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Mind-Forged Manacles心伪造梏 Tuesday, June 24th, 2008 周二， 2008年6月24日 By通过 George Monbiot乔治monbiot | Which of these countries has the most prisoners per head of population? |其中，这些国家拥有最囚犯每头人口？ Sudan, Syria, China, Burma, Saudi Arabia, Zimbabwe or England and Wales?苏丹，叙利亚，中国，缅甸，沙特阿拉伯，津巴布韦或英格兰和威尔士的？ We win, or rather lose: I have ranked these countries in reverse order(1).我们赢得了，或者更确切地说，失去：我已排在这些国家在反序（ 1 ） 。 On this measure, England and Wales have a more punitive judicial system than most of the world’s dictatorships.关于这项措施，英格兰和威尔士有更多的惩罚性的司法系统比世界上大多数的独裁统治。 On Friday, the government released new figures for the prison population(2).上周五，政府公布的新数字为监狱人口（ 2 ） 。 It broke all records, yet again.它打破了以往所有的纪录，又一次。 It has risen by 38% since Labour came to power(3), and now stands at 83,181.它已上升了38 ％ ，自劳工上台（ 3 ） ，和现在站在83181 。 What does the government intend to do about it?请问，政府打算怎样呢？ Lock more people up.锁定更多的人。 It is building enough new cells to jail 96,000 people by 2014(4).这是建设足够的新细胞坐牢96000人，到2014年（ 4 ） 。 At the beginning of this month it laid out its plans for Titan prisons: vast broiler units, which will each house 2,500 people(5).在本月初，奠定了其计划，土卫六监狱：广大肉鸡单位，将每家2500人（ 5 ） 。 But they’ll be only just big enough: the government expects the number of cons to rise to 95,600 in six years(6).但他们将只是刚刚够大：政府预计的数目，考虑上升到9.56万，在六年（ 6 ） 。 As ever, Britain appears to be chasing the United States.与以往一样，英国似乎是追赶美国。 In both absolute and relative terms, the USA’s prison population is the highest on earth: one percent of its adult population is behind bars(7).无论从绝对值和相对而言，美国的监狱人口，这是最高的地球上：一％的成人人口，是背后的酒吧（ 7 ） 。 This is five times our preposterous rate and six times Turkey’s(8).这是5倍，我们的荒谬率和6倍，土耳其的（ 8 ） 。 It is over twice the rate of the nearest contender, South Africa(9).这是过去的两倍率最接近的竞争者，南非（ 9 ） 。 If you count the people under community supervision or on probation, the total rises to over 7 million, or 3.1% of the adult population(10).如果您指望下的人民社会监督或接受感化，总上升到超过700万，或3.1 ％的成人人口（ 10 ） 。 Black men who failed to complete high school in the US have a 60% chance of ending up in jail(11).黑人男子谁未能完成高中，在美国有60 ％的机会，结束了在监狱中（ 11 ） 。 I feel I need to say that again: 60% of unqualified black men go to prison.我觉得我要再说一遍： 60 ％ ，不合格的黑人男子去监狱。 It’s beginning to look as if the state has stopped imprisoning individuals and started locking up a social class.它的开始看起来，如果该国已停止监禁的个人和开始锁定了一个社会阶层。 Is this what we aspire to?这是我们渴望？ To judge by the remonstrations of the tabloids, the answer is yes.法官由remonstrations的小报小刊，答案是肯定的。 But why?但是，为什么呢？ And why, in the United Kingdom, is imprisonment still rising?为什么，在美国，英国，是监禁仍在不断上升？ It’s not because of rising crime.这不是因为上升的犯罪活动。 Last year crimes recorded by the police fell by 2%, while the most serious violent offences fell by 9%(12).去年罪行录得由警方下跌百分之二，而最严重的暴力罪行下降了9 ％ （ 12 ） 。 Nor does it reflect the conviction rate.也没有反映的定罪率。 That fell by 4% in 2006 (we don’t yet have last year’s figures)(13).即下跌百分之四，在2006年（我们还没有去年的数字） （ 13 ） 。 Stranger still, it is not connected to the rate of imprisonment either, which fell by 9% between 2004 and 2006(14).陌生人仍是未连接到率不是监禁，下跌9 ％之间， 2004年和2006年（ 14 ） 。 The prison population is rising for one reason: people are being put away for longer(15).监狱人口是上升的原因之一：人们正在远离较长（ 15 ） 。 Between 1997 and 2004, the average sentence rose from 15.7 months to 16.1(16). 1997年至2004年，平均刑期由去年同期的15.7上升个月至1月16日（ 16 ） 。 That tells only half the story: the actual time served rose as well, as a result of new laws the government introduced in 1998 and 2003(17).告诉只有一半的故事：实际送达时间上升，以及由于新的法律，政府提出在1998年和2003年（ 17 ） 。 In 2004 the courts started handing down indeterminate sentences – prison terms without fixed limits.在2004年法院开始移交下来刑期不定的判决-监狱的条款没有固定的限制。 These will be partly responsible for the projected growth in imprisonment over the next six years(18).这些将部分负责的预测增长监禁在未来六年（ 18 ） 。 This exposes a remarkable contradiction in government policy.这暴露了显着的矛盾在政府的政策。 At the beginning of last year, the criminal justice ministers sent a begging letter to the courts asking them not to bang so many people up, as the prisons were bursting(19).在去年年初，刑事司法部长发出了乞求的信中向法院提出要求它们不要帮，所以很多人，由于监狱被爆破（ 19 ） 。 But they are bursting because of the mandatory life terms, indeterminate sentences and other stern measures it has forced the judges to pass.但他们是因为爆破的强制性终身监禁刑罚的条款，刑期不定的判决和其他严厉的措施，这已迫使法官通过。 In 2002, England and Wales had more lifers (5268) than the whole of the rest of the EU put together (5046) (20).在2002年，英格兰和威尔士有更多终身（ 5268 ）就超过了整个其余的欧盟放在一起（ 5046 ） （ 20 ） 。 I can’t find a more recent comparison, and since the accession of the former communist states this is bound to have changed.我无法找到更近期的比较，由于加入的前共产主义国家，这是必然有改变。 But it gives you a rough idea of how weird this country is.但它可以让您一粗略的概念，如何怪异的是这个国家。 So why, when the number of crimes, especially serious violent crimes, is falling, are both the government and the courts imposing longer sentences?那么，为何，当罪行的数目，尤其是严重暴力犯罪，是在下降，都是政府和法院施加较长的刑期？ Why does the UK consistently rank in the top two places for imprisonment in western Europe?为什么英国的排名始终在顶端两地为监禁在西欧的呢？ Why, as this country becomes more peacable, does it become more punitive?因此，作为这个国家变得更加peacable ，是否变得更加的惩罚呢？ I don’t know.我不知道。 Nor, it seems, does anyone else.也不是，似乎没有其他人。 But one thing I’ve noticed is that many of the states with the highest number of convicts are also those with the greatest differential between rich and poor.但有一件事我已经注意的是，许多国家具有最高的定罪者人数也与最大的差别富国和穷国之间。 Within the OECD nations, the US has the second highest rate of inequality.在经合组织国家，美国第二率最高的不平等。 Mexico, which is the most unequal, has the third-highest rate of imprisonment.墨西哥，这是最不平等的，第三率最高的监禁。 In the EU, four of the five most unequal nations also rank among the top five jailers(21).在欧盟，其中4个最不平等的国家也跻身前5名狱卒（ 21 ） 。 The correlation, though by no means exact, seems to apply across many of the rich countries.相关性，虽然没有确切的手段，似乎适用于全国的许多富有的国家。 This doesn’t demonstrate a causal relationship.这并不证明的因果关系。 But there are three likely connections.但有三个可能的联系。 The first is that inequality causes crime.第一是不平等的原因犯罪。 This is what Anatole France referred to, when he claimed to admire “the majestic egalitarianism of the law, which forbids rich and poor alike to sleep under bridges, to beg in the streets, and to steal bread.”(22) But, while this has proved true at most times and in most places, crime is falling in England and Wales while inequality is rising.这是什么阿纳托尔（ Anatole ）法国提到，当他声称佩服“雄壮的平均主义的法律，禁止富国和穷国都睡下，桥梁，乞求在街道上，和偷窃面包。 ” （ 22 ）但是，尽管这已证明在最真实的时代，而且在大多数地方，犯罪是属于在英格兰和威尔士，而不平等的现象正在上升。 The second possible link is that prison causes inequality.第二个可能存在的联系是监狱的原因不平等。 The sociologist Bruce Western has shown that jail in the United States is a huge and hidden cause of deprivation(23).社会学家布鲁斯西方已表明，监狱，在美国是一个巨大的和隐藏的原因剥夺（ 23 ） 。 When people are locked up, they can’t acquire the skills and social contacts they need to get on outside.当人们都关起来，他们不能掌握的技能和社会接触，他们需要获得对外部。 Employers are reluctant to take them on when they’ve been released, and they tend to be hired by the day or to get stuck in the casual economy, which is one of the reasons why so many return to crime.雇主不愿意采取他们就当他们已经被释放，他们往往聘请由天，或碰到困难，在休闲经济，这是原因之一，为何有这么多的回报犯罪。 Among whites and Hispanics, wages for ex-cons are severely depressed.其中，白人和西班牙裔美国人，工资当然考虑是严重抑郁。 Among black people the effect is less marked: the “stigma of imprisonment”, Western suggests, appears to have stuck to the entire black underclass(24).黑人的人，效果是明显的不足： “耻辱监禁” ，西方的建议，似乎已陷入到整个黑色的下层（ 24 ） 。 His ground-breaking research shows that US labour figures, which appeared to prove that the rising tide of the 1990s lifted all boats, were hopelessly skewed.他的地面突破的研究显示，美国劳工的数字，这似乎证明，不断上升的趋势20世纪90年代取消了所有的船只，被绝望倾斜。 The government’s claim that the boom had enhanced everyone’s job prospects – even those at the bottom of the heap – turns out to be an artefact of rising imprisonment: convicts aren’t counted in household surveys.政府声称的繁荣提高了大家的就业前景-即使那些在底部堆-原来是一个手工上升的监禁：罪犯是不指望在住户统计调查。 Western found that while general unemployment fell sharply in the 1990s, when prisoners were included, the rate among unqualified young black men rose to its highest level ever: a gobsmacking 65%(25).西部发现，虽然一般的失业率急剧减少，在20世纪90年代，当囚犯在内，不合格率之间的年轻黑人男子上升至其有史以来的最高水平： 1 gobsmacking 65 ％ （ 25 ） 。 The third possible reason for a link between the two factors is that inequality causes imprisonment.第三个可能的原因为两者之间的联系因素是不平等的原因监禁。 I can’t prove this, and it is hard to see how anyone could do so.我不能证明这一点，这是不难看出，如何任何人都可以这样做。 But my untested hypothesis runs as follows: the greater the wealth the top echelons accrue, the more ferociously they demand protection from the rest of society.但我从未经过实践检验的假说运行如下：更大的财富，高层的累积，更ferociously他们的需求，保护，从其余的社会。 They have more to lose from crime and less to lose from punishment, which is less likely to strike the richer you become.他们有更多失去从犯罪和减少损失，从处罚，这是不太可能的罢工丰富您成为。 The people who help to generate the public demand for long prison terms (newspaper proprietors and editors) and the people who mete it out (judges and magistrates) are drawn overwhelmingly from the property-owning classes.人民的谁有助于产生公众的需求，长期监禁（报纸的东主及编辑）和人民的费谁出（法官及裁判官）制订绝大多数来自物业拥有班。 “Those who have built large fortunes,” Max Hastings, who was once the editor of the Daily Telegraph, wrote of his former employer Conrad Black, “seldom lose their nervousness that some ill-wisher will find means to take their money away from them.”(26) Money breeds paranoia, and paranoia keeps people in prison. “谁已建立了大型的命运， ”最大的黑斯廷斯，谁曾经是编辑每日电讯报写道，他的前雇主，林钜成黑色， “很少失去了他们的紧张情绪，有些病患者- wisher会发现，就是要把他们的钱远离他们“ （ 26 ）金钱品种妄想，偏执的人不断在监狱中。 References: 参考文献： 1. 1 。 King’s College, London, 2008.伦敦国王学院， 2008年。 World Prison Brief.世界监狱简短。 http://www.kcl.ac.uk/depsta/law/research/icps/worldbrief/wpb_stats.php?a… http://www.kcl.ac.uk/depsta/law/research/icps/worldbrief/wpb_stats.php?a … 2. BBC Online, 20th June 2008. 2 。 BBC的在线， 2008年6月20日。 Prison population at record high.监狱人口在最高纪录。 http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7465983.stm 3. 3 。 National Statistics Office, viewed 23rd June 2008.国家统计局认为， 2008年6月23日。 Prison population: England and Wales.监狱人口：英格兰和威尔斯。 4. 4 。 Ministry of Justice, 1st February 2008.司法部， 2008年2月1日。 Minister opens first prison in government building programme.部长开幕第一监狱，在政府建设方案。 Press release.新闻发布。 http://www.justice.gov.uk/news/newsrelease010208a.htm 5. 5 。 Ministry of Justice, 5th June 2008.司法部2008年6月5日。 Titan prisons.土卫六的监狱。 Consultation Paper CP10/08.谘询文件cp10/08 。 http://www.justice.gov.uk/docs/cp1008.pdf 6. 6 。 Ministry of Justice, August 2007.司法部， 2007年8月。 Prison Population Projections 2007-2014.监狱人口推算， 2007年至2014年。 England and Wales.英格兰和威尔斯。 http://www.justice.gov.uk/docs/stats-prison-pop-aug07.pdf 7. 7 。 Sky News, 29th February 2008.天空电视新闻， 2008年2月29日。 US Prison Population Reaches World High.美国监狱人口达到世界高。 http://news.sky.com/skynews/article/0,,30200-1307500,00.html http://news.sky.com/skynews/article/0 ， ,30200 - 1307500 ， 00.html 8. 8 。 The US rate per 100,000 people is 751.美国率每10万人是751 。 UK: 152, Turkey: 127.英国： 152 ，土耳其： 127 。 King’s College, ibid.英皇书院，同上。 9. 9 。 347 per 100,000. 347每10万人。 10. 10 。 Bruce Western, 22nd June 2007.布鲁斯西部， 2007年6月22日。 Mass Imprisonment and Economic Inequality – III .大规模的监禁和经济上的不平等-三。 Who we Punish: the Carceral State.谁，我们惩治： carceral状态。 http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199-6959890/Mass-imprisonment-and-ec… http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199-6959890/mass-imprisonment-and-ec … 11. 11 。 ibid.同上。 12. 12 。 Home Office, July 2007.家庭办公室， 2007年7月。 Crime in England and Wales 2006/07.犯罪在英格兰和威尔士， 2006/07年。 Statistical Bulletin.统计公报。 http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/pdfs07/hosb1107.pdf 13. 13 。 Ministry of Justice, November 2007.司法部， 2007年11月。 Criminal Statistics 2006: England and Wales.刑事统计， 2006年：英格兰和威尔斯。 http://www.justice.gov.uk/docs/crim-stats-2006-tag.pdf 14. 14 。 ibid, Table 1.2.同上，表1.2 。 15. 15 。 Ministry of Justice, August 2007, ibid.司法部， 2007年8月，同上。 16. 16 。 ibid.同上。 17. 17 。 The Ministry of Justice, August 2007, ibid, lists these factors as follows:司法部， 2007年8月，同上，列出这些因素如下： 18. 18 。 The Ministry of Justice, August 2007, ibid, states that “Much of the underlying growth in the High, Medium and Low scenarios can司法部， 2007年8月，同上，指出： “大部分的潜在增长，在高，中，低的情况可以 19. 19 。 Ministry of Justice, 23rd January 2007.司法部， 2007年1月23日。 Statement from the Criminal Justice Ministers to the National Criminal Justice Board:声明从刑事司法部长，国家刑事司法委员会： 20. 20 。 Prison Reform Trust, March 2004.监狱改革信托基金， 2004年3月。 England and Wales, Europe’s lifer capital.英格兰和威尔士，欧洲的lifer资本。 http://www.prisonreformtrust.org.uk/subsection.asp?id=352 21. 21 。 I took the inequality stats (as measured by the Gini Coefficient) from the CIA’s World Factbook:我曾不平等的统计资料（如测量的基尼系数）由中央情报局的世界概况： https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172….通过https ： / / www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172 … 。 22. 22 。 Anatole France, 1894.阿纳托尔（ Anatole ）法国， 1894年。 The Red Lily.红百合。 23. 23 。 Bruce Western, August 2002.布鲁斯西部， 2002年8月。 The Impact of Incarceration on Wage Mobility and Inequality.影响监禁的工资，调动和不平等。 American Sociological Review.美国社会学的检讨。 Vol.第一卷。 67, No. 4, pp. 67 ，第4号，页。 526-546. 526-546 。 24. 24 。 ibid.同上。 25. 25 。 Bruce Western, 22nd June 2007.布鲁斯西部， 2007年6月22日。 Mass Imprisonment and Economic Inequality – III .大规模的监禁和经济上的不平等-三。 Who we Punish: the Carceral State.谁，我们惩治： carceral状态。 http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199-6959890/Mass-imprisonment-and-ec… http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199-6959890/mass-imprisonment-and-ec … 26. 26 。 Max Hastings, 2002.最高黑斯廷斯， 2002年。 Editor: An Inside Story of Newspapers.责任编辑： 1黑幕的报纸。 Macmillan, London.麦克米伦出版社，伦敦。 See More: 看到更多的： World News 世界新闻Have Your Say: Mind-Forged Manacles 你说：心有伪造梏 Please note, only selected comments will be published.请注意，只有选定的评论将出版。 Or discuss this report in our new forums 或讨论这个报告在我们的新论坛 One Response to “Mind-Forged Manacles” 1回应“的心态伪造梏”
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[...] Mind-Forged Manacles Tuesday, June 24th, 2008 By George Monbiot | Which of these countries has the most prisoners per head of population? [ … … ]心伪造梏周二， 2008年6月24日，由乔治monbiot |其中，这些国家拥有最囚犯每头人口？ Sudan, Syria, China, Burma, Saudi Arabia, Zimbabwe or England and Wales?苏丹，叙利亚，中国，缅甸，沙特阿拉伯，津巴布韦或英格兰和威尔士的？ We win, or rather lose: I have ranked these countries in reverse order(1).我们赢得了，或者更确切地说，失去：我已排在这些国家在反序（ 1 ） 。 On this measure, … [...]关于这项措施， … … [ … … ]