The FBI has recently adopted a novel investigative technique: posting hyperlinks that purport to be illegal videos of minors having sex, and then raiding the homes of anyone willing to click on them.美国联邦调查局最近通过了一项新的调查技术：发布超链接旨趣属非法影片的未成年人发生性行为，然后扫荡家中任何人愿意点击。

Undercover FBI agents used this hyperlink-enticement technique, which directed Internet users to a clandestine government server, to stage armed raids of homes in Pennsylvania, New York, and Nevada last year.卧底联邦调查局特工使用这个链接-诱骗技术，其中针对互联网用户到一个秘密的政府服务器，以期武装袭击的家园，在宾夕法尼亚州，纽约州，内华达州，并于去年。 The supposed video files actually were gibberish and contained no illegal images.假定视频文件其实都是废话，并载有没有非法的图像。

A CNET News.com review of legal documents shows that courts have approved of this technique, even though it raises questions about entrapment, the problems of identifying who’s using an open wireless connection–and whether anyone who clicks on a FBI link that contains no child pornography should be automatically subject to a dawn raid by federal police.一篇CNET news.com审查的法律文件显示，法庭已经批准了这种技术，即使它提出了质疑包封，问题的查明谁的利用开放的无线连接，以及是否任何人点击一个链接，联邦调查局包含没有任何儿童色情制品问题应自动受到一次拂晓突袭，由联邦警察。

Roderick Vosburgh, a doctoral student at Temple University who also taught history at La Salle University, was raided at home in February 2007 after he allegedly clicked on the FBI’s hyperlink.散播vosburgh ，博士班学生在坦普尔大学的人还教历史，在喇沙大学，被突击搜查在家里，在2007年2月后，他据称点击联邦调查局的链接。 Federal agents knocked on the door around 7 am, falsely claiming they wanted to talk to Vosburgh about his car.联邦特工敲开大门约七时，假称，他们想倾诉vosburgh约他的车。 Once he opened the door, they threw him to the ground outside his house and handcuffed him.一次，他打开屋门，他们把他扔在地上外他的家和他戴上手铐。

Vosburgh was charged with violating federal law, which vosburgh被落案控以违反联邦法律，其中 criminalizes 为刑事犯罪 “attempts” to download child pornography with up to 10 years in prison. "图谋" ，以下载儿童色情物品多达10年的监禁。 Last November, a jury found Vosburgh guilty on that count, and a sentencing hearing is scheduled for April 22, at which point Vosburgh could face three to four years in prison.去年11月，陪审团认定有罪vosburgh就计数，并判刑听证会定于4月22日起，这点vosburgh可能面临3时57年的监禁。

The implications of the FBI’s hyperlink-enticement technique are sweeping.的影响，美国联邦调查局的超连结-诱惑技术正席卷。 Using the same logic and legal arguments, federal agents could send unsolicited e-mail messages to millions of Americans advertising illegal narcotics or child pornography–and raid people who click on the links embedded in the spam messages.用同样的逻辑和法律的争论，联邦特工可以传送来路不明的电子邮件数以百万计的美国人广告非法麻醉品或儿童色情作品，以及RAID的人，点击这个链接嵌入在垃圾邮件讯息。 The bureau could register the “unlawfulimages.com” domain name and prosecute intentional visitors.主席团可以注册" unlawfulimages.com "域名并起诉故意客人。 And so on.等。

“The evidence was insufficient for a reasonable jury to find that Mr. Vosburgh specifically intended to download child pornography, a necessary element of any ‘attempt’ offense,” Vosburgh’s attorney, "证据不足，争取一个合理的陪审团发现先生vosburgh具体要下载的儿童色情制品问题，一个必要的组成部分，任何企图进攻" ， vosburgh的授权书， Anna Durbin 安娜德宾 of Ardmore, Penn., wrote in a court filing that is attempting to overturn the jury verdict before her client is sentenced. ardmore的宾州，在写给法院提交的文件中称，是企图推翻陪审团裁决前，她的当事人被判刑。

In a telephone conversation on Wednesday, Durbin added: “I thought it was scary that they could do this.在一次电话交谈中对周三，德宾说： "我还以为这是危言耸听，他们可以做到这一点。 This whole idea that the FBI can put a honeypot out there to attract people is kind of sad.这整个观念是，联邦调查局可以把蜜罐外面有为了吸引人们的是一种可悲的事。 It seems to me that they’ve brought a lot of cases without having to stoop to this.”在我看来，他们已经带来了很多的情况下不必委曲此事" 。

Durbin did not want to be interviewed more extensively about the case because it is still pending; she’s waiting for US District Judge Timothy Savage to rule on her motion.德宾不希望被采访，更广泛地了解情况，因为它仍悬而未决，她的等待美国地方法院法官蒂莫西野蛮统治对她的议案。 Unless he agrees with her and overturns the jury verdict, Vosburgh–who has no prior criminal record–will be required to register as a sex offender for 15 years and will be effectively barred from continuing his work as a college instructor after his prison sentence ends.除非他同意与她推翻了陪审团的判决， vosburgh -人没有前科纪录，将需要登记为性罪犯，为15年来，并会有效地阻止继续他的工作，作为高校辅导员后，他在监狱服刑完。

How the hyperlink sting operation worked 如何连结卧底行动工作
The government’s hyperlink sting operation worked like this: FBI Special Agent Wade Luders disseminated links to the supposedly illicit porn on an online discussion forum called Ranchi, which Luders believed was frequented by people who traded underage images.政府的超连结螫运行工作，是这样的：联邦调查局特工韦德吕德斯播散链接到假定非法色情在线讨论论坛的所谓兰契，吕德斯相信这是他们经常光顾的人，买卖未成年人的图像。 One server allegedly associated with the Ranchi forum was rangate.da.ru, which is now offline with a message attributing the closure to “non-ethical” activity.一台服务器，据称与兰契论坛rangate.da.ru ，也就是现在的离线同一个信息，归因于封闭的"非道德"的活动。

In October 2006, Luders posted a number of links purporting to point to videos of child pornography, and then followed up with a second, supposedly correct link 40 minutes later. 2006年10月，吕德斯张贴了一些联系，本意是要指出影片有儿童色情物品，然后再跟进第二，理应正确连接40分钟后。 All the links pointed to, according to a bureau affidavit, a “covert FBI computer in San Jose, California, and the file located therein was encrypted and non-pornographic.”所有环节指出，根据一项调查科宣誓书中，一个"秘密FBI计算机在加利福尼亚的圣何塞，与档案所在的地方是加密和非色情" 。

Excerpt from an FBI affidavit filed in the Nevada case showing how the hyperlink-sting was conducted.摘自联邦调查局提交宣誓书，在内华达州的情况显示如何连结-斯汀进行。

Some of the links, including the supposedly correct one, included the hostname uploader.sytes.net.部分的联系，包括假定正确的，包括主机uploader.sytes.net 。 Sytes.net is hosted by sytes.net主办单位是 no-ip.com 无ip.com , which provides dynamic domain name service to customers for $15 a year. ，它提供的动态域名服务，以顾客为15元一年。

When anyone visited the upload.sytes.net site, the FBI recorded the Internet Protocol address of the remote computer.当任何人参观upload.sytes.net网站，联邦调查局记录互联网协议地址的远程计算机。 There’s no evidence the referring site was recorded as well, meaning the FBI couldn’t tell if the visitor found the links through Ranchi or another source such as an e-mail message.有没有证据指网站被记录为好，也就是联邦调查局不能告诉，如果游客发现的联系，通过兰契或其他来源，例如电子邮件。

With the logs revealing those allegedly incriminating IP addresses in hand, the FBI sent administrative subpoenas to the relevant Internet service provider to learn the identity of the person whose name was on the account–and then obtained search warrants for dawn raids.与原木揭示那些据称incriminating IP地址在手，联邦调查局发出行政传票向有关互联网服务供应商，以了解该人的身份，她的名字出现在账户，然后获得搜查令，为拂晓突袭。

Excerpt from FBI affidavit in Nevada case that shows visits to the hyperlink-sting site.摘自联邦调查局誓章，在内华达州的情况显示，参观了超连结-斯汀网站。

The search warrants authorized FBI agents to seize and remove any “computer-related” equipment, utility bills, telephone bills, any “addressed correspondence” sent through the US mail, video gear, camera equipment, checkbooks, bank statements, and credit card statements.该搜查令，授权联邦调查局特工抓住并消除任何"与计算机有关的"设备，公用事业帐单，电话帐单，任何"处理信件" ，通过位于美国的邮件，视频设备，照相设备，支票，银行对账单，信用卡对账单。

While it might seem that merely clicking on a link wouldn’t be enough to justify a search warrant, courts have ruled otherwise.虽然它可能似乎只是点击一个链接，将没有足够的理由搜查令，法院已作出裁决，否则。 On March 6, US District Judge Roger Hunt in Nevada agreed with a magistrate judge that the hyperlink-sting operation constituted sufficient probable cause to justify giving the FBI its search warrant. 3月6日，美国地方法院法官罗杰亨特在内华达州同意裁判官，法官认为超级链接-卧底行动构成了足够的可能原因，以证明给联邦调查局，其搜查令。

The defendant in that case, Travis Carter, suggested that any of the neighbors could be using his wireless network.被告在这种情况下，崔维斯卡特，他认为任何一个邻居可以用他的无线网络。 (The public defender’s office even sent out an investigator who confirmed that dozens of homes were within Wi-Fi range.) （公设辩护人办公室，甚至派出一名调查员，他们证实说，数十家均Wi - Fi的范围内） 。

But the magistrate judge ruled that even the possibilities of spoofing or other users of an open Wi-Fi connection “would not have negated a substantial basis for concluding that there was probable cause to believe that evidence of child pornography would be found on the premises to be searched.” Translated, that means the search warrant was valid.但裁判官，法官裁定，即使可能性欺骗或者其他用户的一个开放的Wi - Fi连接" ，也不会否定相当基础得出结论认为，有或许有理由相信，证据有儿童色情物品，将身上的处所被搜查， "翻译，指的搜查令无效。

Entrapment: Not a defense 包封：不是防御
So far, at least, attorneys defending the hyperlink-sting cases do not appear to have raised unlawful entrapment as a defense.截至目前为止，至少，律师辩护连结-斯汀案件似乎没有提出违法坑害作为防御。

“Claims of entrapment have been made in similar cases, but usually do not get very far,” said "索赔的包封方面已取得了类似的情况发生，但通常是没有得到很远的，说： " Stephen Saltzburg 斯蒂芬saltzburg , a professor at George Washington University’s law school.一位教授在美国乔治华盛顿大学的法学院。 “The individuals who chose to log into the FBI sites appear to have had no pressure put upon them by the government…It is doubtful that the individuals could claim the government made them do something they weren’t predisposed to doing or that the government overreached.” "个人选择登录到美国联邦调查局网站似乎已经没有任何的压力，使他们由政府… …这是令人怀疑的个人可索赔政府，让他们做一些他们并不倾向于做还是政府overreached "

The outcome may be different, Saltzburg said, if the FBI had tried to encourage people to click on the link by including misleading statements suggesting the videos were legal or approved.结果或许有所不同， saltzburg说，如果美国联邦调查局曾试图鼓励人们点击链接，由包括了误导性的声明，暗示影片被法律或核准。

In the case of Vosburgh, the college instructor who lived in Media, Penn., his attorney has been left to argue that “no reasonable jury could have found beyond a reasonable doubt that Mr. Vosburgh himself attempted to download child pornography.”在案件vosburgh ，学院辅导员，他们住在媒体，宾州，他的律师已经离开，辩称"没有合理的陪审团可以发现超越合理的怀疑先生vosburgh自己尝试下载儿童色情物品" 。

Vosburgh faced four charges: clicking on an illegal hyperlink; knowingly destroying a hard drive and a thumb drive by physically damaging them when the FBI agents were outside his home; obstructing an FBI investigation by destroying the devices; and possessing a hard drive with two grainy thumbnail images of naked female minors (the youths weren’t having sex, but their genitalia were visible). vosburgh面临四项指控：点击一个非法超连结;明知故犯摧毁一个硬盘和一个拇指驱动器，由身体损害时，美国联邦调查局特工在自己的家外面;阻挠联邦调查局的调查，摧毁了设备和藏硬盘有两个粒状缩略图的裸体女性未成年人（青少年不发生性行为，但他们的生殖器被可见光） 。

The judge threw out the third count and the jury found him not guilty of the second.法官抛出第三计数和陪审团认定他不认罪的第二次。 But Vosburgh was convicted of the first and last counts, which included clicking on the FBI’s illicit hyperlink.但vosburgh被裁定罪名成立的第一个和最后一个罪状，其中包括点击联邦调查局的非法链接。

In a legal brief filed on March 6, his attorney argued that the two thumbnails were in a hidden “thumbs.db” file automatically created by the Windows operating system.在一个法律简短提起3月6日，他的代理律师辩称，两缩略图都是在隐藏的" thumbs.db "文件自动创建由Windows作业系统。 The brief said that there was no evidence that Vosburgh ever viewed the full-size images–which were not found on his hard drive–and the thumbnails could have been created by receiving an e-mail message, copying files, or innocently visiting a Web page.简短表示，没有证据表明vosburgh以往任何时候都观看了全尺寸的图像-不被发现，对他的硬盘和缩略图可以被创造的接收电子邮件，复印文件，或者天真地访问网站页。

From the FBI’s perspective, clicking on the illicit hyperlink and having a thumbs.db file with illicit images are both serious crimes.来自FBI的角度来看，点击非法连结，并有一个thumbs.db文件与非法的图片，都是严重的犯罪行为。 Federal prosecutors wrote: “The jury found that defendant knew exactly what he was trying to obtain when he downloaded the hyperlinks on Agent Luder’s Ranchi post.联邦检察官写道： "陪审团发现被告知道到底是什么，他想得到的时候，他下载了超级链接，代理人luder的兰契职位。 At trial, defendant suggested unrealistic, unlikely explanations as to how his computer was linked to the post.在审讯中，被告提出不现实的，不可能的解释，至于如何他的计算机被连接到职位。 The jury saw through the smokes (sic) and mirrors, as should the court.”陪审团认为通过烟（原文如此）和镜子，因为一旦法院" 。

And, as for the two thumbnail images, prosecutors argued (note that under federal child pornography law, the而且，正如为两个缩略图，检察官辩称， （注：根据美国联邦儿童色情法， definition 定义 of “sexually explicit conduct” "露骨性" does not require 不要求 that sex acts take place):认为性行为的发生） ：

The first image depicted a pre-pubescent girl, fully naked, standing on one leg while the other leg was fully extended leaning on a desk, exposing her genitalia… The other image depicted four pre-pubescent fully naked girls sitting on a couch, with their legs spread apart, exposing their genitalia. 第一形象描绘了前青春期的女孩，完全赤身裸体，站在一条腿，另一人则腿部被充分扩展一边倒放在桌上，揭露她的生殖器…其他的形象描绘四年前青春期完全赤裸女孩坐在一个沙发上，同他们的腿蔓延外，在不暴露自己的生殖器。 Viewing this image, the jury could reasonably conclude that the four girls were posed in unnatural positions and the focal point of this picture was on their genitalia…. 看这个形象，陪审团可以合理地得出结论认为，四名女孩被构成的，在非自然的位置和着力点，这张照片是站在他们的生殖器… … 。 And, based on all this evidence, the jury found that the images were of minors engaged in sexually explicit conduct, and certainly did not require a crystal clear resolution that defendant now claims was necessary, yet lacking. 时，基于这一切证据，陪审团发现该图象的未成年人进行露骨性，并肯定并不需要一个清晰的决议表示，现在被告声称是必要的，但缺乏的。

Prosecutors also highlighted the fact that Vosburgh visited the “检察官也强调，事实上vosburgh参观了" loli-chan loli -陈 ” site, which has in the past featured a teenage Webcam girl holding up provocative signs (but without any nudity). " ，该网站已在过去精选十几岁的Webcam女孩手持挑衅的迹象（但没有任何裸露镜头） 。

Civil libertarians warn that anyone who clicks on a hyperlink advertising something illegal–perhaps found while Web browsing or received through e-mail–could face the same fate.公民自由警告说，任何人如点击一个链接广告，一些非法的，也许发现，而浏览网页或接收通过电子邮件可能面临相同的命运。

When asked what would stop the FBI from expanding its hyperlink sting operation,当记者问什么会阻止针对美国联邦调查局扩大连结卧底行动， Harvey Silverglate 哈维silverglate , a longtime criminal defense lawyer in Cambridge, Mass. and author of a forthcoming book on the Justice Department, replied: “Because the courts have been so narrow in their definition of ‘entrapment,’ and so expansive in their definition of ‘probable cause,’ there is nothing to stop the Feds from acting as you posit.”一个长期的刑事辩护律师，在马萨诸塞州的剑桥和笔者一即将出版的书中对美国司法部，回答说： "因为法院已如此狭窄，在其定义的'圈套' ，所以膨胀，在其定义的'可能原因'有没有加以制止联邦调查局采取行动，以此作为你们阳性" 。

Declan McCullagh 戴克澜mccullagh

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