Brain-plug weapons could provide war crime immunity腦堵塞武器可以提供戰爭罪豁免權
By通過 Lewis Page劉易斯頁 |
An American law student has published an analysis of international law regarding war crimes that might be committed using future brain-interface-controlled weapon systems.一美國法律的學生已發表的分析國際法律對戰爭罪行可能是利用未來的腦界面控制的武器系統。
Stephen White, studying at Cornell Law School, had his paper Brave New World: Neurowarfare and the Limits of International Humanitarian Law斯蒂芬白色，就讀於康乃爾法學院，他的論文， 勇敢的新世界： neurowarfare和限制國際人道主義法 published (pdf)出版（ PDF格式） in the current issue of the Cornell International Law Journal .在當前的問題， 康乃爾國際法律學刊 。 The paper has been picked up文件已回升 here這裡 and和 there那裡 on the tech net.關於科技網。 In it, White makes particular reference to the various “Brain-Machine Interface” ploys being pursued by DARPA, the Pentagon mad-science outfit that loves a long shot.在資訊科技，白色，使特別提到的種種“腦-機界面”伎倆所奉行的DARPA的，五角大樓瘋狂科學裝備愛一個長期槍殺。
An example of such kit is the famous一個例子，這種工具包是著名的 mind-probe hat記探針的帽子 , intended to monitor a soldier’s brainwaves as he eyes the situation around him and throw up a threat marker on his visor before his conscious mind has even realised there is danger there. ，打算監察士兵的腦波，因為他的眼睛周圍的局勢，他扔了一個標記的威脅對他的遮陽帽之前，他自覺地考慮到，甚至意識到有危險存在。
DARPA reckon this could sometimes provide a useful speed advantage, as White notes: DARPA的估計，這有時可能提供一個有用的速度優勢，作為白色注：
One of the justifications for employing a brain-machine interface is that the human brain can perform image calculations in parallel and can thus recognize items, such as targets, and classify them in 200 milliseconds, a rate orders of magnitude faster than computers can perform such operations.理由之一僱用腦的人機界面是人腦可以執行的形象，在並行計算，因此，可以承認的項目，如目標，並進行分類，他們在200毫秒內，利率的訂單數量級速度比電腦可以執行，例如行動。 In fact, the image processing occurs faster than the subject can become conscious of what he or she sees…事實上，在圖像處理速度比發生的主題可以成為意識到什麼，他或她看到…
White looks forward to a day where such a system, rather than simply flagging up a subconsciously-spotted danger and perhaps training a weapon on it, actually opens fire without further ado.白期待著一天的地方這樣一個制度，而不是簡單地標幟了一個潛意識-發現的危險，也許訓練的武器上，其實打開消防沒有進一步的ADO 。 That would be fine if the soldier’s brain had correctly spotted a legitimate target, but obviously less so if instead a noncombatant got smoked.這將是罰款，如果士兵的腦組織已經正確地發現一個合法的目標，但顯然沒有那麼如果不是一noncombatant得到熏。 That would be a war crime.這將是一種戰爭罪行。 But would the soldier be guilty?但該名士兵被判有罪？ All he or she did was think a bad thought, White argues, and:所有他或她卻認為是一個壞的思想，白辯稱，和：
Anglo-American criminal law has refused to criminalize someone solely for his or her bad thoughts… This fairness concern reflects the awareness… that punishing bad thoughts might have perverse social consequences… criminal law has refused to stigmatize those who contemplate bad deeds but do not actually perform them.英美刑法已拒絕按刑事罪論處，有人純粹為他或她的壞思想…這公平的關注，反映了意識…這懲治壞思想可能有有害的社會後果…刑法一直拒絕譴責那些誰爭議壞事但實際上卻並不履行他們。
A layman might argue that in fact certain areas of bad thought are often punished by the criminal law; but we’ll skip over that.外行人可能認為，事實上，某些地區壞的思想，往往受到刑法的懲處;但我們會跳過以上。 White says that to bust someone for a war crime you need to show that he or she consciously chose to commit it, and presumably he knows what he’s on about.白皮書說，到半身像有人為是一種戰爭罪行，你必須表現出他或她自覺地選擇了承諾，並且據推測，他知道什麼，他就約。
In summary, a brain-interface guided weapon could circumvent the pilot’s normal volitional processing signals and rely solely on the recognition activity, thereby making it impossible for courts to determine whether a volitional act occurred before weapon targeting… a prosecutor could never definitively prove anything more than the most attenuated guilt for misdirected attacks on protected persons.總括來說，腦界面制導武器可以規避飛行員的正常意志和信號處理，單靠承認的活動，從而使不可能法院以確定是否有意志行為發生之前，核武器的目標…一名檢察官不能明確證明任何東西都顯得比最衰減有罪，為錯誤的攻擊，受保護的人。
According to bonce-boffins cited by White, the conscious mind - especially in situations such as combat, where a lot of subconscious instincts are in play - tends to operate mainly by vetoing actions, rather than by thinking of them itself.據bonce - boffins所列舉的白色，有意識地記住-尤其是在這種情況下作戰，那裡有很多潛意識的本能，是在發揮-往往運作主要由否決行動，而不是由他們的思想本身。 The bloodthirsty subconscious tends to work on the “kill ‘em all and let God sort them out” principle, but the more civilised part of the mind can suppress these impulses if it wants to.嗜血的潛意識傾向的工作，對“殺'在所有讓上帝的排序出來”的原則，但更文明的一部分，心目中可以抑制這些衝動，如果要。 Under this theory, a human being doesn’t so much exercise free will as “free won’t”.根據這個理論，一個人沒有那麼多行使自由意志“的自由意志而不是” 。
So what’s to be done?因此，怎麼辦？ It would be silly to try and prohibit brain-shortout weapons altogether, says White.這將是愚蠢的嘗試，並禁止腦shortout武器而言，說白。 He reckons that if people had prohibited the smartbomb and the target-seeking weapon, for instance, we’d still be stuck with horrible messy cluster bombs.他認為，如果人們已禁止smartbomb和目標，尋求武器，舉例來說，我們仍然要堅持與可怕的混亂，集束炸彈。
Such a prohibition… might create the unintended consequence of hindering research into weapon systems that may prove more accurate than existing weapons…International humanitarian law, therefore… should create incentives to produce maximally predictable and accurate weapons and to clarify the lines of authority in wartime in order to make criminal accountability easier to determine.這種禁止…可能會造成意想不到的後果，阻礙了研究武器系統，可能證明是更準確比現有的武器…國際人道主義法，因此， … …應創造誘因，最大限度地產生可預見的和準確的武器和澄清的權力界限在戰時在為了使刑事問責制比較容易確定。
But then White suddenly executes a neck-snapping volte face, and starts arguing for wholesale technology suppression.但後來白突然執行頸部-搶購轉，並開始爭論，批發技術鎮壓。
[This] would likely require prosecution of high-level civilian developers… Many high-level weapon designers have escaped prosecution for design of indiscriminate or disproportionate military systems… For instance, after World War II, the Nazi engineer Wernher von Braun evaded war crimes charges because the United States sought his expertise in designing rockets that were critical for military dominance in the Cold War.Putting engineers on notice of their potential liability may create incentives for them to create less indiscriminate and disproportionate weapons. [這]可能會要求檢察機關高層次發展民用…許多高層次的武器設計師逃脫起訴的設計不分青紅皂白地或不成比例的軍事系統…舉例來說，二戰結束後，納粹工程師沃納馮布勞恩迴避戰爭罪指控由於美國尋求他的專長在設計火箭的關鍵軍事霸權在冷戰war.putting工程師就通知其潛在的賠償責任可能會創造誘因，為他們創造少不分青紅皂白地和不成比例的武器。 A view of command responsibility would also create de facto liability for those most responsible for sanctioning the use of such weapons.一，鑑於指揮責任也將建立事實上的賠償責任為那些最負責任的制裁這類武器的使用。
Frankly, White seems to have gone off the rails altogether here.坦率地說，白色似乎已經過鐵軌完全在這裡。 So the US should have executed Von Braun because his weapons were used to randomly bombard London?因此，美國應該有執行的馮布勞恩，因為他的武器被用來隨機轟炸倫敦？ They’d have morally been bound to round up and shoot every boffin at the Manhattan Project, too - the A-bombs produced by Oppenheimer and his crowd were vastly more indiscriminate and deadly than the V-2s.他們想要有道德的約束，以全面和拍攝的每boffin在曼哈頓計劃，太-一-炸彈所產生的奧本海默和他的人群被遠遠更為不分青紅皂白地和致命的比V型2 s的。
In any case, the successors to Von Braun’s V-2s did allow the West not to lose the Cold War - which many would say was a good thing in itself, well worth amnestying him.在任何情況下，接班人馮布勞恩的V - 2並允許西方不要失去冷戰-其中很多人會說是一件好事，在本身，以及價值a mnestying他。 Prosecutors can let people off in exchange for testimony, after all - why not for crucial help in preserving the very legal system they represent?檢察官可以讓人們在小康換取的證詞，畢竟-為什麼不為關鍵的幫助，在維護非常的法律制度，他們所代表的呢？
Furthermore, in the end the ballistic rockets turned into ICBMs accurate enough to take out individual hardened silos, in the process spawning various technologies including integrated circuits and then GPS.此外，在年底彈道火箭變成洲際彈道導彈的精確度已足以採取個別硬化筒倉，在這個過程中產卵的各種技術，包括集成電路，然後全球定位系統。 GPS is a major part of the precision weaponry that White approves of.全球定位系統是一項重大的一部分，精確的武器裝備白色批准。
Getting back to brain-machine interfaces, there aren’t that many military applications where milliseconds count so much that you might shortcircuit the human brain - even if you really could.回到腦-機接口，有沒有那麼多在軍事上的應用如毫秒計數了這麼多，您可能會短路人類的大腦-甚至如果你真的可以。 Mostly it just wouldn’t make sense.大多只是將是沒有意義的。
For instance, quicksilver brain-directed weapons could conceivably be handy for close quarter gunfighting one day.舉例來說， quicksilver腦定向武器可以想像得心應手密切季gunfighting一天。 But if the system is going from subconscious assessment to shooting without further ado, it must be aiming the gun itself as well as firing it - this thing is mainly an automated weapons turret on a robot, now.但如果系統是從潛意識的評估，以拍攝沒有進一步的ADO的，它必須瞄準槍本身以及射擊-這件事，主要是一個自動武器的砲塔上的機器人，現在。 Why not put the operator and his wired-up brain off the battlefield via remote link, then?為什麼不把經營者和他的有線跟進腦小康戰場，通過遙控器連結，然後呢？ At which point the need to be really quick so as to keep him safe has vanished, so you may as well just give him a normal, consciously operated firing switch.此時，必須真快，讓他安全已消失，所以你可能，以及剛剛給他一個正常的，自覺的運作發射開關。
Etc, etc.等等，等等。
The brain-machine legal point is mildly interesting, but realistically brain jumpwire systems are probably never going to be a big deal; not ones with firing authority, anyway.腦-機法律的一點是輕度有意思，但現實腦jumpwire系統可能永遠不會成為一個大不了;不是與射擊管理局，無論如何。 The fact that DARPA is looking at an idea doesn’t mean that it’s likely to come into service - quite the reverse, actually.事實上， DARPA的是看一個想法，並不意味著它有可能接觸到服務-剛好相反，其實。 It could be that the international war-crimes judiciary has rather more serious issues to worry about.可以認為，國際戰爭罪，司法機構已較為嚴重的問題擔心。
As for “Putting engineers on notice of their potential liability” - oh dear.至於“把工程師就通知其潛在的賠償責任” -哦親愛的。 So, we’ll hang rocket engineers in case they make ICBMs?因此，我們將坑火箭工程師在情況下，他們作出的洲際彈道導彈的？ Why not lock up Sir Frank Whittle, inventor of the jet engine, while we’re at it.為什麼不關起來，主席先生坦率惠特爾發明的噴氣發動機，而我們正處於它。 Jets have allowed far more indiscriminate ordnance to be dropped since 1945 than ever was before.喉，讓更多的彈藥不分青紅皂白地將下降，自1945年以來，比以往任何時候都之前。 Of course, that all means no space programme, no airliners, no silicon chips, no computers.當然，這一切手段，沒有空間方案，沒有飛機，沒有矽芯片，沒有電腦。 No fertilisers; you might invent nerve gas by accident, so just try to eat less.沒有肥料;你可能發明的神經毒氣意外，所以只是嘗試少吃。 Actually, moving on back in history, no technology at all - inventing the stone axe would be a crime under potential-liability rules of this sort.其實，移動就回到在歷史上，沒有任何技術在所有-發明石頭開刀，將是一個潛在的犯罪下，責任規則，這一類的。
Alternatively, how about putting lawyers on notice of their countervailing liability in cases of stifling progress and so condemning the human race to prolonged and unnecessary death and suffering?另外，如何把律師就通知他們反補貼的法律責任，在案件扼殺進步和譴責，使人類長期的和不必要的死亡和痛苦？ ®
See More: 看到更多的： Technology 技術 USA News 美國新聞 Warfare 戰Have Your Say: Brain-plug weapons could provide war crime immunity 你說：腦堵塞武器可以提供戰爭罪豁免權
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3 Responses to “Brain-plug weapons could provide war crime immunity” 3回應“腦堵塞武器可以提供戰爭罪豁免權”
steve k 史蒂夫k
Posted: Apr 25th, 2008 at 7:42 am | 發布時間： 2008年4月25日在上午07時42分| Link to this 鏈接到本Lim 林
Posted: Apr 25th, 2008 at 11:07 am | 發布時間： 2008年4月25日在上午11時07分| Link to this 鏈接到本Reply回复Steve you’re absolutely spot on.史蒂夫您絕對現貨對。 You’ve raised some interesting points not covered in the report.您提出了一些有趣的點不包括在該報告。
steve k 史蒂夫k
Posted: Apr 26th, 2008 at 6:19 pm | 發布時間： 2008年4月26日在下午6時19分| Link to this 鏈接到本Reply回复Sorry for the late reply LIM and i greatfully aknowledge your comments .對不起，已故的答复林，我衷心aknowledge您的意見。 THANKS!謝謝！ . 。
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This is a very interesting article that has many and varied implications .這是一個很有趣的文章，有許多不同的影響。 It is well known that both the UK and the US gave immunity too most of the nazi scientists and divided them between both nations under OPERATION PAPERCLIP .這是人所共知的，無論是英國和美國給予豁免權過於大部分的納粹科學家和他們之間的分歧雙方根據聯合國的運作回形針。 And yes they invented many things such as the space program ect , but does that excuse them from their formur crimes and who is wors the monster that created the machine or those that then took over the machine for their own means?和是他們發明了很多東西，如太空計畫等，但是否為藉口，把他們從自己的formur罪和誰是wors怪物製造機，或是那些被接手機為自己的手段呢？ It is well known that the west is obsessed with brain interfacing and experimenting just google MK-ULTRA .這是人所共知的西方是痴迷腦接口和試點，只是Google旺角超。 I doubt that this will ever see the light of day but just the thought that this is being taken seriousely fills me with fear and dread .我懷疑，這將以往任何時候都看到，鑑於天，但只是以為這是正在採取seriousely使我的恐懼和害怕。 If this application truly runs on the subconcious then that is extremely dangerous , say the operator has an arquement with his wife before using this equipment , that would be burried in the opperators subconcious and the anger could come out on the first female that the operator would see and she would more than likely be blown too shreds without the operator even consciousely knowing what had happened before its too late!如果此應用程序真正運行在subconcious那是極其危險的，說該公司已一arquement與他的妻子之前，使用此設備，這將是burried ，在opperators subconcious和憤怒可以出來，對第一位女性認為，經營者將見她會多可能吹太shreds沒有經營者，甚至consciousely知道發生了什麼事之前，其為時已晚！ . 。 WE SHOULD NOT MESS WITH THE MIND AS WE DONT EVEN KNOW EXACTLY HOW IT WORKS EVEN IN THIS DAY AND AGE!我們不應該搞得一團糟與銘記，因為我們不用，甚至確切地知道如何運作，即使在當今這個時代！ . 。 DARPA are probebly looking into various ways too use this application but not in exactly in the way that its described in the article . DARPA的是probebly探討各種不同方法，也使用此應用程序，而不是在正是在這樣其描述的文章。 Dont forget that what the military chooses too show us is only the tip of the iceberg they probebly have technology that is at least 20yrs ahead of what we know of , dont forget that the STEALTH BOMBER was developed and in use for many years before the military went public with it!不要忘記，什麼軍事選擇也向我們顯示，只不過是冰山的一角，他們probebly有技術，至少是平劑量提前我們所知道的，不要忘記，該隱形轟炸機是發達國家和在使用多年的前軍事到公共與它！ . 。