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Monday, June 2nd, 2008 週一， 2008年6月2日

By通過 NC Aizenman 數控aizenman | More than one in 100 adults in the United States is in jail or prison, an all-time high that is costing state governments nearly $50 billion a year and the federal government $5 billion more, according to a report released yesterday. |一個以上的100個成年人中，美國是在監獄或監獄，所有的時間之高，是州政府耗資近500億美元1年和聯邦政府50億美元以上，據報導，昨天公佈的。

With more than 2.3 million people behind bars, the United States leads the world in both the number and percentage of residents it incarcerates, leaving far-more-populous與230多萬人背後的酒吧，美國的世界領先地位，在雙方的人數及所佔比例的居民，它incarcerates ，留下深遠的更多的人口 China 中國 a distant second, according to a study by the nonpartisan是一個遙遠的第二，根據一項研究，由無黨派 Pew Center on the States 皮尤中心的有關國家 . 。

The growth in prison population is largely because of tougher state and federal sentencing imposed since the mid-1980s.生長在監獄人口主要是因為更嚴厲的州和聯邦判刑施加自1980年代中期以來。 Minorities have been particularly affected: One in nine black men ages 20 to 34 is behind bars.少數已特別是受影響：一是在9黑人男子年齡20至34條，在鐵窗之中。 For black women ages 35 to 39, the figure is one in 100, compared with one in 355 for white women in the same age group.為黑人婦女年齡35至39 ，這個數字是1 ， 100 ，相比之下，在1 355為白人婦女在同一年齡組。

The report compiled and analyzed data from several sources, including the federal Bureau of Justice Statistics and Bureau of Prisons and each state’s department of corrections.報告書編纂和分析，數據來自幾個來源，包括美國聯邦司法統計局和主席團監獄和每個國家的管教部。 It did not include individuals detained for noncriminal immigration violations.它不包括個人扣留noncriminal違反移民法。

Although studies generally find that imprisoning more offenders reduces crime, the effect may be less influential than changes in the unemployment rate, wages, the ratio of police officers to residents and the proportion of young people in the population, report co-author Adam Gelb said.雖然一般的研究發現，更多的監禁罪犯減少犯罪，效果可能不太有影響力比的變化，失業率，工資，比例警務人員向居民和青年的比例的人在人口中，報告的共同作者亞當蓋爾布說， 。

In addition, when it comes to preventing repeat offenses by nonviolent criminals — who make up about half of the incarcerated population — less-expensive punishments such as community supervision, electronic monitoring and mandatory drug counseling might prove as much or more effective than jail.此外，當它來防止重複犯罪的，由非暴力的罪犯-誰彌補約半數的被監禁的人口-少昂貴的處罰，如社區監督，電子監測和強制性戒毒輔導可能證明多或更有效，比坐牢。

For instance,舉例來說， Florida 佛羅里達州 , which has almost doubled its prison population over the past 15 years, has experienced a smaller drop in crime than ，這幾乎增加了一倍，其監獄人口在過去15年裡，經歷了較小的下降，犯罪比 New York 新紐約 , which, after a brief increase, has reduced its number of inmates to below the 1993 level. ，其中，經過短暫的增加，減少了美國監獄的關押人數低於1993年的水平。

“There is no question that putting violent and chronic offenders behind bars lowers the crime rate and provides punishment that is well deserved,” said Gelb, who as director of the Center’s Public Safety Performance Project advises states on developing alternatives to incarceration. “毫無疑問，把暴力和慢性罪犯的背後，酒吧，降低罪案率和處罰規定，這是當之無愧的，說： ”蓋爾布，誰作為中心主任的公眾安全性能的項目提供諮詢意見的國家對發展替代監禁。 “On the other hand, there are large numbers of people behind bars who could be supervised in the community safely and effectively at a much lower cost — while also paying taxes, paying restitution to their victims and paying child support.” “另一方面，有大量的人背後的酒吧誰可以監督，在社會安全和有效地在低得多的成本-同時也繳納稅款，支付歸還給他們的受害者和支付子女贍養費” 。

Sociologist社會學家 James Q. Wilson 塗謹申議員問：衛奕信 , who in the 1980s helped develop the “broken windows” theory that smaller crimes must be punished to deter more serious ones, agreed that sentences for some drug crimes were too long. ，誰在20世紀80年代，幫助發展“破碎的窗口”的理論，規模較小的罪行必須受到懲罰，以防止更嚴重的，一致認為，服刑的一些毒品犯罪被太長。 However, Wilson disagreed that the rise in the US prison population should be considered a cause for alarm: “The fact that we have a large prison population by itself is not a central problem because it has contributed to the extraordinary increase in public safety we have had in this country.”不過，威爾遜同意增加在美國的監獄人口，應被視為一個令人震驚： “其實我們有一個大監獄人口的本身是不是一個核心問題，因為它作出了貢獻非凡的增加，公眾安全，我們已曾在這個國家“ 。

About 91 percent of incarcerated adults are under state or local jurisdiction.約91 ％的被監禁的成年人是根據國家或地方的司法管轄權。 And the report also documents the tradeoffs state governments have faced as they devote larger shares of their budgets to house them.和該報告還記錄了權衡，州政府所面臨的，因為他們投入較大的股票，他們的財政預算案向內務他們。 For instance, over the past two decades, state spending on corrections (adjusted for inflation) increased 127 percent; spending on higher education rose 21 percent.舉例來說，在過去20年裡，國家的開支，更正（通膨調整後）增加127 ％ ;開支，對高等教育的增長21 ％ 。

Five states —五國- Vermont 佛蒙特州 , ， Michigan 美國密歇根州 , ， Oregon 俄勒岡州 , ， Connecticut 康涅狄格州 and和 Delaware 特拉華 — now spend as much as or more on corrections as on higher education. -現在花費多少作為或以上的就改正，作為對高等教育的。 Locally,本地方面， Maryland 馬里蘭 is near the top, spending 74 cents on corrections for every dollar it spends on higher education.是上方附近，花費74美分就更正為每一美元花費在高等教育。 Virginia 維吉尼亞州 spends 60 cents on the dollar.花了60美分，對美元匯率。

Despite reaching its latest milestone, the nation’s incarcerated population has been growing more slowly since 2000 than it did during the 1990s, when harsher sentencing laws began to take effect.儘管達成其最新的里程碑，民族的被監禁的人口已變得越來越緩慢，自2000年以來，的確要比在20世紀90年代，當更嚴厲的判刑的法律開始生效。 These included a 1986 federal law (since revised) mandating prison terms for crack cocaine offenses that were up to eight times as long as for those involving powder cocaine.這些措施包括1986年的聯邦法律（自修訂本）規定的刑期為快克可卡因的罪名被最多的8倍，只要對於那些涉及可卡因的粉末。 In the 1990s, many states adopted “three-strikes-you’re-out” laws and curtailed the powers of parole boards.在20世紀90年代，許多國家通過“三罷工- you're徹頭徹尾的”法律和限制的權力，假釋委員會的工作。

Many state systems also send offenders back to prison for technical violations of their parole or probation, such as failing a drug test or missing an appointment with a supervisory officer.許多國家制度也將派罪犯回到監獄的技術侵犯其假釋或緩刑，如未能通過藥檢或失踪一任命與監督人員。 A 2005 study of 2005年的研究 California 加州 ’s system, for example, found that more than two-thirds of parolees were being returned to prison within three years of release, 40 percent for technical infractions. ' S系統，例如發現，三分之二以上的假釋被返回監獄三年內釋放的40 ％ ，為技術的違規行為。

“We’re just stuck in this carousel that people get off of, then get right back on again,” said “我們只是停留在這輪播的人下車，然後得到的權利再重新說： ” Los Angeles Police Chief William J. Bratton 洛杉磯警察局長威廉bratton , who as ，誰作為 New York City 紐約市 police commissioner in the 1990s oversaw a significant reduction in crime.警察專員在20世紀90年代主持顯著減少犯罪。

Because of these policy shifts, the nationwide prison population swelled by about 80 percent from 1990 to 2000, increasing by as much as 86,000 a year.由於這些政策變化，在全國范圍內的監獄人口膨脹，由80 ％左右，從1990年至2000年，增長高達8.6萬1年。 By contrast, from 2007 to 2008, that population increased by 25,000, a 2 percent rise.相比之下， 2007年至2008年，人口增加了2.5萬， 2 ％上升。

The那個 US Supreme Court 美國聯邦最高法院 has recently issued decisions giving judges more leeway under mandatory sentencing laws, and a number of states — including最近發出的決定，給予法官更多的迴旋餘地下，強制性判決的法律，和一些國家-包括 Texas 德克薩斯州 , which has the country’s second-highest incarceration rate — are seeking to reduce their prison population by adopting alternative punishments. ，這是該國的第二最高監禁率-現正尋求以減輕他們的監獄人口，採用替代懲罰。

Last year, Maryland officials began developing a new risk-assessment system to ensure that low-level offenders are not kept in jail longer than necessary, said Shannon Avery, executive director of a policy planning division of the state’s Department of Public Safety.去年，馬里蘭州的官員開始開發一個新的風險評估制度，以確保低層次的罪犯是沒有保存在監獄中的時間比必要的，說，香農的Avery ，執行主任政策規劃司，國家的公共安全部。

“That’s what you have to do when you don’t have enormous amounts of tax dollars available for building prisons,” she said. “這是什麼，你必須這樣做，當你沒有大量的稅美元，供建造監獄， ”她說。

Among the early innovators that states can look to is Virginia, which overhauled its system for sentencing nonviolent offenders in the mid-1990s.其中早期的創新者，各國可以看看，是弗吉尼亞州，其中大修，其系統的判刑非暴力罪犯，在20世紀90年代中期。 Although the state’s incarceration rate remains relatively high, Virginia has managed to slow the growth of its prison population substantially and reduce the share of its budget spent on corrections while still reducing its crime rate.雖然國家的監禁率仍然相對較高，弗吉尼亞州已設法緩慢的增長，其監獄人口大幅減少的份額，其花費的預算就更正，同時還減少其犯罪率。

State judges use a point system to weigh factors believed to predict a lawbreaker’s likelihood of becoming a repeat offender or otherwise pose a threat to public safety.國家法官使用點系統來衡量的因素，相信預測lawbreaker的可能性，成為一個屢犯者或以其他方式構成威脅公眾安全。 Those deemed low risk are given alternative sentences.那些被認為低風險，給出了其他形式的判決。 As a result, the share of Virginia prison beds occupied by nonviolent convicts has dropped, from 40 percent in 1994 to 23 percent in 2007.因此，中所佔的份額維吉尼亞州監獄的病床佔用的非暴力罪犯有所下降，從40 ％在1994年的23 ％在2007年。

“The idea is to make a distinction between the people we’re afraid of and the ones we’re just ticked off at,” said Rick Kern, director of the Virginia Criminal Sentencing Commission. “我們的構想是之間作出區分人民，我們不怕和那些我們只是分起飛，說： ”里克克恩主任，維吉尼亞州的刑事判決委員會。 “Not that you shouldn’t punish them. “不是說你不應該懲罰他們。 But if it’s going to cost $27,500 a year to keep them locked up, then maybe we should be smarter about how we do it.”但如果它的去成本二點七五○萬美元一年，讓他們關起來，那麼或許我們應該聰明我們如何做“ 。

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This entry was posted on Monday, June 2nd, 2008 at 7:57 am and is filed under 此項目被張貼在週一， 2008年6月2日在上午07時57分，並提交下 Political News 政治新聞 . 。 You can follow any responses to this entry through the 您可以按照任何的反應，此項目通過 RSS 2.0 2.0 feed. 餵養。 You can 您可以 leave a response 留下的回應 , or ，或 trackback Trackback跟踪 from your own site. 從你自己的網站。

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