As the handbook starts, issues around privacy include surveillance of the activities of staff, consumers and citizens, monitoring and recording of individual’s electronic communications and their electronic access to information, and the acquisition of biometrics, body fluids and body tissue.由于手册打响后，周围的问题，隐私包括监视该活动的工作人员，消费者和公民，监测和记录个人的电子通信和电子手段获取信息，并添置了生物识别技术，体液及体组织。 Hence, as the handbook carries on, the law: the Data Protection Act (DPA).因此，该手册进行，法律：个人资料保护法（政治部） 。 But the ICO makes the case for a PIA as a way to anticipate risk - including ‘competitive manoeuvres by other corporations, natural disasters, environmental contamination, cyber-attacks, and the risk of embarrassment’.但保险公司条例，使案件为软脑膜，以此来预测风险-包括竞争花招由其他公司，自然灾害，环境的污染，网络攻击，以及风险的尴尬' 。 Certainly the Government has been embarrassed by loss of data.当然，政府一直尴尬数据的丢失。 Commenting in late December on the loss of 6,500 people’s data by HM Revenue and Customs in Cardiff after a data cartridge from a pension firm went missing, Shadow Chief Secretary to the Treasury, Philip Hammond, said: “Another day, another data disaster.评论在12月下旬就损失了6500人的数据，由国税局和海关在加的夫后，数据磁带从退休金坚定失踪后，影子布政司库，菲利普哈蒙德说： "又一天，又一项数据灾难。 First we had the lost child benefit CDs, then three million learner drivers’ details go missing in America, and now this.”首先，我们有走失儿童受惠镭射唱片，然后三百万学习驾驶详情不明，在美国，现在，这一" 。

What to keep in mind during such an assessment is, by the ICO’s definition, sweeping, including CCTV, the Human Rights Act, and the The Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000, and the British Standard for information security management, BS 7799, besides the DPA.哪些必须牢记于心，在这样的评估是，由保险公司条例的定义，笼统，包括中央电视台，人权法，以及规管调查权力法案， 2000年，英国标准，为信息安全管理，学士7799 ，除了政治部。 The ICO does have a history of gunning for the likes of private investigators for seeking personal data, in a couple of reports titled What Price Privacy in the last couple of years, although as investigators point out, their clients are for example chasing debtors or checking dubious insurance claims.保险公司条例确有历史的球场上，为喜欢的私人调查，为求个人的资料，在一对夫妇的报告题目是什么价位的隐私，在过去数年，虽然调查人员指出，他们的客户都是例如追逐债务人或者检查可疑的保险理赔。 The handbook claims that such assessment are mainstream in Canada, the USA and Australia.该手册称，这种评估是主流，在加拿大，美国和澳大利亚。 In any case it is questionable what good more assessing will do for the 11 banks and the Immigration Advisory Service that, as the ICO reported last year after a media outcry, discarded personal information in waste bins outside their premises.在任何情况下，这是值得商榷的，又有什么好处更多评估会，为11个银行及移民咨询服务，作为保险公司条例去年举报后，媒体一片哗然，被丢弃的个人资料在废物回收箱，在其处所外面。

The handbook decribes privacy of personal behaviour as the observation of what individuals do, and includes such issues and optical surveillance and ‘media privacy’.该手册描述的个人隐私的行为作为观察什么个人做的，包括这些问题和光学侦察和媒体隐私权' 。 Much data may be sensitive, such as sexual preferences and habits, political activities and religious practices.许多资料可能被敏感的，如性的喜好和习惯，政治活动和宗教习俗。 But, the handbook goes on, the notion of ‘private space’ is vital to all aspects of behaviour, is relevant in ‘private places’ such as the home and toilet cubicle, and is also relevant in ‘public places’, where casual observation by the few people in the vicinity is very different from systematic observation, the recording or transmission of images and sounds.不过，在手册的推移，这一概念的'私人空间'是非常重要的各方面的行为，是有关在私人地方' ，如民政和卫生间的房间，亦是相关的'公共场所' ，如随便观察由几个人在附近，是很不同的系统观测，记录或传输的图象和声音。

Threats to privacy of personal communications include mail ‘covers’, the use of directional microphones and ‘bugs’ with or without recording apparatus and telephonic interception and recording.威胁个人隐私，通讯包括邮件'涵盖了' ，使用定向麦克风和'错误'或无录音器具及电话窃听和录音。 In recent years, concerns have arisen about third-party access to email-messages.近年来，关注出现约三党获得的电子邮件讯息。 Individuals generally desire the freedom to communicate among themselves, using various media, without routine monitoring of their communications by other persons or organisations.个人普遍渴望自由沟通，彼此相互合作，利用各种媒介，如果没有例行监测自己的信息通报其他人士或机构。

And not least there is privacy of the person, which according to the handbook relates to personal safety - implying the scenario of an employer letting a worker’s former partner have personal info which makes possible an attack.而不是至少有隐私的人，而根据该手册涉及人身安全-暗示的情况下，雇主让一个工人的前合伙人有个人信息，使可能的攻击。

The document points the finger at CCTV and other security measures as privacy-invasive technologies (PITs): “Many technology applications gather data, collate data, apply data, or otherwise assist in the surveillance of people and their behaviour (the “PITs”).该文件指出了手指，在中央电视台和其他安全措施，因为隐私微创技术（窖）说： "许多技术应用收集数据，整理资料，运用资料，或以其他方式协助在监视人民和他们的行为（下称"坑" ） 。 Among the host of examples are surveillance technologies (such as CCTV), data-trail generation (such as keystroke monitoring) and identification through the denial of anonymity (eg, telephone caller ID, loyalty cards and intelligent transport systems), data warehousing and data mining, and the use of biometric information.除东道国的例子是侦察技术（如中央电视台） ，数据步道代（如击键监控） ，并通过鉴定拒绝透露姓名的（例如，电话主叫号码，忠诚卡和智能交通运输系统） ，数据仓库和数据采矿业，并运用生物信息。 In an internet context, there is considerable concern about the various types of malware, including viruses, worms, trojans, keystroke-loggers, ’spyware’ and ‘phishing’.” Here the handbook suggests privacy-enhancing technologies (PETs) such as computer firewalls, and advice against malware.在互联网背景下，有相当多的关注，各种类型的恶意代码，包括病毒，蠕虫，特洛伊木马程序，击键记录器， '间谍软件'和'钓鱼' " ，而这里的手册显示，隐私权增强技术（宠物） ，例如电脑防火墙和指教，对恶意软件。

What would a PIA look like?什么会在软脑膜样子的？ According to the handbook, the ‘benefits to an organisation of conducting a PIA arise more from the process than the product’.根据该手册，福利，对于一个组织进行软脑膜出现更多的从过程中，比产品' 。 Or, putting it more wordily: “The important thing about PIAs is the process of undertaking the assessment where the organisation considers the impact on privacy and whether there are more privacy friendly alternatives.”或者，把它更多wordily ： "最重要的一件事是影响评估过程中的承诺，评估那里的组织认为，对隐私以及是否有更多隐私的替代品" 。

The ICO does say it’s not the law to do a PIA, but adds that it’s ‘eager to encourage use’.保险公司条例是否说，这并不是法律上做软脑膜，但补充说，它的'渴望，以鼓励使用' 。

The ICO quotes also a report last year from civil liberties body Liberty.保险公司条例行情也是在去年的报告中，由公民自由团体的自由。 Briefly, the report called for an overhaul of privacy protection.简单来说，该报告呼吁整顿隐私权保护。 Liberty’s Policy Director and principal author of the report, Gareth Crossman, said: “In times of heightened insecurity we quite rightly compromise some of our privacy for public protection, but if we don’t pause for thought right now, our children will grow up without any sense of the value of privacy.” Among other things the report was critical of CCTV describing it as ‘not a proven crime deterrent’ and ‘poorly regulated’.自由的政策总监及首席该报告的作者之一，加雷思crossman ，说： "在时代的高度不安全感，我们理所当然的妥协，我们的一些隐私，为公众保护，但如果我们不能停下来思考，现在，我们的孩子长大了，没有任何意义上的价值隐私" ，除其他事项外，报告批评中央电视台称它是'没有证明犯罪的威慑'和'管理不善' 。 The report claimed that ‘the DPA fails to provide an effective enforcement tool’ and called for new regulation.该报告称， '和平协议未能提供有效的执法工具' ，并呼吁采取新的规例。 Liberty quotes a YouGov poll that found a majority of people agreed that the UK has become a surveillance society.自由行情YouGov的民调，民调显示，大多数人一致认为，英国已成为一个监视社会。 In the detail of the report, however, the authors were not able to point to any public distrust of public space CCTV, falling back on the claim that the public are not informed.在详细的报告，但是，作者并不能够指出任何公众信任的公共空间，中央电视台，回落就声称公众并不了解。

You can download a copy of the PIA at the ICO website; and you can download a copy of the 137-page Liberty report at www.liberty-human-rights.org.uk:你可以下载一份拷贝的软脑膜在保险公司条例网站;你可以随心所欲地下载一份137页的报告人身自由在www.liberty -人类- rights.org.uk ：