Insects using plants as telephones昆蟲利用植物作為電話
By通過 Roland Piquepaille羅蘭piquepaille | A team of Dutch ecologists has found that subterranean and aboveground herbivorous |一隊荷蘭生態學家發現，地下和地上草食 insects use plants to communicate昆蟲利用植物溝通 . 。 ‘Subterranean insects issue chemical warning signals via the leaves of the plant. '地下昆蟲的化學問題的警告信號，透過葉片的植物。 This way, aboveground insects are alerted that the plant is already occupied.’ This means that by using ‘green telephone lines,’ the two kinds of insects can avoid to compete for the same plant, allowing for faster growth for both species.這樣，地上的昆蟲是提醒該工廠已被佔領。這意味著用'綠色電話線， '兩種昆蟲，可避免競爭，為同一植物，允許更快的增長，為雙方的物種。 Fascinating, but read more…迷人的，但閱讀更多資訊…
You can see above an example of interaction between aboveground and belowground insects, using plant leaves as ‘green phone lines.’ (Credit: Roxina Soler, NIOO-KNAW) Here is a link to你可以在上面看到的一個例子之間的相互作用地上和地下的昆蟲，利用植物葉片作為'綠色電話線。 』 （信貸： roxina索勒， nioo - knaw ）這裡是一個鏈接到 a larger version一個更大的版本 of this picture.本圖片。
Let’s look first at the short Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO) news release.讓我們看看第一次在荷蘭的短期組織科研（ nwo ）新聞發布。 “In recent years it has been discovered that different types of aboveground insects develop slowly if they feed on plants that also have subterranean residents and vice versa. “在最近幾年已發現不同類型的地上昆蟲發展得慢，如果他們對飼料的植物也有地下室的居民，反之亦然。 It seems that a mechanism has developed via natural selection, which enables the subterranean and aboveground insects to detect each other.看來，一個機制，制定了通過自然選擇，從而使地下和地上的昆蟲來偵測對方。 This avoids unnecessary competition.這樣可避免不必要的競爭。 Via the ‘green telephone lines’, subterranean insects can also communicate with a third party, namely the natural enemy of caterpillars.通過'綠色電話線' ，地下昆蟲也可以溝通與第三黨，即天敵的毛毛蟲。 Parasitic wasps lay their eggs inside aboveground insects.寄生蜂奠定其雞蛋內的地上昆蟲。 The wasps also benefit from the volatile signals emitted by the leaves, as these reveal where they can find a good host for their eggs.”該蜂，也有利於從揮發性發射的信號由葉片，因為這些顯示，在這裡他們可以找到一個很好的東道國蛋“ 。
This research work has been conducted at the這項研究工作已進行了在 Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW)荷蘭生態學研究所（ nioo - knaw ） in the在 Department of Multitrophic Interactions (MTI)部multitrophic的相互作用（式MTI ） of the該 Centre for Terrestrial Ecology中心的陸地生態 . 。 For those of you who don’t know what ‘multitrophic’ means, please read對於那些你誰不知道什麼' multitrophic '是指，請閱讀 this page此頁 at Wikipedia.在維基百科。 You’ll discover that ‘trophic’ comes from a Greek word meaning food or nutrition.您會發現， '營養'是來自一個希臘詞義的食物或營養。 “Multitrophic interactions are those which involve more than two trophic levels in a food web. “ multitrophic的相互作用是那些涉及兩個以上的營養水平在一個食物網。 The term is most often applied to interactions among plants, herbivores and predators.”任期是最常見的應用之間的相互作用植物，食草動物和破壞者“ 。
This particular project was led by這個特別項目是由 Roxina Soler Gamborena roxina索勒甘博雷納 , a PhD student at NIOO. ，博士學位的學生在nioo 。 Here is how she describes her expertise in plant-insect multitrophic interactions.這裡是她是如何描述她的專長在植物的抗蟲multitrophic互動。 “Plants and insects are part of a complex multitrophic environment, in which they closely and actively interact. “植物和昆蟲的一部分，一個複雜的multitrophic環境，他們在密切和積極的互動。 However, a systematic tendency to study mainly aboveground insect interactions limited the ability to develop more predictive models to achieve a better understanding of ecology and evolution in a more realistic frame.然而，一個有系統的發展趨勢研究，主要是地上的昆蟲互動有限的能力，發展更多的預測模型，以達到更好地理解生態和演化的一個更加現實的框架。 In the project I am working in, we are interested in study the interactions between below and aboveground insects, and how they can affect each other.”該項目的，我的工作，我們有興趣研究之間的相互作用，下面和地上的昆蟲，以及它們如何影響對方“ 。
Her project, “A multitrophic approach linking below and aboveground organisms,” is described in the她的項目， “一multitrophic掛鉤的做法，下面和地上的有機體” ，是描述在 MTI’s student subjects page的MTI的學生科目頁 . 。 Here is one part of the introduction.這裡是一個部分的導言。 “Recently, there is an increasing interest in studying the interaction of aboveground and belowground compartments as a whole, rather than isolated aboveground studies. “最近，有一個越來越大的興趣學習，互動的地上和地下隔間作為一個整體，而不是孤立的地上研究。 It is now acknowledged that insects can interact even when they feed on the host plant in different moments and parts of the plant, and some experiments had been carried out to study the interactions between belowground and aboveground insect herbivores.現在是承認，昆蟲可以互動，甚至當他們飼料對寄主植物在不同的時刻和部分工廠，和一些實驗已進行了研究之間的相互作用，地下和地上的昆蟲食草類動物。 The main aim of this study is to determine if the oviposition behaviour of aboveground hyperparasitoids (and parasitoids) is affected by feeding damage by herbivores in the soil, as these affect parasitoid host and plant quality, using the follow multitrophic system as target for the study.” The above figure has been picked from this document.的主要目的，這項研究是要確定如果產卵行為地上hyperparasitoids （和寄生性）是受損傷的餵養草食動物在土壤中，由於這些影響寄生主機和植物的質量，使用的後續multitrophic制度為目標，為研究“上述數字已回升，從這份文件。
For more information, you can read one of the technical paper co-authored by Soler and published in如需詳細資訊，您可以閱讀其中的技術文件的合作作者索勒並刊登在 Functional Ecology 生態功能 under the title “Foraging efficiency of a parasitoid of a leaf herbivore is influenced by root herbivory on neighbouring plants” (Volume 21, Issue 5, Pages 969-974, October 2007).標題下的“覓食的效率，一個寄生的樹葉蟲害的影響，根蟲食對鄰國的植物” （第21卷，第5期，頁969-974 ， 2007年10月） 。 Here is an excerpt from這裡是一個摘自 the abstract摘要 . 。 “Our results show that the interaction between an above-ground foliar feeding insect and its parasitoid can be influenced by the presence of non-host herbivores feeding on the roots of neighbouring conspecific plants.” “我們的研究結果表明，該之間的相互作用一地面以上葉面取食昆蟲及其寄生蜂可影響在場的非東道國的食草類動物餵養對根的鄰國conspecific植物” 。
You also can read a paper published in您還可以閱讀醫學論文發表在 Oikos 詩節 , another Blackwell Publishing journal, under the title “Root herbivores influence the behaviour of an aboveground parasitoid through changes in plant-volatile signals” (Volume 116, Number 3, Pages 367-376, March 2007).另一位布萊克威爾出版期刊，標題下的“根食草動物的影響的行為，一地上寄生蜂通過改變植物的揮發信號” （卷116 ，第3號，頁367-376 ， 2007年3月） 。 Here is the last paragraph of這裡是最後一段 the abstract摘要 . 。 “Our results provide evidence that the foraging behaviour of a parasitoid of an aboveground herbivore can be influenced by belowground herbivores through changes in the plant volatile blend. “我們的研究結果提供的證據表明，覓食行為的一個寄生的一地上食草動物可以影響地下食草動物通過的變化，在植物揮發共混物。 Such indirect interactions may have profound consequences for the evolution of host selection behaviour in parasitoids, and may play an important role in the structuring and functioning of communities.”這種間接的相互作用，可能有深遠後果的演變寄主選擇行為的寄生性，並有可能發揮重要作用的結構和運作的社區“ 。
Sources: The Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO), April 11, 2008; and various websites 資料來源：荷蘭的組織科研（ nwo ） ， 2008年4月11日;和各種網站
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Insects using plants as telephones - darkmesa昆蟲利用植物作為電話-d arkmesaReply回复[…] using plants as telephones Insects using plants as telephones Monday, April 28th, 2008 By Roland Piquepaille | A team of Dutch ecologists has found that […] [ … … ]利用植物作為電話昆蟲利用植物作為電話，週一， 2008年4月28日，由羅蘭piquepaille |一隊荷蘭生態學家發現， [ … … ]
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[…] research work has been conducted at the Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW) in the Department of […] [ … … ]的研究工作已進行了在荷蘭生態研究所（ nioo - knaw ）在該部[ … … ]