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Monday, June 2nd, 2008 周一， 2008年6月2日

By通过 NC Aizenman 数控aizenman | More than one in 100 adults in the United States is in jail or prison, an all-time high that is costing state governments nearly $50 billion a year and the federal government $5 billion more, according to a report released yesterday. |一个以上的100个成年人中，美国是在监狱或监狱，所有的时间之高，是州政府耗资近500亿美元1年和联邦政府50亿美元以上，据报道，昨天公布的。

With more than 2.3 million people behind bars, the United States leads the world in both the number and percentage of residents it incarcerates, leaving far-more-populous与230多万人背后的酒吧，美国的世界领先地位，在双方的人数及所占比例的居民，它incarcerates ，留下深远的更多的人口 China 中国 a distant second, according to a study by the nonpartisan是一个遥远的第二，根据一项研究，由无党派 Pew Center on the States 皮尤中心的有关国家 . 。

The growth in prison population is largely because of tougher state and federal sentencing imposed since the mid-1980s.生长在监狱人口主要是因为更严厉的州和联邦判刑施加自1980年代中期以来。 Minorities have been particularly affected: One in nine black men ages 20 to 34 is behind bars.少数已特别是受影响：一是在9黑人男子年龄20至34条，在铁窗之中。 For black women ages 35 to 39, the figure is one in 100, compared with one in 355 for white women in the same age group.为黑人妇女年龄35至39 ，这个数字是1 ， 100 ，相比之下，在1 355为白人妇女在同一年龄组。

The report compiled and analyzed data from several sources, including the federal Bureau of Justice Statistics and Bureau of Prisons and each state’s department of corrections.报告书编纂和分析，数据来自几个来源，包括美国联邦司法统计局和主席团监狱和每个国家的管教部。 It did not include individuals detained for noncriminal immigration violations.它不包括个人扣留noncriminal违反移民法。

Although studies generally find that imprisoning more offenders reduces crime, the effect may be less influential than changes in the unemployment rate, wages, the ratio of police officers to residents and the proportion of young people in the population, report co-author Adam Gelb said.虽然一般的研究发现，更多的监禁罪犯减少犯罪，效果可能不太有影响力比的变化，失业率，工资，比例警务人员向居民和青年的比例的人在人口中，报告的共同作者亚当盖尔布说， 。

In addition, when it comes to preventing repeat offenses by nonviolent criminals — who make up about half of the incarcerated population — less-expensive punishments such as community supervision, electronic monitoring and mandatory drug counseling might prove as much or more effective than jail.此外，当它来防止重复犯罪的，由非暴力的罪犯-谁弥补约半数的被监禁的人口-少昂贵的处罚，如社区监督，电子监测和强制性戒毒辅导可能证明多或更有效，比坐牢。

For instance,举例来说， Florida 佛罗里达州 , which has almost doubled its prison population over the past 15 years, has experienced a smaller drop in crime than ，这几乎增加了一倍，其监狱人口在过去15年里，经历了较小的下降，犯罪比 New York 新纽约 , which, after a brief increase, has reduced its number of inmates to below the 1993 level. ，其中，经过短暂的增加，减少了美国监狱的关押人数低于1993年的水平。

“There is no question that putting violent and chronic offenders behind bars lowers the crime rate and provides punishment that is well deserved,” said Gelb, who as director of the Center’s Public Safety Performance Project advises states on developing alternatives to incarceration. “毫无疑问，把暴力和慢性罪犯的背后，酒吧，降低罪案率和处罚规定，这是当之无愧的，说： ”盖尔布，谁作为中心主任的公众安全性能的项目提供咨询意见的国家对发展替代监禁。 “On the other hand, there are large numbers of people behind bars who could be supervised in the community safely and effectively at a much lower cost — while also paying taxes, paying restitution to their victims and paying child support.” “另一方面，有大量的人背后的酒吧谁可以监督，在社会安全和有效地在低得多的成本-同时也缴纳税款，支付归还给他们的受害者和支付子女赡养费” 。

Sociologist社会学家 James Q. Wilson 涂谨申议员问：卫奕信 , who in the 1980s helped develop the “broken windows” theory that smaller crimes must be punished to deter more serious ones, agreed that sentences for some drug crimes were too long. ，谁在20世纪80年代，帮助发展“破碎的窗口”的理论，规模较小的罪行必须受到惩罚，以防止更严重的，一致认为，服刑的一些毒品犯罪被太长。 However, Wilson disagreed that the rise in the US prison population should be considered a cause for alarm: “The fact that we have a large prison population by itself is not a central problem because it has contributed to the extraordinary increase in public safety we have had in this country.”不过，威尔逊同意增加在美国的监狱人口，应被视为一个令人震惊： “其实我们有一个大监狱人口的本身是不是一个核心问题，因为它作出了贡献非凡的增加，公众安全，我们已曾在这个国家“ 。

About 91 percent of incarcerated adults are under state or local jurisdiction.约91 ％的被监禁的成年人是根据国家或地方的司法管辖权。 And the report also documents the tradeoffs state governments have faced as they devote larger shares of their budgets to house them.和该报告还记录了权衡，州政府所面临的，因为他们投入较大的股票，他们的财政预算案向内务他们。 For instance, over the past two decades, state spending on corrections (adjusted for inflation) increased 127 percent; spending on higher education rose 21 percent.举例来说，在过去20年里，国家的开支，更正（通膨调整后）增加127 ％ ;开支，对高等教育的增长21 ％ 。

Five states —五国- Vermont 佛蒙特州 , ， Michigan 美国密歇根州 , ， Oregon 俄勒冈州 , ， Connecticut 康涅狄格州 and和 Delaware 特拉华 — now spend as much as or more on corrections as on higher education. -现在花费多少作为或以上的就改正，作为对高等教育的。 Locally,本地方面， Maryland 马里兰 is near the top, spending 74 cents on corrections for every dollar it spends on higher education.是上方附近，花费74美分就更正为每一美元花费在高等教育。 Virginia 维吉尼亚州 spends 60 cents on the dollar.花了60美分，对美元汇率。

Despite reaching its latest milestone, the nation’s incarcerated population has been growing more slowly since 2000 than it did during the 1990s, when harsher sentencing laws began to take effect.尽管达成其最新的里程碑，民族的被监禁的人口已变得越来越缓慢，自2000年以来，的确要比在20世纪90年代，当更严厉的判刑的法律开始生效。 These included a 1986 federal law (since revised) mandating prison terms for crack cocaine offenses that were up to eight times as long as for those involving powder cocaine.这些措施包括1986年的联邦法律（自修订本）规定的刑期为快克可卡因的罪名被最多的8倍，只要对于那些涉及可卡因的粉末。 In the 1990s, many states adopted “three-strikes-you’re-out” laws and curtailed the powers of parole boards.在20世纪90年代，许多国家通过“三罢工- you're彻头彻尾的”法律和限制的权力，假释委员会的工作。

Many state systems also send offenders back to prison for technical violations of their parole or probation, such as failing a drug test or missing an appointment with a supervisory officer.许多国家制度也将派罪犯回到监狱的技术侵犯其假释或缓刑，如未能通过药检或失踪一任命与监督人员。 A 2005 study of 2005年的研究 California 加州 ’s system, for example, found that more than two-thirds of parolees were being returned to prison within three years of release, 40 percent for technical infractions. ' S系统，例如发现，三分之二以上的假释被返回监狱三年内释放的40 ％ ，为技术的违规行为。

“We’re just stuck in this carousel that people get off of, then get right back on again,” said “我们只是停留在这轮播的人下车，然后得到的权利再重新说： ” Los Angeles Police Chief William J. Bratton 洛杉矶警察局长威廉bratton , who as ，谁作为 New York City 纽约市 police commissioner in the 1990s oversaw a significant reduction in crime.警察专员在20世纪90年代主持显着减少犯罪。

Because of these policy shifts, the nationwide prison population swelled by about 80 percent from 1990 to 2000, increasing by as much as 86,000 a year.由于这些政策变化，在全国范围内的监狱人口膨胀，由80 ％左右，从1990年至2000年，增长高达8.6万1年。 By contrast, from 2007 to 2008, that population increased by 25,000, a 2 percent rise.相比之下， 2007年至2008年，人口增加了2.5万， 2 ％上升。

The那个 US Supreme Court 美国联邦最高法院 has recently issued decisions giving judges more leeway under mandatory sentencing laws, and a number of states — including最近发出的决定，给予法官更多的回旋余地下，强制性判决的法律，和一些国家-包括 Texas 德克萨斯州 , which has the country’s second-highest incarceration rate — are seeking to reduce their prison population by adopting alternative punishments. ，这是该国的第二最高监禁率-现正寻求以减轻他们的监狱人口，采用替代惩罚。

Last year, Maryland officials began developing a new risk-assessment system to ensure that low-level offenders are not kept in jail longer than necessary, said Shannon Avery, executive director of a policy planning division of the state’s Department of Public Safety.去年，马里兰州的官员开始开发一个新的风险评估制度，以确保低层次的罪犯是没有保存在监狱中的时间比必要的，说，香农的Avery ，执行主任政策规划司，国家的公共安全部。

“That’s what you have to do when you don’t have enormous amounts of tax dollars available for building prisons,” she said. “这是什么，你必须这样做，当你没有大量的税美元，供建造监狱， ”她说。

Among the early innovators that states can look to is Virginia, which overhauled its system for sentencing nonviolent offenders in the mid-1990s.其中早期的创新者，各国可以看看，是弗吉尼亚州，其中大修，其系统的判刑非暴力罪犯，在20世纪90年代中期。 Although the state’s incarceration rate remains relatively high, Virginia has managed to slow the growth of its prison population substantially and reduce the share of its budget spent on corrections while still reducing its crime rate.虽然国家的监禁率仍然相对较高，弗吉尼亚州已设法缓慢的增长，其监狱人口大幅减少的份额，其花费的预算就更正，同时还减少其犯罪率。

State judges use a point system to weigh factors believed to predict a lawbreaker’s likelihood of becoming a repeat offender or otherwise pose a threat to public safety.国家法官使用点系统来衡量的因素，相信预测lawbreaker的可能性，成为一个屡犯者或以其他方式构成威胁公众安全。 Those deemed low risk are given alternative sentences.那些被认为低风险，给出了其他形式的判决。 As a result, the share of Virginia prison beds occupied by nonviolent convicts has dropped, from 40 percent in 1994 to 23 percent in 2007.因此，中所占的份额维吉尼亚州监狱的病床占用的非暴力罪犯有所下降，从40 ％在1994年的23 ％在2007年。

“The idea is to make a distinction between the people we’re afraid of and the ones we’re just ticked off at,” said Rick Kern, director of the Virginia Criminal Sentencing Commission. “我们的构想是之间作出区分人民，我们不怕和那些我们只是分起飞，说： ”里克克恩主任，维吉尼亚州的刑事判决委员会。 “Not that you shouldn’t punish them. “不是说你不应该惩罚他们。 But if it’s going to cost $27,500 a year to keep them locked up, then maybe we should be smarter about how we do it.”但如果它的去成本二点七五○万美元一年，让他们关起来，那么或许我们应该聪明我们如何做“ 。

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This entry was posted on Monday, June 2nd, 2008 at 7:57 am and is filed under 此项目被张贴在周一， 2008年6月2日在上午07时57分，并提交下 Political News 政治新闻 . 。 You can follow any responses to this entry through the 您可以按照任何的反应，此项目通过 RSS 2.0 2.0 feed. 喂养。 You can 您可以 leave a response 留下的回应 , or ，或 trackback Trackback跟踪 from your own site. 从你自己的网站。

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