How the Government Is Passing Secret Laws政府如何通过法律的秘密
By通过 Sean Gonsalves肖恩贡萨尔维斯 | Once upon a time, a team of federal attorneys went before the Supreme Court only to discover that their entire case was based on a revoked executive order and therefore moot. |黄飞鸿的时间，一队联邦律师来到之前，最高法院只发现他们的整个案件的基础上，撤销行政命令，因此模拟。
True story.真实的故事。 Look it up.看看它。 Panama Refining Company v. Ryan 巴拿马炼油公司诉瑞安 . 。 The revoked presidential order was understandably missed by the attorneys.已撤销的总统令是可以理解的错过了由律师。 The revocation had never been made public — an example of what legal scholars refer to as “secret law.”撤销从未公开-一个例子，什么样的法律学者称之为“秘密法” 。
Cases like that caused Congress, in the ’30s and ’40s, to pen legislation aimed at bringing order to the dissemination of vital government information, amid the chaotic complexity of state administrative laws and downright shoddy record-keeping.案件一样，所造成的国会，在1930年代和'40s ，以笔立法旨在使以传播重要的政府信息，在混沌的复杂性，国家的行政法规和彻头彻尾的伪劣备存纪录。 Congress also established statutes to keep a growing body of secret law in check.大会还设立了章程，以保持越来越多的秘密法，在检查。
That’s how we got the Federal Register Act of 1935, the Administrative Procedures Act of 1946 and the golden key to open government (and investigative reporting) — the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA).这就是我们如何获得联邦注册的行为， 1935年的行政程序法和1946年的金钥匙开放的政府（和调查报告） -资讯自由法（ f oia） 。
Those legislative acts exemplify one of the defining features of American government — the publicizing of laws and regulations.这些立法行为的例证之一界定的特点，美国政府-宣传法律和法规。 The political philosophy isn’t hard to understand.政治哲学是不难理解。 Secret laws are the antithesis of a free and open society, which explains why the first US Congress mandated that every “law, order, resolution, and vote (shall) be published in at least three of the public newspapers printing within the United States.”秘密法律的对立面，一个自由开放的社会，这亦解释了为什么第一次美国国会授权的每一个“法律，秩序，决议，并投票（应该）出版的至少有三个市民报纸的印刷与美国。 “
But, never mind — for the moment — the decline of newspapers, and the harmful implications it has for democratic governance.不过，不要紧-为的时刻-下降的报纸，和有害的影响，它已为民主治理。 Even more alarming is the underreported increase of unpublicized “secret laws,” clandestinely cultivated in recent years.更令人担忧的是，不足的增加，未经公示的“秘密的法律， ”暗中培养在近几年。
We’re talking everything from secret interpretations of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act and opinions from the Office of Legal Counsel (OLC) to secret Presidential directives and transportation security orders.我们正在谈，一切从秘密的解释，外国情报监视法和意见，由法律顾问办公室（法律顾问室）的秘密总统的指示和运输安全的命令。
And don’t let the word “opinion” throw you off.不要让字的“意见”丢你赶走。 If, for example, they’re “opinions” issued by the OLC — like the now infamous Yoo torture memos — those kind of “opinions” are binding on the executive branch.举例来说，如果他们的“意见”发出的，由法律顾问室-像现在臭名昭著的柳酷刑备忘录-那些种“意见”对双方都具有约束力，行政部门。
So, while the Washington press heavy-hitters were analyzing flag pins and pastors, a Judiciary subcommittee hearing was held on因此，尽管华盛顿的新闻重的击球手被分析的国旗旗杆牧师，司法小组委员会的听证会举行的 “Secret Law and the Threat to Democratic and Accountable Government” “秘密法，并威胁到民主和负责任的政府” . 。
Among the half-dozen or so witnesses to testify was the director of the Project on Government Secrecy at the Federation of American Scientists,其中半打以上的，或使证人作证是项目主任对政府的保密，在美国科学家联合会， Steven Aftergood史蒂芬aftergood — one of the nation’s preeminent authorities on secret law. -一个民族最杰出的有关当局秘密法。 What should have been a top-story across the country was rendered invisible by a tsunami of triviality.什么应该已经顶级的故事，整个国家是提供无形的，由海啸triviality 。
Here’s some testimony you probably missed:这里的一些证词，你可能错过了：
“There has been a discernible increase in secret law and regulation in recent years” to the point where “legislative intervention” is required to “reverse the growth.” “有一个可察觉的增加在秘密法及规管在近几年”点“立法干预”必须“逆向增长” 。
Unsurprisingly, secret law really became entwined with the government during the Cold War.不出所料，秘密法真正成为交织在一起，与政府在冷战期间。 But today, “secrecy not only persists, it is growing.但今天， “保密不仅持续存在，这是越来越多。 Worse, it is implicated in fundamental political controversies over domestic surveillance, torture, and many other issues directly affecting the lives and interests of Americans.”更糟的是，它是有牵连的根本政治争议，国内监视，酷刑，和许多其他问题，直接影响生命和利益的美国人“ 。
The law that governs espionage activity has been re-interpreted by the FISA Court, the specific nature of which has not been disclosed to the public?依法执政间谍活动已重新解释，由参赛指南法院，具体的性质，一直没有向公众披露？
In August 2007, the American Civil Liberties Union petitioned the court on First Amendment grounds to make public those legal rulings, after redacting classified information.在2007年8月，美国公民自由联盟请愿，法院对第一修正案的理由，使市民的这些法律的裁决后， redacting机密资料。 The court denied the ACLU petition, claiming it didn’t have the expertise to decide what information should be redacted.法庭拒绝了美国民权联盟的请愿书，声称它不具备专业知识，来决定哪些信息应节录。
The denial was issued despite it being evident “that there is a body of common law derived from the decisions of the (FISA court) that potentially implicates the privacy interests of all Americans.拒绝发表的，尽管它被明显的“有一个机构，共同的法律来自的决定（参赛指南法院）表示，可能牵涉到隐私权的利益，所有的美国人。 Yet knowledge of that law is deliberately withheld from the public.然而，知识，法律是故意不从市民。 In this way, secret law has been normalized to a previously unknown extent and to the detriment, I believe, of American democracy,” Aftergood testified.就这样，秘密法已归到一个先前不为人所知的程度和损害，我相信，美国的民主“ ， aftergood作证。
Other areas of concern: “there appears to be a precipitous decline in publication of OLC opinions in recent years … In 1995, there were 30 published opinions, but in 2005 there were 13.其他方面的关注： “似乎是一个仓促的跌幅出版法律顾问室的意见，在最近几年… …在1995年，有30发表的意见，但在2005年有13宗。 In 1996, there were 48 published opinions, but in 2006 only 1.在1996年，有48人发表意见，但在2006年只有1 。 And in 1997 there were 29 published opinions, but only 9 in 2007.”并于1997年有29发表的意见，但只有9个在2007年“ 。
“One secret OLC opinion of particular significance, identified last year by Sen. Whitehouse, holds that executive orders, which are binding on executive branch agencies and are published in the Federal Register, can be unilaterally abrogated by the President without public notice.” “一个秘密法律顾问室的意见，具有特别重要的意义，确定了去年由参议员怀特豪斯认为，行政命令，这是有约束力的行政部门的机构和刊载在联邦登记册，可以单方面废除了由主席未经公开的通知” 。
Such orders mean “Congress is left with no opportunity to respond to the change and to exercise its own authority as it sees fit.这些命令是指“国会是左没有机会回应的变化，并行使自己的权威，因为它认为适当的意见。 Worse, the OLC policy … implies a right to actively mislead Congress and the public.”更糟的是，法律顾问室的政策… …意味着一种权利，积极误导国会和公众“ 。
Here’s something else that’s been waaaay underreported.这里的一些其他的被waaaay不足。 As of January 2008, the Bush administration has issued 56 National Security Presidential Directives on a range of national security issues.截至2008年1月，布什政府已发出56个国家安全总统指令，对一系列国家安全问题。 Most of those directives have not been disclosed.大部分的这些指示没有披露。 “Texts of the directives or descriptive fact sheets have been obtained for about a third of them (19),” Aftergood testified. “文本的指示或描述实况报道已获得了约三分之一的受访者（ 19 ） ， ” aftergood作证。 Only the titles have been obtained on 8 of the directives and absolutely no information is available for 10.只有标题，已经获得了8日的指示，绝对没有任何资料可供10 。
Congress has also gotten in on the action, having “participated in the propagation of secret law through the adoption of classified annexes to intelligence authorization of bills, for example.”大会还得到了在对行动后， “参加了在繁殖秘密法通过分类附件情报授权法案，例如” 。
Aftergood concluded his testimony, rightly observing that “it should be possible to identify a consensual middle ground that preserves the security of genuinely sensitive national security information while reversing the growth of secret laws.” aftergood结束了他的证词，正确地观察， “应该可以找出一个达成共识的中间地面维护安全的真正敏感的国家安全资料的同时，扭转了增长的秘密的法律” 。
That’s why he’s pushing for the passage of the State Secrets Protection Act这就是为什么他的推动通过了国家机密保护法 – S. 2533 — -美国2 533年- which aims to balance conflicting interests of secrecy and public disclosure.其目的是要平衡的利益冲突，保密和公开披露。
“The rule of law, after all, is one of the fundamental principles that unites us all, and one of the things we are committed to protect. “法治，归根究柢，就是其中的基本原则，我们大家团结，和的事情之一，我们致力于保护。 Secret law is inconsistent with that commitment.”秘密法是不符合这一承诺“ 。
Of course, whenever someone points out how civil liberties have taken a back-seat in the name of “national security” under Bush, what’s the typical response of true believers?当然，每当有人指出，如何在公民自由采取了回到座位，在名称的“国家安全”下，布什，什么样的典型的反应，真正的信徒？
They call talk radio, blog and write letters-to-the-editor about how “liberals” and “leftists” aid and abet terrorists with a naive insistence that America’s political leaders adhere to quaint luxuries like long-established Constitutional freedoms.他们呼吁对话电台，博客，并写信至该编辑有关如何“民主派”和“左派”的援助和怂恿恐怖分子与天真的坚持，美国的政治领袖坚持以古朴的奢侈品一样，成立已久的宪法自由。
The old saw — “loose lips sinks ships” — has been replaced by another now familiar brain-dead mantra: “if you’re doing nothing wrong, you have nothing to worry about.” But the metastasizing growth of secret law pulls the rug out from underneath that flimsy argument.旧看到-“松散的嘴唇汇船” -已取代另一个现在熟悉脑死亡的口头禅：“如果您正在做的没有错，你有没有担心”，但转移性增长秘密法拉地毯从下方站不住脚的论点。 And for obvious reason: you can’t know what you don’t know.和明显的理由：你可以不知道什么你不知道。
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Posted: May 22nd, 2008 at 8:07 pm | 发布时间： 2008年5月22日在下午8时07分| Link to this 链接到本
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There will be no election, The Patriot Act will be FULLY inforced, and we will be living under Busche & Military Law in the very near future and Walmart will be the only thriving store as it will be ran by the secret soon to be open government!!将不会有任何的选举，爱国者法案将得到充分inforced ，我们将生活在busche ＆军事法在不久的将来和沃尔玛将成为唯一欣欣向荣的商店，因为它会然由秘密不久将开放的政府！