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Como de confiança é o DNA em identificar suspeitos?

Quinta-feira, julho 24o, 2008
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O analista Kathryn Troyer do laboratório do crime do estado era testes running na base de dados do DNA do Arizona quando tropeçou através de dois criminosos com perfis genetic notàvelmente similares.

Os homens combinaram em nove das 13 posições em chromosomes, ou em loci, usados geralmente distinguir povos.

O FBI estimou as probabilidades dos povos unrelated que compartilham daqueles marcadores genetic para ser tão remoto quanto 1 em 113 bilhões. Mas os tiros da caneca dos dois criminosos sugeriram que não eram relacionados: Um era preto, o outro branco.

Nos anos após sua descoberta 2001, Troyer encontrou dúzias de fósforos similares - cada um que parece defy probabilidades impossíveis.

Porque a propagação da palavra, estes findings por um trabalhador de laboratório little-known levantou perguntas sobre a exatidão dos statistics do DNA do FBI e inflamou um excesso legal da luta se as bases de dados genetic da nação ought ser aberto a um scrutiny mais largo.

O laboratório de FBI, que administra o sistema nacional da base de dados do DNA, o tentou parar a distribuição de resultados de Troyer e o começou atrás--cenas aggressive faz campanha para obstruir em outra parte buscas similares, mesmo aqueles requisitados por cortes, uma investigação das épocas encontrada.

Na estaca está o credibility das probabilidades compelindo cited frequentemente nas caixas do DNA, que podem sugerir um tudo com exceção de determinada ligação entre um suspeito e uma cena de crime.

Quando o DNA de indícios como pilhas do sangue ou da pele combina o perfil genetic de um suspeito, pode selar seu fate com um júri, mesmo na ausência da outra evidência. Enquanto as perguntas se levantam sobre a confiabilidade de balístico, a mordida-marca e mesmo a análise da impressão digital, evidência genetic emergiram como o padrão de ouro forensic, portrayed frequentemente nos courtrooms como unassailable.

Mas o DNA “fósforos” não é sempre o que parecem ser. Embora a composição genetic de uma pessoa seja original, seu perfil genetic - apenas um sliver minúsculo do genome cheio - não pode ser. Os Siblings compartilham frequentemente de marcadores genetic em diversas posições, e mesmo os povos unrelated podem compartilhar de algum pela coincidência.

Ninguém sabe precisamente os perfis raros do DNA são. As probabilidades apresentadas na corte são as mais melhores estimativas do FBI.

A busca do Arizona era, de fato, o primeiro teste daquelas estimativas em uma base de dados grande do estado, e os resultados estavam surpreendendo, mesmo a alguns peritos.

Defense attorneys seized on the Arizona discoveries as evidence that genetic profiles match more often than the official statistics imply — and are far from unique, as the FBI has sometimes suggested.

Lawyers seek searches

Now, lawyers around the country are asking for searches of their own state databases.

Several scientists and legal experts as well want to test the accuracy of official statistics using the nearly 6 million profiles in CODIS, the national system that includes most state and local databases.

“DNA is terrific and nobody doubts it, but because it is so powerful, any chinks in its armor ought to be made as salient and clear as possible so jurors will not be overwhelmed by the seeming certainty of it,” said David Faigman, a professor at UC Hastings College of the Law, who specializes in scientific evidence.

FBI officials argue that, under their interpretation of federal law, use of CODIS is limited to criminal justice agencies. In their view, defense attorneys are allowed access to information about their specific cases, not the databases in general.

Bureau officials say critics have exaggerated or misunderstood the implications of Troyer’s discoveries.

Indeed, experts generally agree that most — but not all — of the Arizona matches were to be expected statistically because of the unusual way Troyer searched for them.

In a typical criminal case, investigators look for matches to a specific profile. But the Arizona search looked for any matches among all the thousands of profiles in the database, greatly increasing the odds of finding them.

Continue http://www.latimes.com/news/la-me-dna20-2008jul20,0,4108871.story?page=2&track=rss



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