Chip Implants Linked to Animal Tumors芯片植入掛動物腫瘤
When the US Food and Drug Administration approved implanting microchips in humans, the manufacturer said it would save lives, letting doctors scan the tiny transponders to access patients’ medical records almost instantly.當美國食品和藥物管理局已批准芯片植入人體後，製造商表示，將拯救生命，讓醫生掃描小小的轉發器，以獲得病人的醫療紀錄，幾乎瞬間。 The FDA found “reasonable assurance” the device was safe, and a sub-agency even called it one of 2005’s top “innovative technologies.”該林業局發現， "合理的保證" ，該裝置是安全的，一個分機構，甚至稱這是一個2005年的熱門的"創新技術" 。
But neither the company nor the regulators publicly mentioned this: A series of veterinary and toxicology studies, dating to the mid-1990s, stated that chip implants had “induced” malignant tumors in some lab mice and rats.但是，本公司或監管機構公開提過這：一系列的獸醫和毒理學研究，可以追溯到20世紀90年代中期，但指出，晶片植入了"誘導"惡性腫瘤在一些實驗室小鼠和大鼠。
“The transponders were the cause of the tumors,” said Keith Johnson, a retired toxicologic pathologist, explaining in a phone interview the findings of a 1996 study he led at the Dow Chemical Co. in Midland, Mich. "轉發的事業腫瘤， "基思說，約翰遜是一位退休的毒理病理學家解釋，在接受電話採訪的結果， 1996年的一項研究，由他率領的陶氏化學公司在米德蘭，密歇根州
Leading cancer specialists reviewed the research for The Associated Press and, while cautioning that animal test results do not necessarily apply to humans, said the findings troubled them.導致癌症專家審查研究，為美聯社和美國，而告誡說，動物實驗結果並不一定適用於人體時表示，調查的困擾。 Some said they would not allow family members to receive implants, and all urged further research before the glass-encased transponders are widely implanted in people.有人說，他們不會允許家庭成員接受植入物，並敦促所有進一步的研究之前，玻璃包覆轉發器被廣泛種植在人。
To date, about 2,000 of the so-called radio frequency identification, or RFID, devices have been implanted in humans worldwide, according to VeriChip Corp. The company, which sees a target market of 45 million Americans for its medical monitoring chips, insists the devices are safe, as does its parent company, Applied Digital Solutions, of Delray Beach, Fla.至目前為止，大約有2000年的那些所謂的無線電頻率識別，或RFID的產品已植入人體世界各地，據該公司通過VeriChip公司，它看到的目標市場有4500萬美國人對其醫療監控芯片，堅持設備是安全的，因為它的母公司，應用數位解決方案， delray泳灘，佛羅里達州
“We stand by our implantable products which have been approved by the FDA and/or other US regulatory authorities,” Scott Silverman, VeriChip Corp. chairman and chief executive officer, said in a written response to AP questions. "我們站在我們植入式產品已通過FDA和/或其他美國監管當局， "斯科特Silverman ） ，通過VeriChip公司主席及行政總裁表示，在一份書面回應鴨提問。
The company was “not aware of any studies that have resulted in malignant tumors in laboratory rats, mice and certainly not dogs or cats,” but he added that millions of domestic pets have been implanted with microchips, without reports of significant problems.該公司是"不知道有任何研究報告說，導致惡性腫瘤的實驗大鼠，小鼠和肯定不是狗或貓" ，但他補充說，數百萬的家養寵物已植入微晶片，而不報告的重大問題。
“In fact, for more than 15 years we have used our encapsulated glass transponders with FDA approved anti-migration caps and received no complaints regarding malignant tumors caused by our product.” "事實上，已有超過15年來，我們已經用我們的包裹玻璃轉發器與FDA批准的反移民警帽，並收到任何這方面的投訴就惡性腫瘤引起我們的產品" 。
The FDA also stands by its approval of the technology. FDA還堅持其批准這一技術。
Did the agency know of the tumor findings before approving the chip implants?當時該機構知道的腫瘤結果，然後才批准芯片植入？ The FDA declined repeated AP requests to specify what studies it reviewed.該林業局下降反复鴨請指明什麼研究它審查。
The FDA is overseen by the Department of Health and Human Services, which, at the time of VeriChip’s approval, was headed by Tommy Thompson.在FDA的監督下，是由衛生署和人的服務，其中，在時間的通過VeriChip的批准後，被為首的湯米湯普森。 Two weeks after the device’s approval took effect on Jan. 10, 2005, Thompson left his Cabinet post, and within five months was a board member of VeriChip Corp. and Applied Digital Solutions.兩個星期後，該裝置的批准生效， 2005年1月10日，湯普森離開他的內閣職務，並在5個月內是一個董事會的成員，通過VeriChip公司和應用數字解決方案。 He was compensated in cash and stock options.他是賠償現金和股票期權。
Thompson, until recently a candidate for the 2008 Republican presidential nomination, says he had no personal relationship with the company as the VeriChip was being evaluated, nor did he play any role in FDA’s approval process of the RFID tag.湯普森，直到最近一名候選人，為2008年共和黨總統候選人提名，說他沒有個人關係，與該公司合作，因為通過VeriChip被評價，也沒有扮演任何角色，在FDA的批准過程的RFID標籤。
“I didn’t even know VeriChip before I stepped down from the Department of Health and Human Services,” he said in a telephone interview. "我什至不知道通過VeriChip前，我辭去該部的衛生和人類服務部， "他在電話採訪中說。
Also making no mention of the findings on animal tumors was a June report by the ethics committee of the American Medical Association, which touted the benefits of implantable RFID devices.也全然不提有關調查結果對動物腫瘤的是一個6月的報告，由倫理委員會的美國醫療協會，其中新產品帶來的好處植入RFID設備。
Had committee members reviewed the literature on cancer in chipped animals?有委員會成員審查了文學對癌症插話動物？
No, said Dr. Steven Stack, an AMA board member with knowledge of the committee’s review.沒有博士表示，潘國棧，或者董事會成員的知識，該委員會的審查。
Was the AMA aware of the studies?是或知悉有關的研究？
No, he said.不，他說。
— -
Published in veterinary and toxicology journals between 1996 and 2006, the studies found that lab mice and rats injected with microchips sometimes developed subcutaneous “sarcomas” - malignant tumors, most of them encasing the implants.發表在獸醫和毒理學雜誌1996年至2006年，研究發現，實驗室小鼠和大鼠注射微晶片有時發達皮下"肉瘤" -惡性腫瘤，他們大多數是鑿植入物。
- A 1998 study in Ridgefield, Conn., of 177 mice reported cancer incidence to be slightly higher than 10 percent - a result the researchers described as “surprising.” -1 998年的一項研究中里奇菲爾德，康涅狄格州， 1 77個小鼠的癌症發病率要略高於百分之十-這使得研究人員形容為"令人感到驚訝"。
- A 2006 study in France detected tumors in 4.1 percent of 1,260 microchipped mice. -研究， 2 006年在法國發現的腫瘤的4 .1％ ， 1 260芯片的影響。 This was one of six studies in which the scientists did not set out to find microchip-induced cancer but noticed the growths incidentally.這是一個六年的研究中，科學家們並沒有開始著手尋找微晶片誘發癌症，但注意到增長順便。 They were testing compounds on behalf of chemical and pharmaceutical companies; but they ruled out the compounds as the tumors’ cause.他們被測試化合物對代表的化學和製藥公司，但他們排除了該化合物作為腫瘤'的事業。 Because researchers only noted the most obvious tumors, the French study said, “These incidences may therefore slightly underestimate the true occurrence” of cancer.因為研究人員只注意到最明顯的腫瘤外，法國的研究說： "這些事例可能因此略有低估真實發生的"癌症的風險。
- In 1997, a study in Germany found cancers in 1 percent of 4,279 chipped mice. -在1 997年的一項研究，在德國發現的癌症，在1 ％的4 279插話小鼠。 The tumors “are clearly due to the implanted microchips,” the authors wrote.腫瘤" ，顯然是由於植入的微芯片" ，作者寫道。
Caveats accompanied the findings.一些隱憂伴隨著調查結果。 “Blind leaps from the detection of tumors to the prediction of human health risk should be avoided,” one study cautioned. "盲飛躍，從檢測的腫瘤，以預測對人類健康的危害是可以避免的， "一個研究警誡。 Also, because none of the studies had a control group of animals that did not get chips, the normal rate of tumors cannot be determined and compared to the rate with chips implanted.此外，因為沒有研究進行了對照組的動物沒有得到芯片中，正常率，腫瘤無法確定和比率相比，芯片植入。
Still, after reviewing the research, specialists at some pre-eminent cancer institutions said the findings raised red flags.還有，經檢討研究專家，在一些預知名癌症機構表示，調查結果提出的紅旗。
“There’s no way in the world, having read this information, that I would have one of those chips implanted in my skin, or in one of my family members,” said Dr. Robert Benezra, head of the Cancer Biology Genetics Program at the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York. "有沒有辦法在世界上拜讀過這方面的資料，我將有一個對這些芯片植入我的皮膚，或在我的一個家庭成員，醫生說： "羅伯特benezra ，頭部的癌症生物學遺傳學計劃在紀念斯隆-凱特林癌症中心在美國紐約舉行。
Before microchips are implanted on a large scale in humans, he said, testing should be done on larger animals, such as dogs or monkeys.前微晶片植入一個大規模的人類，他說，測試應做較大的動物，如狗或猴子。 “I mean, these are bad diseases. "我的意思是，這些都是不好的疾病。 They are life-threatening.他們是有生命危險的。 And given the preliminary animal data, it looks to me that there’s definitely cause for concern.”鑑於初步的動物數據，看來，我認為肯定是令人擔憂的" 。
Dr. George Demetri, director of the Center for Sarcoma and Bone Oncology at the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute in Boston, agreed.博士喬治demetri ，中心主任肉瘤和骨腫瘤學達納-法伯癌症研究所在波士頓，表示同意。 Even though the tumor incidences were “reasonably small,” in his view, the research underscored “certainly real risks” in RFID implants.即使腫瘤發病率分別為"合理小" ，在他看來，這項研究強調， "當然是真實的危險"的RFID植入物。
In humans, sarcomas, which strike connective tissues, can range from the highly curable to “tumors that are incredibly aggressive and can kill people in three to six months,” he said.對於人類來說，肉瘤，其中罷工結締組織中，可以從高度固化的"腫瘤是令人難以置信的侵略性和可以殺死人，在三至六個月內， "他說。
At the Jackson Laboratory in Maine, a leader in mouse genetics research and the initiation of cancer, Dr. Oded Foreman, a forensic pathologist, also reviewed the studies at the AP’s request.在傑克遜實驗室在緬因州的一名領導人在小鼠遺傳學研究，並已開始實施的癌症，博士oded領班，一名法醫病理學家，也審查了研究，在鴨的要求。
At first he was skeptical, suggesting that chemicals administered in some of the studies could have caused the cancers and skewed the results.起初他持懷疑態度，暗示化學品的管理，在一些研究，有可能導致癌症和傾斜的結果。 But he took a different view after seeing that control mice, which received no chemicals, also developed the cancers.但他表達了不同的看法後，看到對照組小鼠，其中收到任何化學品，還開發出癌症。 “That might be a little hint that something real is happening here,” he said. "這可能是一個小暗示實實在在的，是這裡所發生的， "他說。 He, too, recommended further study, using mice, dogs or non-human primates.他也建議進一步研究中，使用老鼠，狗或非人類靈長目動物。
Dr. Cheryl London, a veterinarian oncologist at Ohio State University, noted: “It’s much easier to cause cancer in mice than it is in people.謝博士倫敦，一名獸醫腫瘤學家在美國俄亥俄州州立大學，指出： "這很容易導致癌症的小鼠比它在人。 So it may be that what you’re seeing in mice represents an exaggerated phenomenon of what may occur in people.”因此，可以說，有什麼你可以看到在小鼠體內的一個誇張的現象，有什麼可能出現的人" 。
Tens of thousands of dogs have been chipped, she said, and veterinary pathologists haven’t reported outbreaks of related sarcomas in the area of the neck, where canine implants are often done.數以萬計的狗已插話，她說，和獸醫病理學家還沒有報告疫情的相關肉瘤在該地區的頸部，如犬植入常常這樣做。 (Published reports detailing malignant tumors in two chipped dogs turned up in AP’s four-month examination of research on chips and health. In one dog, the researchers said cancer appeared linked to the presence of the embedded chip; in the other, the cancer’s cause was uncertain.) （發表報告，詳細說明惡性腫瘤在兩個插話狗出現在鴨的為期4個月的試研究芯片和健康，在一次棒球，研究人員表示，癌症出現掛在場的嵌入式芯片，在另一方面，癌症的原因是不確定的） 。
Nonetheless, London saw a need for a 20-year study of chipped canines “to see if you have a biological effect.” Dr. Chand Khanna, a veterinary oncologist at the National Cancer Institute, also backed such a study, saying current evidence “does suggest some reason to be concerned about tumor formations.”儘管如此，在倫敦看到了需要有一個長達20年的研究插話犬" ，看，如果你有一個生物效應" 。葉文昌，他將一名獸醫腫瘤學家在美國國家癌症研究所，也支持這樣一項研究說，目前的證據"的確暗示某種原因要關心的事情腫瘤編隊" 。
Meanwhile, the animal study findings should be disclosed to anyone considering a chip implant, the cancer specialists agreed.同時，動物研究的結果，應予以披露任何考慮晶片植入，癌症專家表示贊同。
To date, however, that hasn’t happened.然而，到目前為止，這一切並沒有發生。
— -
The product that VeriChip Corp. won approval for use in humans is an electronic capsule the size of two grains of rice.該產品通過VeriChip公司獲得批准用於人類是一個電子膠囊大小的兩糧的大米。 Generally, it is implanted with a syringe into an anesthetized portion of the upper arm.一般來說，它是植入注射器成為麻醉部分的上臂。
When prompted by an electromagnetic scanner, the chip transmits a unique code.提示時，由電磁掃描器，晶片傳達一個獨特的代碼。 With the code, hospital staff can go on the Internet and access a patient’s medical profile that is maintained in a database by VeriChip Corp. for an annual fee.有關的守則，醫院工作人員能上互聯網，並獲得病人的醫療檔案，即維持在一個數據庫中，由通過VeriChip公司，售價為年費。
VeriChip Corp., whose parent company has been marketing radio tags for animals for more than a decade, sees an initial market of diabetics and people with heart conditions or Alzheimer’s disease, according to a Securities and Exchange Commission filing.通過VeriChip公司，其母公司已經銷售的無線電標籤為動物工作了十年以上，預計初期市場的糖尿病人患有心臟條件或阿爾茨海默氏病，根據一項美國證券交易委員會備案。
The company is spending millions to assemble a national network of hospitals equipped to scan chipped patients.該公司已投入數百萬組裝一個全國性的網絡，醫院配備了掃描插話病人。
But in its SEC filings, product labels and press releases, VeriChip Corp. has not mentioned the existence of research linking embedded transponders to tumors in test animals.但在其SEC報告中，產品標籤及新聞發布，通過VeriChip公司沒有提到存在的科研掛鉤嵌入式轉發給腫瘤的試驗動物。
When the FDA approved the device, it noted some Verichip risks: The capsules could migrate around the body, making them difficult to extract; they might interfere with defibrillators, or be incompatible with MRI scans, causing burns.當FDA批准該裝置，它指出，一些通過VeriChip風險：膠囊能遷移靠近身體，使他們難以提取，他們可能會干擾去纖顫器，或不符合磁共振成像掃描，造成灼傷。 While also warning that the chips could cause “adverse tissue reaction,” FDA made no reference to malignant growths in animal studies.同時也警告說，這種芯片可以造成"不利的組織反應， " FDA的，沒有提到惡性增長，在動物研究中。
Did the agency review literature on microchip implants and animal cancer?當時該機構綜述文獻對微晶片植入物及動物癌症嗎？
Dr. Katherine Albrecht, a privacy advocate and RFID expert, asked shortly after VeriChip’s approval what evidence the agency had reviewed.博士是Katherine Albrecht ，隱私倡導者和RFID專家，詢問後不久通過VeriChip的批准，有什麼證據該機構已審查。 When FDA declined to provide information, she filed a Freedom of Information Act request.當林業局拒絕提供資料，她提出了資訊自由法的要求。 More than a year later, she received a letter stating there were no documents matching her request.一年多以後，她收到一封信，說明有沒有文件匹配她的要求。
“The public relies on the FDA to evaluate all the data and make sure the devices it approves are safe,” she says, “but if they’re not doing that, who’s covering our backs?” "市民依賴於FDA的評估所有的數據，並確保器件，它通過是安全的， "她說， "但是如果他們不這樣做，誰的，包括我們的背" ？
Late last year, Albrecht unearthed at the Harvard medical library three studies noting cancerous tumors in some chipped mice and rats, plus a reference in another study to a chipped dog with a tumor.去年年底， Albrecht其後出土，在哈佛大學醫學院圖書館三項研究注意到癌腫瘤的一些插話，大鼠和小鼠，另加一個參考在另一項研究中，一插話狗同一種腫瘤。 She forwarded them to the AP, which subsequently found three additional mice studies with similar findings, plus another report of a chipped dog with a tumor.她轉發給鴨，後來發現另外三個小鼠的研究得到相同的結論，再加上另一則報導中一個插話與狗同一種腫瘤。
Asked if it had taken these studies into account, the FDA said VeriChip documents were being kept confidential to protect trade secrets.當被問到是否已採取這些研究在內， FDA說，通過VeriChip證件被保密，以保護商業秘密。 After AP filed a FOIA request, the FDA made available for a phone interview Anthony Watson, who was in charge of the VeriChip approval process.經過鴨提起foia請求，美國食品藥品管理局提供的一個電話採訪時安東尼沃森，他曾經負責該通過VeriChip的審批程序。
“At the time we reviewed this, I don’t remember seeing anything like that,” he said of animal studies linking microchips to cancer. "在那個時候，我們回顧了這一點，我不記得看到這樣的事情，他說： "對動物的研究，連接芯片的癌症。 A literature search “didn’t turn up anything that would be of concern.”文獻檢索"並未在約定沒有什麼可以值得關注的" 。
In general, Watson said, companies are expected to provide safety-and-effectiveness data during the approval process, “even if it’s adverse information.”一般而言，屈臣氏表示，公司預期將提供安全和效益的數據，在審批過程中， "即使它的不良信息" 。
Watson added: “The few articles from the literature that did discuss adverse tissue reactions similar to those in the articles you provided, describe the responses as foreign body reactions that are typical of other implantable devices.沃森說： "少數文章從文獻中沒有討論的不良組織反應類似於那些在文章你提供的，描述的反應，因為異物反應，這種情況是典型的其他植入式裝置。 The balance of the data provided in the submission supported approval of the device.”餘額提供的數據，在提交支持批准該裝置" 。
Another implantable device could be a pacemaker, and indeed, tumors have in some cases attached to foreign bodies inside humans.另一種植入式裝置，可以是一個心臟起搏器，而事實上，腫瘤已在某些情況下，重視外國機構內的人類。 But Dr. Neil Lipman, director of the Research Animal Resource Center at Memorial Sloan-Kettering, said it’s not the same.不過也有專家認為尼爾李普曼，主任研究動物資源中心，在紀念斯隆-凱特林說，它的不一樣。 The microchip isn’t like a pacemaker that’s vital to keeping someone alive, he added, “so at this stage, the payoff doesn’t justify the risks.” Microchip公司是不是像一個心臟起搏器說的切身保持有人活著，他補充說， "所以在這個階段，收益並不證明風險" 。
Silverman, VeriChip Corp.’s chief executive, disagreed. Silverman ） ，通過VeriChip公司的執行長，不同意。 “Each month pet microchips reunite over 8,000 dogs and cats with their owners,” he said. "每個月寵物微晶片團聚超過8000狗和貓與主人， "他說。 “We believe the VeriMed Patient Identification System will provide similar positive benefits for at-risk patients who are unable to communicate for themselves in an emergency.” "我們相信verimed患者識別系統將提供類似的正面效益，為在高危病人，他們都無法溝通，為自己在緊急情況下" 。
— -
And what of former HHS secretary Thompson?什麼前HHS的秘書湯普森？
When asked what role, if any, he played in VeriChip’s approval, Thompson replied: “I had nothing to do with it.當問及什麼樣的角色，如果有的話，他還打了，在通過VeriChip的批准後，湯普森回答說： "我已經沒有關係。 And if you look back at my record, you will find that there has never been any improprieties whatsoever.”如果你回頭看看我的記錄，你會發現從未有過任何不正當行為的話" 。
FDA’s Watson said: “I have no recollection of him being involved in it at all.” VeriChip Corp. declined comment. FDA的沃森說： "我已經沒有任何記憶，他被捲入，它在所有" ，通過VeriChip公司拒絕對此發表評論。
Thompson vigorously campaigned for electronic medical records and healthcare technology both as governor of Wisconsin and at HHS.湯普森大力開展宣傳活動，電子病歷和醫療技術既作為總督的威斯康星州和在HHS的。 While in President Bush’s Cabinet, he formed a “medical innovation” task force that worked to partner FDA with companies developing medical information technologies.而在布什總統的內閣，他成立了一個"醫療創新"的工作隊，工作，以合夥林業局與公司發展醫學信息技術。
At a “Medical Innovation Summit” on Oct. 20, 2004, Lester Crawford, the FDA’s acting commissioner, thanked the secretary for getting the agency “deeply involved in the use of new information technology to help prevent medication error.” One notable example he cited: “the implantable chips and scanners of the VeriChip system our agency approved last week.”在"醫療創新高峰會"於2004年10月20日，萊斯特克勞福德， FDA的代理專員，感謝司其事，該機構"深感涉及利用新的信息技術，以幫助防止醫療差錯" ，其中顯著例如他列舉說： "植入芯片和掃描器的通過VeriChip系統我們的機構批准上週" 。
After leaving the Cabinet and joining the company board, Thompson received options on 166,667 shares of VeriChip Corp. stock, and options on an additional 100,000 shares of stock from its parent company, Applied Digital Solutions, according to SEC records.後離開內閣，並加入公司董事會，湯普森接到期權166667股通過VeriChip公司股票及期權的額外100000萬股股票，從它的母公司，應用數位解決方案，根據證管會的紀錄。 He also received $40,000 in cash in 2005 and again in 2006, the filings show.他還收到了四萬元現金，在2005年又在2006年申報的表演。
The Project on Government Oversight called Thompson’s actions “unacceptable” even though they did not violate what the independent watchdog group calls weak conflict-of-interest laws.該項目對政府監督的所謂湯普森的行動是"不可接受的" ，即使它們並沒有違反什麼獨立監督團體呼籲薄弱有關利益衝突的法律。
“A decade ago, people would be embarrassed to cash in on their government connections. "十幾年前，人們會感到尷尬，以現金，在對他們的政府聯繫。 But now it’s like the Wild West,” said the group’s executive director, Danielle Brian.但現在它就像野生西說： "該集團的執行董事丹尼爾布賴恩。
Thompson is a partner at Akin Gump Strauss Hauer & Feld LLP, a Washington law firm that was paid $1.2 million for legal services it provided the chip maker in 2005 and 2006, according to SEC filings.湯普森是美國的夥伴，在類似gump施特勞斯hauer ＆深圳LLP公司，華盛頓的一名律師行支付了120萬美元的法律服務，它提供了芯片製造商在2005年和2006年，根據SEC報告。
He stepped down as a VeriChip Corp. director in March to seek the GOP presidential nomination, and records show that the company gave his campaign $7,400 before he bowed out of the race in August.他下台作為一顆VeriChip公司董事在三月尋求共和黨總統候選人提名，並根據記錄顯示，該公司給他的競選7400美元之前他鞠躬退出比賽，在8月。
In a TV interview while still on the board, Thompson was explaining the benefits - and the ease - of being chipped when an interviewer interrupted:在接受電視台採訪時雖然仍對董事會，湯普森解釋的好處-和緩解-被插話，當訪問者中斷：
“I’m sorry, sir. "我很抱歉，主席先生。 Did you just say you would get one implanted in your arm?”您剛才所說的，你會得到一個植入你的手臂" ？
“Absolutely,” Thompson replied. "絕對， "湯普森回答。 “Without a doubt.” "毫無疑問" 。
“No concerns at all?” "不關注，在所有" ？
“No.” "不會" 。
But to date, Thompson has yet to be chipped himself.但至目前為止，湯普森還沒有得到插話自己。
— -
On the Web:在網絡上：
RFID RFID技術 Section has more related reports 科更多相關報導 Help keep RINF going..有利於保持rinf去..Comment on 'Chip Implants Linked to Animal Tumors' : 評論』芯片植入掛動物腫瘤' ：
Related News: 相關新聞：
