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  | Translate: 翻譯：               Court Backs Warrantless Searches Abroad法院支持無證搜查國外 Tuesday, November 25th, 2008 星期二， 08年11月25日
By通過 BENJAMIN WEISER 本傑明韋澤 | The authorities may lawfully conduct searches and electronic surveillance against United States citizens in foreign countries without a warrant, a federal appeals court panel said on Monday, bolstering the government’s power to investigate terrorism by ruling that a key constitutional protection afforded to Americans does not apply overseas. |當局可依法進行搜查和電子監視針對美國公民在外國無逮捕證，聯邦上訴法院裁決週一表示，支持政府的力量進行調查恐怖主義的裁決，一個關鍵的憲法保護的美國人沒有並不適用於海外。 The unanimous decision by a three-judge panel of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, in Manhattan, came in the case of three一致決定由3名法官組成的小組，美國上訴法院第二巡迴區，在曼哈頓，是在三個案件 Al Qaeda 基地組織 terrorists convicted a few months before 9/11 in a conspiracy that involved the 1998 bombings of two American embassies in East Africa.恐怖分子被定罪的前幾個月9 / 11的陰謀，涉及1998年的爆炸案兩名美國駐東非。 The court did not address the question of whether the government could conduct warrantless wiretaps of international calls involving people in the United States, an issue that drove a wedge between the Bush administration and Congress.該法院並沒有解決問題的政府是否可以進行監聽竊聽國際電話，涉及的人在美國，這個問題將離間布什政府和國會。 But the ruling did give footing to those who say that terrorism suspects can be successfully and effectively prosecuted in civilian courts.但是，執政黨的地位沒有給予那些誰說，恐怖嫌疑人可以得到成功和有效的起訴在民事法院。 The warrantless searches must still be reasonable, as the Constitution requires, Judge José A. Cabranes wrote for the panel, adding that the government had met that standard in the case of one defendant, Wadih el-Hage, a close aide to對無證搜查仍然必須是合理的，因為憲法規定，法官若寫字母a. Cabranes的小組補充說，政府已經達到了這一標準的情況下一名被告， Wadih埃及哈格，一個親密助手 Osama bin Laden 烏薩馬本拉丹 and a naturalized American citizen who was living in Nairobi, Kenya.和美國公民入籍誰是生活在肯尼亞的內羅畢。 The government searched his home and monitored his phone conversations.政府搜查了他的家和監控他的電話交談。 “The Fourth Amendment’s requirement of reasonableness — but not the Warrant Clause — applies to extraterritorial searches and seizures of US citizens,” the judge wrote. “第四修正案的要求合理-但不是權證條款-域外適用的搜查和扣押的美國公民，”法官寫道。 Mr. el-Hage and two other defendants had appealed their convictions for conspiring with Mr. bin Laden in a plot to kill Americans around the world.先生，哈格和另外兩名被告曾呼籲自己的信念陰謀與本拉丹先生陰謀殺害美國人在世界各地。 The conspiracy included the 1998 bombings of the United States Embassies in Nairobi, Kenya, and Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, which killed 224 people and wounded thousands.陰謀包括1998年炸毀美國駐肯尼亞內羅畢和坦桑尼亞達累斯薩拉姆，造成224人死亡數千人。 While noting that Mr. el-Hage “suffered, while abroad, a significant invasion of privacy by virtue of the government’s yearlong surveillance of his telephonic communications,” the panel offered a detailed analysis of why the search was reasonable under the Constitution, given the “self-evident need to investigate threats to national security” that foreign terrorist organizations presented.同時指出，先生，哈格“因，而在國外，一個重要的侵犯隱私權，由於政府長年監視他的電話通信” ，該小組提出了詳細的分析，為什麼搜索是合理的根據憲法，鑑於“不言自明的需要調查對國家安全的威脅”外國恐怖組織提出的。 The panel said the electronic surveillance was justified — and reasonable — for a number of reasons, including that “sustained and intense monitoring” was necessary to understand a “complex, wide-ranging and decentralized” organization like Al Qaeda; and that members of covert terrorist organizations often communicated in code.該小組說，電子監視是正當的-合理的-有許多原因，其中包括“持續和激烈的監測”，必須理解“複雜，廣泛和分散”組織像基地組織和成員的秘密恐怖組織經常通報代碼。 “While the intrusion on el-Hage’s privacy was great, the need for the government to so intrude was even greater,” Judge Cabranes wrote. “雖然對入侵埃及哈格的隱私，是偉大的，需要政府，以便侵入甚至更大， ”法官Cabranes寫道。 “This is going to be a very important precedent that intelligence agencies are going to look at, that the new Obama administration is going to look at,” Orin S. Kerr, a law professor at “這將是一個非常重要的先例，情報機構要看看，新的奧巴馬政府要考慮， ”奧林美國科爾，法學教授 George Washington University 喬治華盛頓大學 , said on Monday.週一表示。 “These issues are critical, and the courts rarely rule on them.” “這些問題是至關重要的，法院很少對這些規則。 ” The panel also made it easier for prosecutors to protect sensitive information in terrorism cases by holding that judges may bar defendants from having access to classified materials that their lawyers may otherwise examine, if there is concern that unauthorized disclosures of information could jeopardize lives or investigations.該小組還可以更容易為檢察官，以保護敏感信息的恐怖主義活動案件的法官認為被告律師可能無法取得機密材料，他們的律師可能另有審查，如果有令人擔憂的是未經授權的披露的信息可能會危及生命或調查。 The panel declined to declare, as a lower court judge had, that Miranda warnings were required in overseas interrogations of foreign suspects, but it said that a modified version of the warnings, adapted to local circumstances, could be acceptable.該小組宣布拒絕，作為一個下級法院的法官，這米蘭達警告，要求在海外的外國審訊嫌疑人，但它說，修改後的版本的警告，以適應當地的情況，是可以接受的。 “It is only through the cooperation of local authorities that US agents obtain access to foreign detainees,” Judge Cabranes wrote. “這是只有通過合作，地方當局說，美國特工獲得的外國囚犯， ”法官Cabranes寫道。 “We have no desire to strain that spirit of cooperation by compelling US agents to press foreign governments for the provision of legal rights not recognized by their criminal justice systems.” “我們不希望株的合作精神，迫使美國特工新聞界外國政府提供的法律權利不承認其刑事司法系統。 ” Michael J. Garcia 邁克爾J.加西亞 , the United States attorney in Manhattan and one of the prosecutors who participated in the embassy case, called the decision “one further measure of justice for the victims of those attacks.”美國的律師在曼哈頓和一名檢察官誰參加了大使館情況下，所謂的決定“一個進一步的措施，為受害者伸張正義的人的攻擊。 ” Defense lawyers said that they were disappointed in the ruling, and would appeal.辯護律師說，他們感到失望的裁決，將繼續上訴。 “We believe these issues are important enough to deserve “我們相信，這些問題都重要，足以值得 Supreme Court 最高法院 review,” said Frederick H. Cohn, whose client,檢討說， “弗雷德閣下科恩，其客戶端， Mohamed Rashed Daoud al-’Owhali 拉希德穆罕默德達烏德基地， 'Owhali , was convicted in the Nairobi attack.被判有罪，在內羅畢攻擊。 Joshua L. Dratel, a lawyer for Mr. el-Hage, said that the appellate decision “would seem to say that the government’s invocation of national security can trump a United States citizen’s constitutional rights across the board.”喬舒亞研究Dratel的律師先生，哈格說，上訴的決定“ ，似乎說，政府援引國家安全可以勝過美國公民的憲法權利在董事會。 ” The embassy case was the last of the large terrorism trials held in the United States before the Sept. 11, 2001, attacks.美國大使館案件最後的大審判恐怖主義在美國舉行之前， 9月11日， 2001年，攻擊。 Since then, there has been a national debate over whether people accused of terrorism should be treated as criminals and tried in the federal courts, or held as enemy combatants to be tried, if at all, before military tribunals, where defendants have fewer rights and there is less public disclosure.自那時以來，一直是國家爭論的人指控犯有恐怖主義罪行應被視為罪犯，並試圖在聯邦法院，或作為敵方戰鬥人員進行審判，如果在所有之前，軍事法庭，在被告有較少的權利和有公開披露較少。 David D. Cole, a law professor at大衛科爾，法學教授 Georgetown University 美國喬治敦大學 , said the ruling underscored “that we don’t need a specialized national security court; that we don’t need to depart from the traditional criminal justice system approach for prosecuting terrorists.”說，執政黨強調“我們不需要一個專門的國家安全法院; ，我們不需要背離傳統的刑事司法系統的做法，起訴恐怖分子。 ” The decision, which was joined by Judges這一決定，這是一起法官 Jon O. Newman 喬恩島紐曼 and Wilfred Feinberg, was divided into three separate opinions, which totaled 178 pages.和威爾弗雷德范伯格，分為三個不同的意見，共178頁。 “This criminal case presents issues of great importance, many of which are complex and novel,” Judge Cabranes wrote, observing that the case had been in the courts for a decade. “這刑事案件提出了非常重要的問題，其中有許多是複雜和小說， ”法官Cabranes寫道，指出，該案已在法院的十年。 The panel also praised Judge該小組還讚揚法官 Leonard B. Sand 倫納德灣沙灘 , who handled the trial, and Judge Kevin Thomas Duffy, who handled later proceedings, for their care, patience and fairness. ，誰處理審判中，法官和凱文托馬斯達菲，誰後處理程序，對他們的照顧，耐心和公平性。 The third defendant whose conviction was affirmed was第三被告被定罪，他們肯定是 Mohammed Saddiq Odeh 穆罕默德Saddiq德赫 . 。 A fourth defendant,第四名被告， Khalfan Khamis Mohamed 哈勒凡穆罕默德哈米斯 , did not appeal his conviction.沒有呼籲他的信念。 All four men are serving life sentences in the so-called Super Max prison in Florence, Colo.所有四名男子服無期徒刑所謂的超級最大的監獄在佛羅倫薩，科羅拉多州 Have Your Say: Court Backs Warrantless Searches Abroad 你說：法院的支持無證搜查國外 Please read our請仔細閱讀我們的 posting guidelines before posting張貼在發布前的指導方針 . 。 Alternatively或者 you can discuss this report here你可以討論這份報告在這裡 . 。 Related News 相關新聞
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