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Τρίτη, 24η Ιουνίου 2008
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Μυαλό-σφυρηλατημένες χειροπέδες
Τρίτη, 24η Ιουνίου 2008
Από George Monbiot | Όποιος αυτών των χωρών έχει τους περισσότερους φυλακισμένους ανά - κεφάλι του πληθυσμού; Σουδάν, Συρία, Κίνα, Βιρμανία, Σαουδική Αραβία, Ζιμπάπουε ή Αγγλία και Ουαλία; Κερδίζουμε, ή χάνουμε μάλλον: Έχω ταξινομήσει αυτές τις χώρες στην αντίστροφη διαταγή (1). Σε αυτό το μέτρο, η Αγγλία και η Ουαλία έχουν ένα πιό σωφρονιστικό δικαστικό σύστημα από οι περισσότερες από τις παγκόσμιες δικτατορίες. Την Παρασκευή, η κυβέρνηση δημόσιευσε τους νέους αριθμούς για τον πληθυσμό φυλακών (2). Έσπασε όλα τα αρχεία, ακόμη μια φορά. Έχει αυξηθεί κατά 38% δεδομένου ότι η εργασία ήρθε στη δύναμη (3), και τώρα τις στάσεις σε 83.181. Τι η κυβέρνηση σκοπεύει να κάνει για το; Κλειδώστε περισσότερους ανθρώπους. Χτίζει αρκετά νέα κύτταρα για να φυλακίσει 96.000 ανθρώπους μέχρι το 2014 (4). Στην αρχή αυτού του μήνα σχεδίασε τα σχέδιά του για τις φυλακές τιτάνων: απέραντες μονάδες σχαρών, οι οποίες κάθε μια θα στεγάσουν 2.500 ανθρώπους (5). Αλλά θα είναι μόνο ακριβώς αρκετά μεγάλοι: η κυβέρνηση αναμένει τον αριθμό μειονεκτημάτων για να ανέλθει σε 95.600 σε έξι έτη (6). Όπως πάντα, η Μεγάλη Βρετανία εμφανίζεται τις Ηνωμένες Πολιτείες. Και στους απόλυτους και σχετικούς όρους, ο πληθυσμός ΑΜΕΡΙΚΑΝΙΚΩΝ φυλακών είναι ο υψηλότερος στη γη: ένα τοις εκατό του ενήλικου πληθυσμού του είναι πίσω από τους φραγμούς (7). Αυτό είναι πέντε φορές το παράλογο ποσοστό μας και έξι φορές Τουρκίας (8). Είναι πέρα από δύο φορές το ποσοστό του κοντινότερου υποψηφίου, Νότια Αφρική (9). Εάν βασίζεστε τους ανθρώπους κάτω από την κοινοτική επίβλεψη ή στη δοκιμασία, το σύνολο ανέρχεται σε πάνω από 7 εκατομμύρια, ή 3.1% του ενήλικου πληθυσμού (10). Τα μαύρα άτομα που απέτυχαν να ολοκληρώσουν το γυμνάσιο στις ΗΠΑ έχουν μια πιθανότητα 60% στη φυλακή (11). Αισθάνομαι την ανάγκη Ι να πω ότι πάλι: 60% των αναρμόδιων μαύρων ατόμων πηγαίνουν στη φυλακή. Αρχίζει να κοιτάζει σαν το κράτος έχει σταματήσει τα άτομα και έχει αρχίσει μια κοινωνική τάξη. Είναι αυτό τι επιδιώκουμε; Για να κρίνει από τα remonstrations των εφημεριδών, η απάντηση είναι ναι. Αλλά γιατί; Και γιατί, στο Ηνωμένο Βασίλειο, η φυλάκιση ακόμα αυξάνομαι; Δεν είναι λόγω του αυξανόμενου εγκλήματος. Πέρυσι τα εγκλήματα που καταγράφηκαν από την αστυνομία μειώθηκαν κατά 2%, ενώ οι σοβαρότερες βίαιες παραβάσεις μειώθηκαν κατά 9% (12). Ούτε απεικονίζει το ποσοστό καταδικαστικής απόφασης. Που έπεσε κατά 4% το 2006 (δεν έχουμε ακόμα τους αριθμούς του περασμένου χρόνου) (13). Stranger still, it is not connected to the rate of imprisonment either, which fell by 9% between 2004 and 2006(14). The prison population is rising for one reason: people are being put away for longer(15). Between 1997 and 2004, the average sentence rose from 15.7 months to 16.1(16). That tells only half the story: the actual time served rose as well, as a result of new laws the government introduced in 1998 and 2003(17). In 2004 the courts started handing down indeterminate sentences – prison terms without fixed limits. These will be partly responsible for the projected growth in imprisonment over the next six years(18). This exposes a remarkable contradiction in government policy. At the beginning of last year, the criminal justice ministers sent a begging letter to the courts asking them not to bang so many people up, as the prisons were bursting(19). But they are bursting because of the mandatory life terms, indeterminate sentences and other stern measures it has forced the judges to pass. In 2002, England and Wales had more lifers (5268) than the whole of the rest of the EU put together (5046) (20). I can’t find a more recent comparison, and since the accession of the former communist states this is bound to have changed. But it gives you a rough idea of how weird this country is. So why, when the number of crimes, especially serious violent crimes, is falling, are both the government and the courts imposing longer sentences? Why does the UK consistently rank in the top two places for imprisonment in western Europe? Why, as this country becomes more peacable, does it become more punitive? I don’t know. Nor, it seems, does anyone else. But one thing I’ve noticed is that many of the states with the highest number of convicts are also those with the greatest differential between rich and poor. Within the OECD nations, the US has the second highest rate of inequality. Mexico, which is the most unequal, has the third-highest rate of imprisonment. In the EU, four of the five most unequal nations also rank among the top five jailers(21). The correlation, though by no means exact, seems to apply across many of the rich countries. This doesn’t demonstrate a causal relationship. But there are three likely connections. The first is that inequality causes crime. This is what Anatole France referred to, when he claimed to admire “the majestic egalitarianism of the law, which forbids rich and poor alike to sleep under bridges, to beg in the streets, and to steal bread.”(22) But, while this has proved true at most times and in most places, crime is falling in England and Wales while inequality is rising. The second possible link is that prison causes inequality. The sociologist Bruce Western has shown that jail in the United States is a huge and hidden cause of deprivation(23). When people are locked up, they can’t acquire the skills and social contacts they need to get on outside. Employers are reluctant to take them on when they’ve been released, and they tend to be hired by the day or to get stuck in the casual economy, which is one of the reasons why so many return to crime. Among whites and Hispanics, wages for ex-cons are severely depressed. Among black people the effect is less marked: the “stigma of imprisonment”, Western suggests, appears to have stuck to the entire black underclass(24). His ground-breaking research shows that US labour figures, which appeared to prove that the rising tide of the 1990s lifted all boats, were hopelessly skewed. The government’s claim that the boom had enhanced everyone’s job prospects – even those at the bottom of the heap – turns out to be an artefact of rising imprisonment: convicts aren’t counted in household surveys. Western found that while general unemployment fell sharply in the 1990s, when prisoners were included, the rate among unqualified young black men rose to its highest level ever: a gobsmacking 65%(25). The third possible reason for a link between the two factors is that inequality causes imprisonment. I can’t prove this, and it is hard to see how anyone could do so. But my untested hypothesis runs as follows: the greater the wealth the top echelons accrue, the more ferociously they demand protection from the rest of society. They have more to lose from crime and less to lose from punishment, which is less likely to strike the richer you become. The people who help to generate the public demand for long prison terms (newspaper proprietors and editors) and the people who mete it out (judges and magistrates) are drawn overwhelmingly from the property-owning classes. “Those who have built large fortunes,” Max Hastings, who was once the editor of the Daily Telegraph, wrote of his former employer Conrad Black, “seldom lose their nervousness that some ill-wisher will find means to take their money away from them.”(26) Money breeds paranoia, and paranoia keeps people in prison. References: 1. King’s College, London, 2008. World Prison Brief. http://www.kcl.ac.uk/depsta/law/research/icps/worldbrief/wpb_stats.php?a… 2. BBC Online, 20th June 2008. Prison population at record high. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7465983.stm 3. National Statistics Office, viewed 23rd June 2008. Prison population: England and Wales. 4. Ministry of Justice, 1st February 2008. Minister opens first prison in government building programme. Press release. http://www.justice.gov.uk/news/newsrelease010208a.htm 5. Ministry of Justice, 5th June 2008. Titan prisons. Consultation Paper CP10/08. http://www.justice.gov.uk/docs/cp1008.pdf 6. Ministry of Justice, August 2007. Prison Population Projections 2007-2014. England and Wales. http://www.justice.gov.uk/docs/stats-prison-pop-aug07.pdf 7. Sky News, 29th February 2008. US Prison Population Reaches World High. http://news.sky.com/skynews/article/0,,30200-1307500,00.html 8. The US rate per 100,000 people is 751. UK: 152, Turkey: 127. King’s College, ibid. 9. 347 per 100,000. 10. Bruce Western, 22nd June 2007. Mass Imprisonment and Economic Inequality – III. Who we Punish: the Carceral State. http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199-6959890/Mass-imprisonment-and-ec… 11. ibid. 12. Home Office, July 2007. Crime in England and Wales 2006/07. Statistical Bulletin. http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/pdfs07/hosb1107.pdf 13. Ministry of Justice, November 2007. Criminal Statistics 2006: England and Wales. http://www.justice.gov.uk/docs/crim-stats-2006-tag.pdf 14. ibid, Table 1.2. 15. Ministry of Justice, August 2007, ibid. 16. ibid. 17. The Ministry of Justice, August 2007, ibid, lists these factors as follows: 18. The Ministry of Justice, August 2007, ibid, states that “Much of the underlying growth in the High, Medium and Low scenarios can 19. Ministry of Justice, 23rd January 2007. Statement from the Criminal Justice Ministers to the National Criminal Justice Board: 20. Prison Reform Trust, March 2004. England and Wales, Europe’s lifer capital. http://www.prisonreformtrust.org.uk/subsection.asp?id=352 21. I took the inequality stats (as measured by the Gini Coefficient) from the CIA’s World Factbook: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172…. 22. Anatole France, 1894. The Red Lily. 23. Bruce Western, August 2002. The Impact of Incarceration on Wage Mobility and Inequality. American Sociological Review. Vol. 67, No. 4, pp. 526-546. 24. ibid. 25. Bruce Western, 22nd June 2007. Mass Imprisonment and Economic Inequality – III. Who we Punish: the Carceral State. http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199-6959890/Mass-imprisonment-and-ec… 26. Max Hastings, 2002. Editor: An Inside Story of Newspapers. Macmillan, London. See More:World NewsHave Your Say: Mind-Forged Manacles Please note, only selected comments will be published. Or discuss this report in our new forums One Response to “Mind-Forged Manacles”
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[...] Mind-Forged Manacles Tuesday, June 24th, 2008 By George Monbiot | Which of these countries has the most prisoners per head of population? Sudan, Syria, China, Burma, Saudi Arabia, Zimbabwe or England and Wales? We win, or rather lose: I have ranked these countries in reverse order(1). On this measure, … [...]