Insects using plants as telephones昆虫利用植物作为电话
By通过 Roland Piquepaille罗兰piquepaille | A team of Dutch ecologists has found that subterranean and aboveground herbivorous |一队荷兰生态学家发现，地下和地上草食 insects use plants to communicate昆虫利用植物沟通 . 。 ‘Subterranean insects issue chemical warning signals via the leaves of the plant. '地下昆虫的化学问题的警告信号，透过叶片的植物。 This way, aboveground insects are alerted that the plant is already occupied.’ This means that by using ‘green telephone lines,’ the two kinds of insects can avoid to compete for the same plant, allowing for faster growth for both species.这样，地上的昆虫是提醒该工厂已被占领。这意味着用'绿色电话线， '两种昆虫，可避免竞争，为同一植物，允许更快的增长，为双方的物种。 Fascinating, but read more…迷人的，但阅读更多资讯…
You can see above an example of interaction between aboveground and belowground insects, using plant leaves as ‘green phone lines.’ (Credit: Roxina Soler, NIOO-KNAW) Here is a link to你可以在上面看到的一个例子之间的相互作用地上和地下的昆虫，利用植物叶片作为'绿色电话线。 』 （信贷： roxina索勒， nioo - knaw ）这里是一个链接到 a larger version一个更大的版本 of this picture.本图片。
Let’s look first at the short Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO) news release.让我们看看第一次在荷兰的短期组织科研（ nwo ）新闻发布。 “In recent years it has been discovered that different types of aboveground insects develop slowly if they feed on plants that also have subterranean residents and vice versa. “在最近几年已发现不同类型的地上昆虫发展得慢，如果他们对饲料的植物也有地下室的居民，反之亦然。 It seems that a mechanism has developed via natural selection, which enables the subterranean and aboveground insects to detect each other.看来，一个机制，制定了通过自然选择，从而使地下和地上的昆虫来侦测对方。 This avoids unnecessary competition.这样可避免不必要的竞争。 Via the ‘green telephone lines’, subterranean insects can also communicate with a third party, namely the natural enemy of caterpillars.通过'绿色电话线' ，地下昆虫也可以沟通与第三党，即天敌的毛毛虫。 Parasitic wasps lay their eggs inside aboveground insects.寄生蜂奠定其鸡蛋内的地上昆虫。 The wasps also benefit from the volatile signals emitted by the leaves, as these reveal where they can find a good host for their eggs.”该蜂，也有利于从挥发性发射的信号由叶片，因为这些显示，在这里他们可以找到一个很好的东道国蛋“ 。
This research work has been conducted at the这项研究工作已进行了在 Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW)荷兰生态学研究所（ nioo - knaw ） in the在 Department of Multitrophic Interactions (MTI)部multitrophic的相互作用（式MTI ） of the该 Centre for Terrestrial Ecology中心的陆地生态 . 。 For those of you who don’t know what ‘multitrophic’ means, please read对于那些你不知道什么' multitrophic '是指，请阅读 this page此页 at Wikipedia.在维基百科。 You’ll discover that ‘trophic’ comes from a Greek word meaning food or nutrition.您会发现， '营养'是来自一个希腊词义的食物或营养。 “Multitrophic interactions are those which involve more than two trophic levels in a food web. “ multitrophic的相互作用是那些涉及两个以上的营养水平在一个食物网。 The term is most often applied to interactions among plants, herbivores and predators.”任期是最常见的应用之间的相互作用植物，食草动物和破坏者“ 。
This particular project was led by这个特别项目是由 Roxina Soler Gamborena roxina索勒甘博雷纳 , a PhD student at NIOO. ，博士学位的学生在nioo 。 Here is how she describes her expertise in plant-insect multitrophic interactions.这里是她是如何描述她的专长在植物的抗虫multitrophic互动。 “Plants and insects are part of a complex multitrophic environment, in which they closely and actively interact. “植物和昆虫的一部分，一个复杂的multitrophic环境，他们在密切和积极的互动。 However, a systematic tendency to study mainly aboveground insect interactions limited the ability to develop more predictive models to achieve a better understanding of ecology and evolution in a more realistic frame.然而，一个有系统的发展趋势研究，主要是地上的昆虫互动有限的能力，发展更多的预测模型，以达到更好地理解生态和演化的一个更加现实的框架。 In the project I am working in, we are interested in study the interactions between below and aboveground insects, and how they can affect each other.”该项目的，我的工作，我们有兴趣研究之间的相互作用，下面和地上的昆虫，以及它们如何影响对方“ 。
Her project, “A multitrophic approach linking below and aboveground organisms,” is described in the她的项目， “一multitrophic挂钩的做法，下面和地上的有机体” ，是描述在 MTI’s student subjects page的MTI的学生科目页 . 。 Here is one part of the introduction.这里是一个部分的导言。 “Recently, there is an increasing interest in studying the interaction of aboveground and belowground compartments as a whole, rather than isolated aboveground studies. “最近，有一个越来越大的兴趣学习，互动的地上和地下隔间作为一个整体，而不是孤立的地上研究。 It is now acknowledged that insects can interact even when they feed on the host plant in different moments and parts of the plant, and some experiments had been carried out to study the interactions between belowground and aboveground insect herbivores.现在是承认，昆虫可以互动，甚至当他们饲料对寄主植物在不同的时刻和部分工厂，和一些实验已进行了研究之间的相互作用，地下和地上的昆虫食草类动物。 The main aim of this study is to determine if the oviposition behaviour of aboveground hyperparasitoids (and parasitoids) is affected by feeding damage by herbivores in the soil, as these affect parasitoid host and plant quality, using the follow multitrophic system as target for the study.” The above figure has been picked from this document.的主要目的，这项研究是要确定如果产卵行为地上hyperparasitoids （和寄生性）是受损伤的喂养草食动物在土壤中，由于这些影响寄生主机和植物的质量，使用的后续multitrophic制度为目标，为研究“上述数字已回升，从这份文件。
For more information, you can read one of the technical paper co-authored by Soler and published in如需详细资讯，您可以阅读其中的技术文件的合作作者索勒并刊登在 Functional Ecology 生态功能 under the title “Foraging efficiency of a parasitoid of a leaf herbivore is influenced by root herbivory on neighbouring plants” (Volume 21, Issue 5, Pages 969-974, October 2007).标题下的“觅食的效率，一个寄生的树叶虫害的影响，根虫食对邻国的植物” （第21卷，第5期，页969-974 ， 2007年10月） 。 Here is an excerpt from这里是一个摘自 the abstract摘要 . 。 “Our results show that the interaction between an above-ground foliar feeding insect and its parasitoid can be influenced by the presence of non-host herbivores feeding on the roots of neighbouring conspecific plants.” “我们的研究结果表明，该之间的相互作用一地面以上叶面取食昆虫及其寄生蜂可影响在场的非东道国的食草类动物喂养对根的邻国conspecific植物” 。
You also can read a paper published in您还可以阅读医学论文发表在 Oikos 诗节 , another Blackwell Publishing journal, under the title “Root herbivores influence the behaviour of an aboveground parasitoid through changes in plant-volatile signals” (Volume 116, Number 3, Pages 367-376, March 2007).另一位布莱克威尔出版期刊，标题下的“根食草动物的影响的行为，一地上寄生蜂通过改变植物的挥发信号” （卷116 ，第3号，页367-376 ， 2007年3月） 。 Here is the last paragraph of这里是最后一段 the abstract摘要 . 。 “Our results provide evidence that the foraging behaviour of a parasitoid of an aboveground herbivore can be influenced by belowground herbivores through changes in the plant volatile blend. “我们的研究结果提供的证据表明，觅食行为的一个寄生的一地上食草动物可以影响地下食草动物通过的变化，在植物挥发共混物。 Such indirect interactions may have profound consequences for the evolution of host selection behaviour in parasitoids, and may play an important role in the structuring and functioning of communities.”这种间接的相互作用，可能有深远后果的演变寄主选择行为的寄生性，并有可能发挥重要作用的结构和运作的社区“ 。
Sources: The Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO), April 11, 2008; and various websites 资料来源：荷兰的组织科研（ nwo ） ， 2008年4月11日;和各种网站
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Insects using plants as telephones - darkmesa昆虫利用植物作为电话-d arkmesaReply回复[…] using plants as telephones Insects using plants as telephones Monday, April 28th, 2008 By Roland Piquepaille | A team of Dutch ecologists has found that […] [ … … ]利用植物作为电话昆虫利用植物作为电话，周一， 2008年4月28日，由罗兰piquepaille |一队荷兰生态学家发现， [ … … ]
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[…] research work has been conducted at the Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW) in the Department of […] [ … … ]的研究工作已进行了在荷兰生态研究所（ nioo - knaw ）在该部[ … … ]