Friday, March 28th, 2008 週五， 2008年3月28日 The FBI has recently adopted a novel investigative technique: posting hyperlinks that purport to be illegal videos of minors having sex, and then raiding the homes of anyone willing to click on them.美國聯邦調查局最近通過了一種新型的調查技術：發布的超連結，聲稱是非法的影片對未成年人發生性行為，然後執法人員的家中任何人願意按一下他們。
Undercover FBI agents used this hyperlink-enticement technique, which directed Internet users to a clandestine government server, to stage armed raids of homes in Pennsylvania, New York, and Nevada last year.臥底聯邦調查局特工使用這個超連結-誘惑技術，針對互聯網用戶到一個秘密的政府服務器，以現階段武裝襲擊家園，在賓夕法尼亞州，紐約和內華達州去年。 The supposed video files actually were gibberish and contained no illegal images.假定視頻文件，其實都是無用，並載有沒有非法的圖像。
A CNET News.com review of legal documents shows that courts have approved of this technique, even though it raises questions about entrapment, the problems of identifying who’s using an open wireless connection–and whether anyone who clicks on a FBI link that contains no child pornography should be automatically subject to a dawn raid by federal police.一接受CNET news.com審查的法律文件顯示，法庭已經批准這一技術，即使它提出了質疑圈套，問題查明誰的使用開放式的無線連接和是否有任何誰點擊一個鏈接，聯邦調查局包含沒有兒童色情製品問題應自動受a拂曉突襲，由聯邦警察。
Roderick Vosburgh, a doctoral student at Temple University who also taught history at La Salle University, was raided at home in February 2007 after he allegedly clicked on the FBI’s hyperlink.羅德里克vosburgh ，博士研究生在坦普爾大學誰也教歷史，在喇沙大學，被突擊搜查在家裡在2007年2月後，據稱他點擊了聯邦調查局的超連結。 Federal agents knocked on the door around 7 am, falsely claiming they wanted to talk to Vosburgh about his car.聯邦特工撞倒在大門左右，上午七時，假稱他們想談vosburgh約他的車。 Once he opened the door, they threw him to the ground outside his house and handcuffed him.一旦他打開了大門，他們把他到地面以外的他家和他戴上手銬。
Vosburgh was charged with violating federal law, which vosburgh被落案控以違反聯邦法律， criminalizes 刑事犯罪 “attempts” to download child pornography with up to 10 years in prison. “嘗試”下載兒童色情製品問題與長達10年的監獄。 Last November, a jury found Vosburgh guilty on that count, and a sentencing hearing is scheduled for April 22, at which point Vosburgh could face three to four years in prison.去年11月，陪審團認定有罪vosburgh就計數，並判刑聽證會定於4月22日，此時vosburgh可能面臨3至4年有期徒刑。
The implications of the FBI’s hyperlink-enticement technique are sweeping.的影響，美國聯邦調查局的超連結-誘惑，技術是清掃。 Using the same logic and legal arguments, federal agents could send unsolicited e-mail messages to millions of Americans advertising illegal narcotics or child pornography–and raid people who click on the links embedded in the spam messages.使用相同的邏輯和法律理據，聯邦特工可以發送不請自來的電子郵件數以百萬計的美國人的廣告非法麻醉品或兒童色情製品問題-和RAID的人誰按上的鏈接嵌入在該垃圾郵件。 The bureau could register the “unlawfulimages.com” domain name and prosecute intentional visitors.主席團可以註冊“ unlawfulimages.com ”域名和起訴故意客人。 And so on.等等。
“The evidence was insufficient for a reasonable jury to find that Mr. Vosburgh specifically intended to download child pornography, a necessary element of any ‘attempt’ offense,” Vosburgh’s attorney, “證據不足一個合理的陪審團發現先生vosburgh具體打算下載兒童色情製品問題，一個必要的組成部分，任何企圖進攻， ” vosburgh的律師， Anna Durbin 安娜德賓 of Ardmore, Penn., wrote in a court filing that is attempting to overturn the jury verdict before her client is sentenced.對阿德莫爾，賓州，寫在法庭上提交這是企圖推翻陪審團的判決之前，她的客戶是被判刑。
In a telephone conversation on Wednesday, Durbin added: “I thought it was scary that they could do this.在電話交談週三，德賓說： “我還以為這是可怕，他們能做到這一點。 This whole idea that the FBI can put a honeypot out there to attract people is kind of sad.這整個觀念是，美國聯邦調查局可以把蜜罐有，以吸引人民是種悲哀。 It seems to me that they’ve brought a lot of cases without having to stoop to this.”在我看來，他們已經帶來了很多的個案不必彎腰本“ 。
Durbin did not want to be interviewed more extensively about the case because it is still pending; she’s waiting for US District Judge Timothy Savage to rule on her motion.德賓不希望被採訪更廣泛地了解情況，因為這是尚待;她的等待美國地方法院法官蒂莫西的野蠻統治對她的議案。 Unless he agrees with her and overturns the jury verdict, Vosburgh–who has no prior criminal record–will be required to register as a sex offender for 15 years and will be effectively barred from continuing his work as a college instructor after his prison sentence ends.除非他同意與她推翻了陪審團的判決， vosburgh -誰已事先沒有刑事紀錄，將須登記為性罪犯，為15年，將有效地禁止繼續他的工作作為學院講師後，他在監獄服刑完。
How the hyperlink sting operation worked 如何超連結的臥底行動工作
The government’s hyperlink sting operation worked like this: FBI Special Agent Wade Luders disseminated links to the supposedly illicit porn on an online discussion forum called Ranchi, which Luders believed was frequented by people who traded underage images.政府的超連結臥底行動的工作是這樣的：美國聯邦調查局特別代理人韋德呂德斯傳播鏈接到假定非法色情對一個在線討論論壇的所謂蘭契，呂德斯認為是經常光顧的人誰買賣的未成年人的圖像。 One server allegedly associated with the Ranchi forum was rangate.da.ru, which is now offline with a message attributing the closure to “non-ethical” activity.一台服務器，據稱與蘭契論壇rangate.da.ru ，這是現在離線一個訊息歸因於封閉，以“非道德”的活動。
In October 2006, Luders posted a number of links purporting to point to videos of child pornography, and then followed up with a second, supposedly correct link 40 minutes later.在2006年10月，呂德斯張貼了一些聯繫，本意是要指出的影片有兒童色情物品，然後跟進與第二，假定正確的鏈接， 40分鐘後。 All the links pointed to, according to a bureau affidavit, a “covert FBI computer in San Jose, California, and the file located therein was encrypted and non-pornographic.”所有鏈接指出，根據一項局誓章， “暗聯邦調查局的電腦在加利福尼亞的聖何塞，該文件位於那裡的是加密和非色情” 。
Excerpt from an FBI affidavit filed in the Nevada case showing how the hyperlink-sting was conducted.摘自1聯邦調查局提交誓章，在內華達州的情況顯示，如何超連結-斯汀進行。
Some of the links, including the supposedly correct one, included the hostname uploader.sytes.net.一些鏈接，其中包括假定正確的，包括主機uploader.sytes.net 。 Sytes.net is hosted by sytes.net是主辦 no-ip.com 無ip.com , which provides dynamic domain name service to customers for $15 a year. ，它提供的動態網域名稱服務，以顧客為15元1年。
When anyone visited the upload.sytes.net site, the FBI recorded the Internet Protocol address of the remote computer.當有人訪問upload.sytes.net網站，聯邦調查局記錄互聯網協議地址的遠程計算機。 There’s no evidence the referring site was recorded as well, meaning the FBI couldn’t tell if the visitor found the links through Ranchi or another source such as an e-mail message.有沒有證據證明是指網站的記錄，以及，這意味著美國聯邦調查局不能告訴如果訪問者發現的聯繫，通過蘭契或其他來源，例如電子郵件。
With the logs revealing those allegedly incriminating IP addresses in hand, the FBI sent administrative subpoenas to the relevant Internet service provider to learn the identity of the person whose name was on the account–and then obtained search warrants for dawn raids.與原木揭示了那些據稱incriminating的IP地址在另一方面，美國聯邦調查局發出行政傳票向有關互聯網服務供應商要了解人的身份，其名稱是關於帳戶，然後取得搜查令，為拂曉突襲。
Excerpt from FBI affidavit in Nevada case that shows visits to the hyperlink-sting site.摘自美國聯邦調查局誓章在內華達州的情況顯示，訪問的超鏈接-斯汀的網站。
The search warrants authorized FBI agents to seize and remove any “computer-related” equipment, utility bills, telephone bills, any “addressed correspondence” sent through the US mail, video gear, camera equipment, checkbooks, bank statements, and credit card statements.該搜查令，授權聯邦調查局特工抓住，並移除任何“與計算機有關的”設備，公共設施使用費帳單，電話帳單，任何“處理信件”發出了通過美國郵件，視頻設備，照相設備，支票，銀行對賬單，信用卡報表。
While it might seem that merely clicking on a link wouldn’t be enough to justify a search warrant, courts have ruled otherwise.雖然它可能似乎只是點擊一個鏈接，將沒有足夠的理由搜查令，法院已作出裁決，否則。 On March 6, US District Judge Roger Hunt in Nevada agreed with a magistrate judge that the hyperlink-sting operation constituted sufficient probable cause to justify giving the FBI its search warrant. 3月6日，美國地方法院法官羅傑亨特在內華達州同意裁判官，法官認為，超連結-臥底行動構成了可能的原因有足夠的理由給予其聯邦調查局搜查令。
The defendant in that case, Travis Carter, suggested that any of the neighbors could be using his wireless network.被告在這種情況下，特拉維斯卡特建議，任何鄰居可以用他的無線網絡。 (The public defender’s office even sent out an investigator who confirmed that dozens of homes were within Wi-Fi range.) （公設辯護人辦公室，甚至發出了調查誰證實，數十家均在Wi - Fi的範圍內） 。
But the magistrate judge ruled that even the possibilities of spoofing or other users of an open Wi-Fi connection “would not have negated a substantial basis for concluding that there was probable cause to believe that evidence of child pornography would be found on the premises to be searched.” Translated, that means the search warrant was valid.但裁判官，法官裁定，即使可能性欺騙或其他使用者一個開放的Wi - Fi連接“不會有否定大量的基礎得出結論認為，有可能的原因相信的證據，兒童色情製品問題，將發現的處所被搜查“ 。翻譯，指的搜查令無效。
Entrapment: Not a defense 圈套：不是一個防禦
So far, at least, attorneys defending the hyperlink-sting cases do not appear to have raised unlawful entrapment as a defense.直至目前為止，至少，律師辯護的超連結-斯汀案件似乎沒有提出不合法的圈套，作為防禦。
“Claims of entrapment have been made in similar cases, but usually do not get very far,” said “索賠的圈套方面已取得了類似的情況，但通常不很遠，說： ” Stephen Saltzburg 斯蒂芬saltzburg , a professor at George Washington University’s law school.一位教授在美國喬治華盛頓大學的法學院。 “The individuals who chose to log into the FBI sites appear to have had no pressure put upon them by the government…It is doubtful that the individuals could claim the government made them do something they weren’t predisposed to doing or that the government overreached.” “個人誰選擇登錄到美國聯邦調查局的網站似乎都沒有施加壓力後，他們由政府… …這是令人懷疑的個人可以聲稱政府，使他們做一些他們不傾向於這樣做，或認為政府overreached “ 。
The outcome may be different, Saltzburg said, if the FBI had tried to encourage people to click on the link by including misleading statements suggesting the videos were legal or approved.結果可能有所不同， saltzburg說，如果美國聯邦調查局曾試圖鼓勵人們點擊鏈接，包括誤導的陳述，暗示影片被法律或核准。
In the case of Vosburgh, the college instructor who lived in Media, Penn., his attorney has been left to argue that “no reasonable jury could have found beyond a reasonable doubt that Mr. Vosburgh himself attempted to download child pornography.”在該案件vosburgh ，學院講師誰住在媒體，賓州，他的律師已離開，辯稱“沒有合理的陪審團可以發現，無合理疑點先生vosburgh自己嘗試下載兒童色情物品” 。
Vosburgh faced four charges: clicking on an illegal hyperlink; knowingly destroying a hard drive and a thumb drive by physically damaging them when the FBI agents were outside his home; obstructing an FBI investigation by destroying the devices; and possessing a hard drive with two grainy thumbnail images of naked female minors (the youths weren’t having sex, but their genitalia were visible). vosburgh面臨的四項控罪：點擊一個非法超連結;明知摧毀了硬盤驅動器和一個拇指驅動器由身體損害他們時，聯邦調查局特工以外，他的家;阻撓聯邦調查局的調查，摧毀了設備;擁有硬盤驅動器與兩個粒狀縮略圖赤裸的女性未成年人（青少年不發生性行為，但他們的生殖器可見） 。
The judge threw out the third count and the jury found him not guilty of the second.法官拋出第三計數和陪審團發現他不認罪的第二次。 But Vosburgh was convicted of the first and last counts, which included clicking on the FBI’s illicit hyperlink.但vosburgh而被定罪的第一個和最後一個罪狀，其中包括按一下聯邦調查局的非法超連結。
In a legal brief filed on March 6, his attorney argued that the two thumbnails were in a hidden “thumbs.db” file automatically created by the Windows operating system.在一個簡短的法律提交於三月六日，他的律師辯稱，這兩個縮略圖分別在一個隱藏的“ thumbs.db ”文件自動創建由Windows作業系統。 The brief said that there was no evidence that Vosburgh ever viewed the full-size images–which were not found on his hard drive–and the thumbnails could have been created by receiving an e-mail message, copying files, or innocently visiting a Web page.簡短表示，現時並無證據顯示vosburgh以往任何時候都認為，全尺寸的圖像-其中沒有發現他的硬盤驅動器和縮略圖可能已創造了接收一封電子郵件，複製檔案，或無辜訪問一個W eb頁。
From the FBI’s perspective, clicking on the illicit hyperlink and having a thumbs.db file with illicit images are both serious crimes.來自FBI的角度來看，按一下就非法超連結，並有一個thumbs.db的文件與非法的圖片，都是嚴重的罪行。 Federal prosecutors wrote: “The jury found that defendant knew exactly what he was trying to obtain when he downloaded the hyperlinks on Agent Luder’s Ranchi post.聯邦檢察官寫道： “陪審團發現被告知道究竟他試圖獲取時，他下載的超連結，對代理人luder的蘭契後。 At trial, defendant suggested unrealistic, unlikely explanations as to how his computer was linked to the post.在審訊中，被告建議是不現實的，不可能的解釋，至於如何他的電腦是聯繫在一起的職務。 The jury saw through the smokes (sic) and mirrors, as should the court.”陪審團認為，通過吸煙（原文如此）和鏡子，應該作為法院“ 。
And, as for the two thumbnail images, prosecutors argued (note that under federal child pornography law, the而且，正如為兩國的縮略圖，檢察官辯稱， （請注意，根據美國聯邦兒童色情製品問題的法律， definition 定義 of “sexually explicit conduct” “露骨的色情行為” does not require 不要求 that sex acts take place):認為，性行為的發生） ：
The first image depicted a pre-pubescent girl, fully naked, standing on one leg while the other leg was fully extended leaning on a desk, exposing her genitalia… The other image depicted four pre-pubescent fully naked girls sitting on a couch, with their legs spread apart, exposing their genitalia. 第一的形象，描繪了前青春期的女孩，完全赤身露體，是站在一條腿，另一人則腿部被充分延長傾向於對一台，暴露了她的生殖器…其他的形象描繪的四前青春期完全赤裸裸的女孩坐在沙發上，與他們的腿，除了蔓延，暴露了他們的生殖器。 Viewing this image, the jury could reasonably conclude that the four girls were posed in unnatural positions and the focal point of this picture was on their genitalia…. 看這個形象，陪審團可以合理地得出結論認為，四名女孩提出了在非自然的立場和重點這張照片是對他們的生殖器… … 。 And, based on all this evidence, the jury found that the images were of minors engaged in sexually explicit conduct, and certainly did not require a crystal clear resolution that defendant now claims was necessary, yet lacking. 和的基礎上，所有這方面的證據，陪審團發現該圖像對未成年人進行露骨性活動，當然也沒有要求晶體明確的決議，認為被告索賠，現在是必要的，但缺乏。
Prosecutors also highlighted the fact that Vosburgh visited the “檢察機關還強調，事實上vosburgh參觀了“ loli-chan 蘿莉-陳 ” site, which has in the past featured a teenage Webcam girl holding up provocative signs (but without any nudity). “網站，這在過去的精選十幾歲的女孩攝像頭舉行了挑釁的跡象（但沒有任何裸露） 。
Civil libertarians warn that anyone who clicks on a hyperlink advertising something illegal–perhaps found while Web browsing or received through e-mail–could face the same fate.公民自由警告說，任何人誰點擊超鏈接上一些非法的廣告，也許發現，而瀏覽網頁或接收通過電子郵件可能面臨相同的命運。
When asked what would stop the FBI from expanding its hyperlink sting operation,當被問及什麼將停止從美國聯邦調查局擴大其超連結的臥底行動， Harvey Silverglate 哈維silverglate , a longtime criminal defense lawyer in Cambridge, Mass. and author of a forthcoming book on the Justice Department, replied: “Because the courts have been so narrow in their definition of ‘entrapment,’ and so expansive in their definition of ‘probable cause,’ there is nothing to stop the Feds from acting as you posit.” ，長期以來，刑事辯護律師在馬薩諸塞州的劍橋和作者的一本書就即將召開的司法部，回答說： “因為法院已如此狹窄，其定義的'圈套' ，所以在其膨脹的定義， '可能的原因， '是沒有任何停止聯邦調查局採取行動，以此作為你posit “ 。
Declan McCullagh 戴克瀾mccullagh
See More: 看到更多的： FBI 美國聯邦調查局 Internet 互聯網 USA News 美國新聞 Have Your Say: FBI posts hyperlinks to snare child porn suspects 你說：聯邦調查局職位的超文本鏈接圈套兒童色情嫌疑人 Please note, only selected comments will be published.請注意，只有選定的評論將出版。 Or discuss this report in our new forums 或討論這個報告在我們的新論壇 RSS 的RSS TrackBack URL 跟踪 RUI
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