Is the Creative Internet Just About Dead?是創造性的互聯網僅僅是死？
By通過 Annalee Newitz annalee newitz | A couple of weeks ago I went to the annual Maker Faire in San Mateo, an event where people from all over the world gather for a giant DIY technology show-and-tell extravaganza. |數星期前我去了一年一度的製造商faire在San Mateo的，如果活動的人來自世界各地的聚會，一個巨大的diy技術展覽會和告訴龍騰燈耀慶。 There are robots, kinetic sculptures, rockets, remote-controlled battleship contests, music-controlled light shows, home electronics kits, ill-advised science experiments (like the Mentos-Diet Coke explosions), and even a barn full of people who make their own clothing, pillows, bags, and more.有機器人，動感雕塑，火箭，遠程控制戰列艦競賽，音樂控制輕顯示，家用電子教材，虐待宜科學實驗（如mentos -飲食焦炭爆炸） ，甚至是馬厩擠滿了人誰使他們自己的衣服，枕頭，箱包，和更多。 Basically, it’sa weekend celebration of how human freedom combined with technology creates a pleasing but cacophonous symphony of coolness.基本上，這是上週末慶祝如何人類自由的結合技術創造了可喜的，但cacophonous交響樂團的清涼。
And yet the Maker Faire takes place against a backdrop of increasing constraints on our freedom to innovate with technology, as Oxford University researcher Jonathan Zittrain points out in his latest book, The Future of the Internet and How to Stop It (Yale University Press).然而，製造商faire發生反對的背景下，增加的限制，我們的自由創新與技術，作為英國牛津大學研究員喬納森茲提春指出，在他的最新著作， 未來的互聯網，以及如何阻止它 （耶魯大學出版社） 。 After spending several years investigating the social and political rules that govern the Internet — and spearheading the Net censorship tracking project OpenNet Initiative — Zittrain looks back on the Net’s development and predicts a dystopian future.經過數年的開支調查的社會和政治的規則，規管互聯網-和帶頭淨檢查，跟踪項目的開放倡議-茲提春回顧了對淨的發展和預測，d y stopian的未來。 What’s chilling is that his dystopia is already coming to pass.什麼的令人心寒的是，他的烏托邦是已經來通過。
Zittrain traces the Net’s history through three phases.茲提春的痕跡淨的歷史，通過三個階段進行。 Initially it was composed of what he calls “sterile” technologies: vast mainframes owned by IBM, which companies could rent time on.最初，它是組成他所謂的“不育”技術：廣大擁有的大型主機由IBM ，哪些公司可以租的時間。 What made those technologies sterile is that nobody could experiment with them (except IBM), and therefore innovation related to them stagnated.是什麼使這些技術不育的是，沒有人可以實驗與他們（除了IBM ）的，因此，創新與他們停滯不前。
That’s why the invention of the desktop PC and popularization of the Internet ushered in an era of unprecedented high-tech innovation.這就是為什麼發明了台式電腦和普及互聯網迎來了一個時代的前所未有的高技術創新。 Zittrain calls these open-ended technologies “generative.” Anybody can build other technologies that work with them.茲提春呼籲，這些問題不限成員名額技術“生成”任何人都可以建立其他的技術，與他們共事。 So, for example, people built Skype and the World Wide Web, both software technologies that sit on top of the basic network software infrastructure of the Internet.因此，舉例來說，人們建立了Skype和萬維網上，無論是軟件技術，靜坐再加上基本的網絡軟件基礎設施的互聯網。 Similarly, anybody can build a program that runs on Windows.同樣地，任何人都可以建立一個程序，運行於Windows 。
But Zittrain thinks we’re seeing the end of the freewheeling Internet and PC era.但茲提春認為，我們所看到的結尾部分自由互聯網和PC時代。 He calls the technologies of today “tethered” technologies.他呼籲技術今天“栓系”的技術。 Tethered technologies are items like iPhones or many brands of DVR — they’re sterile to their owners, who aren’t allowed to build software that runs on them.栓系的技術項目，例如iphones或許多品牌的DVR的-他們育他們的業主，誰是不容許建立軟件上運行。 But they’re generative to the companies that make them, in the sense that Comcast can update your DVR remotely, or Apple can brick your iPhone remotely if you try to do something naughty to it (like run your own software program on it).但他們正在生成，以公司，使他們，在意義上康卡斯特可以更新您的DVR遠程，或蘋果可以磚您擁有遠程如果您嘗試做一些頑皮的它（如運行自己的軟件程序，它） 。
In some ways, tethered technologies are worse than plain old sterile technologies.在某些方面，栓系技術不如平原歲不育技術。 They allow for abuses undreamed of in the IBM mainframe era.他們讓被濫用的undreamed在IBM大型主機的時代。 For example, iPhone tethering could lead to law enforcement going to Apple and saying, “Please activate the microphone on this iPhone that we know is being carried by a suspect.” The device turns into an instant bug, without all the fuss of following the suspect around or installing surveillance crap in her apartment.舉例來說，擁有tethering可能導致執法要和蘋果的話說： “請激活麥克風就這個擁有我們知道正進行由一名嫌疑人。 ”裝置變成一個即時的錯誤，而不所有做文章，走嫌疑人靠近或安裝監視crap在她的公寓。 This isn’t idle speculation, by the way.這是不是閒置的投機活動，由方式。 OnStar, the manufacturer of a car emergency system, was asked by law enforcement to activate the mics in certain cars using its system. onstar ，製造商，汽車應急系統，要求執法要激活的MIC在某些車使用其系統。 It refused and went to court.它拒絕到法院。
Zittrain’s solution to the tethering problem is to encourage the existence of communities like the ones who participate in Maker Faire or who edit Wikipedia.茲提春的辦法來解決tethering的問題是，以鼓勵社區的存在一樣，那些誰參加在製造商faire或誰編輯維基百科。 These are people who work together to create open, untethered technologies and information repositories.這些都是人誰攜手合作，創造公開，纜線牽絆技術和信息儲存庫。 They are the force that pushes back against companies that want to sterilize the Internet and turn it back into something that spits information at you, television-style.他們的力量，推動回到對公司要消毒，互聯網和把它放回的東西吐出來的資料，在你，電視風格。 I think this is a good start, but there are a lot of problems with depending on communities of DIY enthusiasts to fix a system created by corporate juggernauts.我認為這是一個良好的開端，但有很多問題，根據社區的diy愛好者修復系統所創造的企業juggernauts 。 As I mentioned in my column (”User-Generated Censorship,” 4/30/08), you can’t always depend on communities of users to do the right thing.正如我在欄（ “使用者產生的檢查， ” 4/30/08 ） ，你不能總是依賴於社區的用戶做正確的事。 In addition, companies can create an incredibly oppressive tethering regime while still allowing users to think they have control.此外，公司可以創造一個令人難以置信的壓迫tethering制度的同時，仍然允許用戶認為他們的控制。 Tune in next week, and I’ll tell you how Zittrain’s solution might lead to an even more dystopian future.調在下星期，我會告訴您如何茲提春的解決方法，可能導致一個更dystopian的未來。
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[…] in Maker Faire or who edit Wikipedia. [ … … ]在製造商faire或誰編輯維基百科。 These are people who work together to create open, untethered technologies and information repositories.這些都是人誰攜手合作，創造公開，纜線牽絆技術和信息儲存庫。 They are the force that pushes back against companies that want to […]他們的力量，推動回到對公司要[ … … ]