Planets by the Dozen行星是由十多位
By通過 Dr. Tony Phillips博士托尼菲利普斯 | You know the planets of our solar system, each a unique world with its own distinctive appearance, size, and chemistry. |你知道行星，我們的太陽系，每一個獨特的世界與自己獨特的外觀，大小和化學。 Mars, with its bitter-cold, rusty red sands; Venus, a fiery world shrouded in thick clouds of sulfuric acid; sideways Uranus and its strange vertical rings.火星，其慘痛的冷戰，生鏽的紅色砂;金星，一個火熱的世界籠罩在厚厚的雲層硫酸;側身天王星和其奇怪的垂直環。 The variety is breathtaking.該品種是激動人心的。
Now imagine the variety that must exist in hundreds of solar systems. 現在想像品種必須存在於數以百計的太陽能系統。 There may be worlds out there that make Venus seem hospitable and Uranus positively upright. 有可能是世界上有使金星似乎熱情好客和天王星的積極正派。 Only 20 years ago, astronomers were unsure whether any such worlds existed beyond our own solar system. 只有在20年前，天文學家不能確定是否有任何這樣的世界存在超越我們自己的太陽系。 Now, they’ve found more than 280 of them, each with its own planetary “personality,” each a fascinating example of what a world can be. 現在，他們已經找到280多個，其中，每個國家都有它自己的行星“的個性， ”每個有趣的例子，什麼樣的一個世界可以。
Yet the heyday of planetary discovery is only just beginning. 然而，鼎盛時期，行星的發現只是剛剛開始。 This fall, astronomers will start a massive search for new planets by observing about 11,000 nearby stars over 6 years. 今年秋天，天文學家將展開大規模的尋找新的行星觀測約11000附近的星級超過六年。 This number dwarfs the roughly 3,000 stars that astronomers have searched to date for the presence of planets. 這個數字相形見絀大約3000顆星，天文學家已搜查，以日期為在場的行星。 Scientists estimate that the NASA-funded project, called MARVELS (Multi-object Apache Point Observatory Radial Velocity Exoplanet Large-area Survey), will find at least 150 new planets—perhaps many more. 科學家估計，美國航天局資助的項目，所謂的奇蹟（多目標阿帕奇點天文台徑向速度外行星大面積調查） ，會發現至少150名新的行星，也許還有更多。
“We’re looking in particular for giant planets like Jupiter,” says Jian Ge, principal investigator for MARVELS and an astronomer at the University of Florida in Gainesville. “我們正在尋找，特別是巨型行星像木星一樣，說： ”葛堅，首席調查員為奇蹟和一個大學的天文學家在佛羅里達州蓋恩斯維爾。 Ge likens big planets to “beacons of a lighthouse” signaling the presence of entire solar systems.葛likens大的行星“的燈塔燈塔”的信號存在，整個太陽能系統。 “Once we find a big planet around a star, we know that smaller planets could be there, too.” “一旦我們發現一個很大的星球周圍的明星，我們知道，規模較小的行星可能有，太” 。
MARVELS will do much more than just catalogue a few hundred more planets.奇蹟會做更多的不僅僅是目錄幾百更多的行星。 By surveying the Jupiter-like planets around such a large number of stars, MARVELS aims to give astronomers the data they need to test competing theories for how planetary systems form and evolve.由測量木星一樣的行星周圍的數目如此龐大的星級，奇蹟，目的是讓天文學家的數據，他們需要測試的競爭理論如何行星系統的形成和演變。
To look at so many stars, MARVELS will use a telescope that can separately image 60 stars at a time, and this number will eventually be increased to 120 stars.看看這麼多顆星，奇蹟將使用一個望遠鏡，可以分開的形象， 60顆星在一時間，這個數字最終將增加至120顆星。 The telescope, which will be housed at the Apache Point Observatory in the Sacramento Mountains of New Mexico, has a 2.5 meter primary mirror and a wide field of view that covers 7 square degrees of the sky—an area that would appear 35 times larger than the Moon.望遠鏡，將安置在阿帕奇點天文台在薩克拉門托的山區新墨西哥，有一個二點五米主鏡和一個廣泛的視野，涵蓋7平方米程度的天空-一個地區將出現35倍，大於在月球上。
An array of 60 fiber-optic threads will carry light from the telescope’s focal plane to highly sensitive interferometers. 一個數組60光纖線程將進行輕，從望遠鏡的焦平面，以高度敏感的干涉。 These instruments can detect tiny changes in the frequency of a star’s light. 這些文書可以偵測到微小的變化，在頻率的明星之光。 How does this help find planets? 如何，這是否幫助尋找行星的呢？ Ge explains: When a star is tugged to and fro by the gravity of an orbiting planet, the star’s light is shifted to and fro in frequency–an effect called the Doppler shift. 戈解釋說：當一個明星是調升，以及由來來往往的嚴重性，軌道的行星，恆星的光，是轉移到來回在頻率一效應稱為多普勒頻移。 The powerful gravity of Jupiter-sized planets exerts a big tug on the parent star, making them relatively easy to find using the Doppler shift method. 強大的嚴重性，木星大小的行星施加的一大拖船上的母公司星，使他們比較容易找到使用多普勒頻移的方法。
If Ge and his colleagues see a star’s frequency slowly increasing and decreasing in a repeating cycle over days, weeks, or months, it’sa good bet that a planet is there.如果戈和他的同事們看到一個明星的頻率逐漸增加和減少，在一個重複週期超過數日，數週或數月，這是個不錯的選擇，一個星球上是否有。
Scientists are keen to learn what kinds of stars have orbiting gas giants.科學家們熱衷於學習什麼樣的星級有軌道氣體巨人的肩膀上。 One theory for how these planets form predicts that stars rich in heavy elements such as silicon, oxygen, and nickel should be more likely to have Jupiter-like planets.一理論如何這些行星的形式預測，星級豐富的重元素，如矽，氧，和鎳應更可能有木星一樣的行星。 Imagine a planet-forming disk surrounding such a star: The disk, like the star itself, would be rich in heavy elements.想像一個形成行星的磁盤周邊這樣一個明星：磁盤一樣，明星本身，將豐富的重元素。 Those heavier elements would form rocky chunks in the disk, and these dense chunks would collide and merge to create a “planet seed” with strong enough gravity to gather gas around itself and grow into a behemoth.這些重元素會形成岩石塊在磁盤上，這些密集的大塊會碰撞和合併，以創造一個“星球種子”與強大的足夠重力來收集氣體周圍的本身和成長為巨頭。
So if MARVELS finds more gas giants around stars containing heavier elements, the survey would support this theory.因此，如果奇蹟發現更多的天然氣巨頭左右顆星載有較重的元素，調查會支持這個理論。 But some gas giants might not need these heavy elements to form.但有些氣體巨人未必需要這些重元素形成的。 Another theory suggests that Jupiter-like planets can arise simply because a disturbance in the planet-forming disk starts the gravitational collapse of a region of gas and dust—no seed required.另一種理論表明，木星一樣的行星可能出現僅僅因為一個干擾，在形成行星的磁盤啟動引力的崩潰，一個地區的氣體和塵埃-沒有種子所需。
By examining a large number of stars with a variety of heavy element fractions, MARVELS may be able to distinguish between these two ideas.通過審查了大量的星級與各種重元素組分，奇蹟也許能夠區分這兩個想法。
Data from MARVELS will also shed light on other questions about planet formation, such as how often the orbits of gas giants migrate closer to their stars, and how planets sometimes end up with highly eccentric orbits instead of the nearly circular orbits predicted by theory.從數據的奇蹟也將揭示了其他的問題行星形成，例如如何，往往軌道氣體巨人遷移更接近他們的星級，以及如何行星，有時年底與高度偏心的軌道，而是近圓形軌道上所預言的理論。 By surveying an unprecedented number of stars, MARVELS could deliver the data scientists need to find patterns about the conditions most favorable for planet creation, knowledge that can guide future, detailed observations of individual stars.由測量了數目空前的星級，奇蹟可以提供的數據，科學家們需要尋找模式的有關情況最有利的行星創造，知識能夠指導今後，詳細觀察個別星級。
Follow-up observations might eventually use space telescopes powerful enough to make out the rough appearance of those many worlds.後續行動的意見，最終可能會利用太空望遠鏡的強大足以令出粗糙的外觀，這些很多的世界。 The planets we know may only hint at the marvels waiting … out there.行星我們知道，可能只是暗示，在等待的奇蹟…在那裡。
See More: 看到更多的： Science 科學 Space 空間Have Your Say: Planets by the Dozen 你說：行星是由十多位
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