Censura netta che cresce universalmente

John Leida

La censura del soddisfare del Internet sta sviluppandosi attraverso il mondo. Un'indagine dall'iniziativa netta aperta (ONI) attraverso 41 paese ha trovato che 25 hanno applicato il soddisfare che filtra ad accesso del blocco ai Web site particolari.

Applicazioni di fotoricettore quali i programmi e Skype di Google così come i Web site “sovversivi„ descritti sul soddisfare che ostruisce le liste. Cinque anni fa soltanto che “una coppia„ di dichiara stavano esercitando i comandi simili, secondo John Palfrey della scuola di diritto de Harvard, uno dei ricercatori che hanno partecipato allo studio.

“There has also been an increase in the scale, scope, and sophistication of internet filtering,” he told the BBC.

“Few states are open about informing their citizens about internet controls. There’s no place you can get an answer as a citizen from your state about how they are filtering and what is being filtered,” Palfrey said, adding that filtering almost invariable happens “in the shadows”.

The extent of filtering varies between countries, with those in the Middle East among the most restrictive regimes. Burma, Iran, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Tunisia, the United Arab Emirates, and Yemen were among the states applying the heaviest use of the censor’s “blue pencil”. China, India, Singapore, South Korea, and Thailand all apply controls, albeit to a lesser extent.

Academics from the Universities of Toronto, Harvard Law School, Oxford, and Cambridge who make up the ONI reckon there are three main rationales for internet censorship: politics and power, state security, and the enforcement of social norms (such as a prohibition of pornography in Muslim states). Censorship nearly always falls across multiple categories. Controls, once applied, are often expanded to cover a broad range of content and used to increase government control of cyberspace.

Use of internet filtering leaves citizens with a restricted view of events unfolding around them, as well as restricting their knowledge of the outside world. The ONI study noted the growing use of techniques and tools used to circumvent filtering.

“It’s hard to quantify how many people are doing this. As we go forward each year we want to see if some of these circumvention technologies become more like appliances and you just plug them in and they work,” said Jonathan Zittrain, professor of internet governance and regulation at Oxford University. ®

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