IBM scientists look to DNA to build future chips IBM科學家期望的DNA ，以建立未來的芯片
DNA strings could become the template for nanotubes and nanowires by 2028 DNA的弦樂團能成為樣板納米碳管和納米線，由2028
Looking for a way to continually shrink computer chips while still squeezing more transistors onto them,尋找出路，不斷縮小計算機芯片的同時，仍然容納更多數量的晶體管上， IBM IBM公司 scientists are working on a whole new way to build processors — using DNA.科學家們正在研究一種全新的方式建設處理器-用D NA。
For the past year and a half, researchers at IBM have been working on creating a new way to make the patterns used to lay out the transistors and wires that go on a chip.在過去的一年半的時間內，研究人員在IBM一直致力於創建一個新的途徑，使所使用的模式奠定了晶體管和導線到一個芯片上。 Today, semiconductor manufacturers use optical lithography, which uses light to transfer the pattern.今天，半導體製造商使用的光刻，它利用光來傳輸模式。 The problem, according to這個問題，據 Joe Gordon喬高登 , senior manager for materials for advanced technology at IBM, is that it’s difficult to shrink the pattern using today’s techniques.高級經理為材料的先進技術，在IBM ，是因為它的難度，以縮小模式，用今天的技術。
And since Gordon said 50% of the improvement in processor performance comes from shrinking the pattern, scientists need to come up with a new way to create the patterns.自戈登說， 50 ％的提高處理器的效能來自萎縮格局，科學家需要想出了一個新的途徑，創造了模式。
That’s where the DNA strands come into play.這是那裡的DNA雙鏈來發揮作用。
“Right now, the industry road map is [that] we’ll get down to 22 nanometer-size features on a chip,” said Gordon. "目前，工業路線圖[是] ，我們將得到下降到22納米大小的特點就一個芯片上，說： "戈登。 “We’re looking at ways to go down beyond that. "我們正在尋求各種方法，深入到不止這些。 It’s very clear it will be difficult to go smaller than that using the optical lithography we know today.它的很清楚，將很難去小於採用光學光刻技術，我們今天所了解的。 Using DNA will help us do that.”用DNA將幫助我們做到這一點" 。
Greg Wallraff, a staff scientist at IBM, explained that the researchers are laying single molecules of DNA onto the chip’s surface and using them as a template for assembling electronic components, like格雷戈瓦爾拉夫，一名工作人員科學家在IBM ，解釋說，研究人員正在鋪設單一分子上的DNA晶片的表面，並利用它們作為模板組裝電子元件，如 nanotubes碳納米管 and及 nanowires納米線 . The DNA used by the researchers comes from a virus, he added. 。 DNA的使用由研究者來自一種病毒，他補充說。
Wallraff said the IBM research team is working with瓦爾拉夫說， IBM公司的研究小組正在與 California Institute of Technology加州技術學院 scientist科學家 Paul Rothemund保羅rothemund , who has developed a way to assemble single molecules of DNA into complex structures. ，他們制定了一個辦法，以組裝單分子DNA的複雜結構。 Building on that research, the IBM scientists are trying to wrangle the DNA into usable templates.的基礎上，研究， IBM的科學家們正在設法纏鬥的DNA變為有用的模板。
“People say DNA is the blueprint for life,” said Wallraff. "有人說DNA是生命藍圖，說： "瓦爾拉夫。 “The specific structure of DNA has unique features. "具體的DNA結構，有獨特的特點。 It’s basically programmable.它的基本程式。 You can design DNA into unique shapes, with specific attachment sites.你可以設計DNA導入獨特的形狀，與具體的實習地點。 Then we pour this DNA solution onto a silicon substrate, and the DNA assembles itself exactly where we want it to on the chip, and then we assemble the components on top of that.”那麼我們傾訴這個DNA溶液到一個矽襯底，和DNA組裝本身正是我們希望它在芯片上，然後我們就組裝元件最重要的是" 。
The attachment sites on DNA, which is where the nanowires and transistors would attach on the template, can be made much closer together than with traditional pattern manufacturing techniques.實習工地上的DNA ，這是納米線和晶體管將重視對模板的，可以作出更緊密的合作比與傳統模式的製造技術。 With DNA, the attachment sites are 4nm to 6nm apart.與DNA ，實習地點是4 nm到6nm除。 Normally, they’re about 45nm apart.通常，他們正在對45奈米制程除。
“Think of it as tiling a floor. "認為這是砌一個樓層。 These DNA pieces are like tiles,” explained Gordon.這些DNA的樂曲像瓷磚，解釋說： "戈登。 “Each tile has some array of electronic components. "每瓦有一些陣列的電子元件。 Those tiles are placed on a chip in a larger array so there are thousands or millions on a chip.這些磚都是放在芯片上，在更大的陣列，所以有幾千或幾百萬到一塊芯片。 The second step, which we don’t know how to do yet, would be to wire them all together.第二步，我們不知道怎麼做，但是，新公司將成為線材，他們都在一起。 We’ve got sizes well below conventional lithography.”我們已經得到規模遠低於常規光刻" 。
Once the nanotubes and wires are laid onto the template, the DNA would be extracted.一旦碳納米管和電線下崗走上模板， DNA將被提取。 Wallraff said millions of the DNA templates would be needed for a single chip.瓦爾拉夫說，數百萬的DNA模板，將需要一個單一的芯片上。
Gordon noted that the research team is far from figuring out the whole process needed to make the DNA model work.戈登指出，該研究小組還遠才弄清楚整個過程中，需要使DNA模型的工作。 “We don’t have a good picture of exactly how you would do everything,” he said. "我們沒有一個良好的了解究竟如何，你會竭盡所能， "他說。 “How do we make the tiles stick together in the right places? "我們如何使瓷磚粘在一起，在適當的地方呢？ Can we get the nanowires to attach to the tiles in the right places?我們可以得到納米線附加到瓷磚在正確的地方呢？ Can we wire them up?”我們可以線材起來" ？
Wallraff said the next steps will be connect all the tiles together and check the defect levels during assembly.瓦爾拉夫說，下一個步驟將連接所有的瓦一起檢查缺陷，在各級大會。
Actually using this pattern technique is probably 10 to 20 years away, he noted.其實採用這種模式技術，可能是10年至20年之久，他指出。
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