جون [لدن]

ينمو رقابة من إنترنت محتوى عبر العالم. أسّس فحص بالمبادرة مفتوحة صافية ([أني]) عبر 41 بلاد أنّ 25 طبّق محتوى ييصفّي إلى قالب منفذة إلى موقعات خاصّة.

نسيج تطبيقات مثل [غوغل] خرط و [سكب] [أس ولّ س] "هدّامة" موقعات يظهر على محتوى يسدّ قائمة ميلان إلى جانب. خمسة سنون [أغو] فقط "تدرّب زوج" من دول كان تحكمات مماثلة, وفقا ل جون [بلفري] من هارفارد [لو سكهوول], واحدة من الباحثات الذي ساهم في الدراسة.

"يكون هناك يتلقّى أيضا زيادة في المقياس, مجال, وتعقيد الإنترنت ييصفّي," هو يقول ال [بّك].

"قليل من دول مفتوحة حول يعلم مواطناتهم حول إنترنت تحكمات. There’s no place you can get an answer as a citizen from your state about how they are filtering and what is being filtered,” Palfrey said, adding that filtering almost invariable happens “in the shadows”.

The extent of filtering varies between countries, with those in the Middle East among the most restrictive regimes. Burma, Iran, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Tunisia, the United Arab Emirates, and Yemen were among the states applying the heaviest use of the censor’s “blue pencil”. China, India, Singapore, South Korea, and Thailand all apply controls, albeit to a lesser extent.

Academics from the Universities of Toronto, Harvard Law School, Oxford, and Cambridge who make up the ONI reckon there are three main rationales for internet censorship: politics and power, state security, and the enforcement of social norms (such as a prohibition of pornography in Muslim states). Censorship nearly always falls across multiple categories. Controls, once applied, are often expanded to cover a broad range of content and used to increase government control of cyberspace.

Use of internet filtering leaves citizens with a restricted view of events unfolding around them, as well as restricting their knowledge of the outside world. The ONI study noted the growing use of techniques and tools used to circumvent filtering.

“It’s hard to quantify how many people are doing this. As we go forward each year we want to see if some of these circumvention technologies become more like appliances and you just plug them in and they work,” said Jonathan Zittrain, professor of internet governance and regulation at Oxford University. ®

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