professor of internet governance and regulation at Oxford University. ®

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