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Bush-Led ‘Disaster Capitalism’ Exploits Worldwide Misery to Make a Buck布什领导的'灾难资本主义' ，利用全球的苦难作出推卸责任 Monday, July 7th, 2008 周一， 2008年7月7日 By Naomi Klein由娜欧蜜克莱 The Nation民族 | Once oil passed $140 a barrel, even the most rabidly right-wing media hosts had to prove their populist cred by devoting a portion of every show to bashing Big Oil. |一旦石油通过140元每桶，即使是最rabidly右翼媒体的主机已证明其民粹主义cred所投入的一部分，每一个表演扑头大石油。 Some have gone so far as to invite me on for a friendly chat about an insidious new phenomenon: “disaster capitalism.” It usually goes well — until it doesn’t.有些人竟然就邀请我对一个友好的交谈约一个阴险的新的现象： “灾难的资本主义” 。它通常顺利-直到它没有。 For instance, “independent conservative” radio host Jerry Doyle and I were having a perfectly amiable conversation about sleazy insurance companies and inept politicians when this happened: “I think I have a quick way to bring the prices down,” Doyle announced.举例来说， “独立保守”的电台主持人杰里杜可风和我有一个完美亲切的交谈约sleazy保险公司和无能的政客时，这件事： “我认为我有一个快速的方法来使价格下跌， ”杜可风宣布。 “We’ve invested $650 billion to liberate a nation of 25 million people. “我们已经投资六千五亿美元解放一个民族， 25万人。 Shouldn’t we just demand that they give us oil?难道我们不应该只是要求他们给我们的石油？ There should be tankers after tankers backed up like a traffic jam getting into the Lincoln Tunnel, the Stinkin’ Lincoln, at rush hour with thank-you notes from the Iraqi government … .应该有油轮后，油轮后盾，就像一个大塞车进入林肯隧道， stinkin '林肯，在交通尖峰时间与感谢您注意到，伊拉克政府… … 。 Why don’t we just take the oil?为什么我们不只是采取石油？ We’ve invested it liberating a country.我们已经投入了它解放一个国家。 I can have the problem solved of gas prices coming down in ten days, not ten years.”我可以有解决问题的天然气价格下跌，在未来十天，而不是十年“ 。 There were a couple of problems with Doyle’s plan, of course.有一对夫妇的问题，杜可风的计划，当然。 The first was that he was describing the biggest stickup in world history.首先是，他描述的最大贴面，在世界历史。 The second, that he was too late: “We” are already heisting Iraq’s oil, or at least are on the cusp of doing so.第二，他是为时已晚： “我们”已经heisting伊拉克的石油，或者至少是对正处这样做。 It’s been ten months since the publication of my book The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism, in which I argue that today’s preferred method of reshaping the world in the interest of multinational corporations is to systematically exploit the state of fear and disorientation that accompanies moments of great shock and crisis.它的被十个月以来，出版我的书的冲击学说：崛起的灾害资本主义，在我认为，今天的首选方法重塑世界上的利益，跨国公司是有系统地利用国家的恐惧迷失方向和伴随的时刻，伟大的冲击和危机。 With the globe being rocked by multiple shocks, this seems like a good time to see how and where the strategy is being applied.与全球正在遭遇多重冲击，这好像一个好时机，看看如何及在何处的策略是目前适用的。 And the disaster capitalists have been busy — from private firefighters already on the scene in Northern California’s wildfires, to land grabs in cyclone-hit Burma, to the housing bill making its way through Congress.和灾害资本家一直忙于-从私人消防人员已经在现场在北加州的野火，土地抓住在气旋受灾缅甸，向房屋条例草案作出自己的方式在国会通过。 The bill contains little in the way of affordable housing, shifts the burden of mortgage default to taxpayers and makes sure that the banks that made bad loans get some payouts.条例草案载有没有什么方式，负担得起的住房，轮班的负担，按揭贷款拖欠还款给纳税人，并确保银行不良贷款取得了一些支出。 No wonder it is known in the hallways of Congress as “The Credit Suisse Plan,” after one of the banks that generously proposed it.怪不得，这是众所周知的在走廊的国会为“瑞士信贷计划， ”后，其中的银行慷慨的建议。 Iraq Disaster: We Broke It, We (Just) Bought It伊拉克的灾难：我们打破了它，我们（只）买了 But these cases of disaster capitalism are amateurish compared with what is unfolding at Iraq’s oil ministry.但这些案件灾害资本主义是业余相比，什么是展开在伊拉克的石油部。 It started with no-bid service contracts announced for ExxonMobil, Chevron, Shell, BP and Total (they have yet to be signed but are still on course).它开始与没有申办服务合约，宣布为埃克森美孚，雪佛龙，壳牌， BP和总（他们还没有得到签署，但仍对课程） 。 Paying multinationals for their technical expertise is not unusual.支付跨国公司为他们的技术专长并非不寻常。 What is odd is that such contracts almost invariably go to oil service companies — not to the oil majors, whose work is exploring, producing and owning carbon wealth.什么是多的是，这些合同几乎无一例外地去石油服务公司-不是向石油巨头，他们的工作是探索，生产和拥有的碳财富。 As London-based oil expert Greg Muttitt points out, the contracts make sense only in the context of reports that the oil majors have insisted on the right of first refusal on subsequent contracts handed out to manage and produce Iraq’s oil fields.作为总部设在伦敦的石油专家格雷格muttitt指出，合约意义只有在上下文的报告认为，石油巨头们都坚持的权利，首先拒绝对后来的合同交给了管理和生产伊拉克的石油领域。 In other words, other companies will be free to bid on those future contracts, but these companies will win.在其他换句话说，其他公司将免费申办对那些今后的合同，但这些公司将胜出。 One week after the no-bid service deals were announced, the world caught its first glimpse of the real prize.一周后，没有申办服务交易宣布，世界陷入其第一次看到真正的奖。 After years of back-room arm-twisting, Iraq is officially flinging open six of its major oil fields, accounting for around half of its known reserves, to foreign investors.经过多年的回到房间的手臂扭，伊拉克是正式开放6 flinging其主要油田，占一半左右，其已知的储备，对外国投资者。 According to Iraq’s oil minister, the long-term contracts will be signed within a year.根据伊拉克的石油部长，长期合同将签署一个年。 While ostensibly under control of the Iraq National Oil Company, foreign firms will keep 75 percent of the value of the contracts, leaving just 25 percent for their Iraqi partners.虽然表面上的控制之下，伊拉克国家石油公司，外国公司将保持75 ％的价值的合同，只剩下25 ％ ，为他们在伊拉克的合作伙伴。 That kind of ratio is unheard of in oil-rich Arab and Persian states, where achieving majority national control over oil was the defining victory of anticolonial struggles.这样的比例是闻所未闻的，在盛产石油的阿拉伯和波斯的国家，其中大多数实现国家控制的石油是确定的胜利， anticolonial的斗争。 According to Muttitt, the assumption until now was that foreign multinationals would be brought in to develop brand-new fields in Iraq — not to take over ones that are already in production and therefore require minimal technical support.据muttitt ，假设到现在是，外国跨国公司可能带来的在发展的崭新领域在伊拉克-不接管那些已经在生产，因此需要最低限度的技术支持。 “The policy was always to allocate these fields to the Iraq National Oil Company,” he told me. “这项政策是一贯分配这些领域向伊拉克国家石油公司， ”他告诉我。 This is a total reversal of that policy, giving INOC a mere 25 percent instead of the planned 100 percent.这是一个总的逆转这一政策，给予INOC的只占25 ％ ，而不是计划的100 ％ 。 So what makes such lousy deals possible in Iraq, which has already suffered so much?因此，什么使这种糟糕的交易有可能在伊拉克，已经遭受了这么多？ Ironically, it is Iraq’s suffering — its never-ending crisis — that is the rationale for an arrangement that threatens to drain its treasury of its main source of revenue.讽刺的是，这是伊拉克的痛苦-其永无休止的危机-这是理安排威胁到其流失，库务署，其主要的收入来源。 The logic goes like this: Iraq’s oil industry needs foreign expertise because years of punishing sanctions starved it of new technology and the invasion and continuing violence degraded it further.逻辑是这样的：伊拉克的石油工业需要外国专家，因为多年的惩治制裁饿死，它的新技术和入侵和持续不断的暴力退化，它进一步。 And Iraq urgently needs to start producing more oil.和伊拉克的迫切需要开始生产更多的石油。 Why?为什么？ Again because of the war.再次由于战争。 The country is shattered, and the billions handed out in no-bid contracts to Western firms have failed to rebuild the country.该国是破碎，以及数十亿交给了在没有竞标的合约，以西方企业未能重建国家。 And that’s where the new no-bid contracts come in: they will raise more money, but Iraq has become such a treacherous place that the oil majors must be induced to take the risk of investing.和的情况下，新的不来申办的合同在：他们将提出更多的钱，但伊拉克已经成为这样一个变化莫测的地方，大型石油公司必须采取诱导的风险投资。 Thus the invasion of Iraq neatly creates the argument for its subsequent pillage.因此，入侵伊拉克整齐创建的论据，其随后的掠夺。 Several of the architects of the Iraq War no longer even bother to deny that oil was a major motivator.几位建筑师对伊拉克战争的不再，甚至懒得否认，石油是一个重要的动力。 On National Public Radio’s To the Point, Fadhil Chalabi, one of the primary Iraqi advisers to the Bush Administration in the lead-up to the invasion, recently described the war as “a strategic move on the part of the United States of America and the UK to have a military presence in the Gulf in order to secure [oil] supplies in the future.” Chalabi, who served as Iraq’s oil under secretary and met with the oil majors before the invasion, described this as “a primary objective.”关于国家公共电台的向点，法迪勒沙拉比，其中一个主要的伊拉克顾问向布什政府在带头行动，入侵，最近所描述的战争“的战略举措对部分美国和英国有一个军事存在，在海湾地区，以确保[石油]用品在未来“ 。沙拉比，谁担任伊拉克的石油下司，并会见了与石油巨头入侵之前，形容这是”一首要目标“ 。 Invading countries to seize their natural resources is illegal under the Geneva Conventions.入侵各国抓住他们的天然资源，是非法的，根据日内瓦公约。 That means that the huge task of rebuilding Iraq’s infrastructure — including its oil infrastructure — is the financial responsibility of Iraq’s invaders.这意味着，庞大的任务是重建伊拉克的基础设施-包括其石油基础设施-是财政的责任，伊拉克的侵略者。 They should be forced to pay reparations.他们应该被迫支付赔款。 (Recall that Saddam Hussein’s regime paid $9 billion to Kuwait in reparations for its 1990 invasion.) Instead, Iraq is being forced to sell 75 percent of its national patrimony to pay the bills for its own illegal invasion and occupation. （记得，萨达姆政权支付90亿美元，对科威特进行赔偿其1990年入侵） 。相反，伊拉克正被迫出售的75 ％ ，其国家遗产支付条例草案为自己的非法入侵和占领。 Oil Price Shock: Give Us the Arctic or Never Drive Again石油价格的冲击：给我们北极或从未驱动器再次 Iraq isn’t the only country in the midst of an oil-related stickup.伊拉克不是唯一的国家正处于一个与石油有关的贴面。 The Bush Administration is busily using a related crisis — the soaring price of fuel — to revive its dream of drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR).布什政府正在忙着用一个相关的危机-暴涨的燃料价格-重振的梦想，钻井，在北极国家野生动物保护（a n wr）。 And of drilling offshore.和钻井的离岸。 And in the rock-solid shale of the Green River Basin. ，以及在坚如磐石的页岩的绿色流域。 “Congress must face a hard reality,” said George W. Bush on June 18. “国会必须面对的艰难现实，说： ”乔治W布什6月18日。 “Unless members are willing to accept gas prices at today’s painful levels — or even higher — our nation must produce more oil.” “除非大家愿意接受天然气价格在今天的痛苦水平-甚至更高的-我们的国家要生产更多的石油”。 This is the President as Extortionist in Chief, with gas nozzle pointed to the head of his hostage — which happens to be the entire country.这是总统extortionist在行政，与气体喷嘴指出，该国元首，他的人质-这恰恰是整个国家。 Give me ANWR, or everyone has to spend their summer vacations in the backyard.给我anwr ，或者每个人都有用他们的暑假，在后院。 A final stickup from the cowboy President.最后贴从牛仔总统。 Despite the Drill Here.尽管这次演习在这里。 Drill Now.现在演练。 Pay Less bumper stickers, drilling in ANWR would have little discernible impact on actual global oil supplies, as its advocates well know.少付的保险杠贴纸，钻井在anwr没有什么可辨的影响，实际全球的石油供应，作为其主张，以及知道。 The argument that it could nonetheless bring down oil prices is based not on hard economics but on market psychoanalysis: drilling would “send a message” to the oil traders that more oil is on the way, which would cause them to start betting down the price.的说法，但它可以把石油价格是不是基于经济学的努力，但对市场心理分析：钻井将“发送邮件”向石油交易商认为，更多的石油，是对未来路向，这将促使他们开始投注降低价格。 Two points follow from this approach.两点跟进，从这种做法。 First, trying to psych out hyperactive commodity traders is what passes for governing in the Bush era, even in the midst of a national emergency.第一，试图走出心理动商品交易是通过执政，在布什时代，即使在处于全国紧急状态。 Second, it will never work.第二，它绝不会的工作。 If there is one thing we can predict from the oil market’s recent behavior, it is that the price is going to keep going up regardless of what new supplies are announced.如果有一件事我们可以预言，从石油市场近期的行为，那就是价格是要保持持续上升，无论什么新的用品宣布。 Take the massive oil boom under way in Alberta’s notorious tar sands.采取大规模的石油繁荣下的方式在艾伯塔省的臭名昭著的沥青砂。 The tar sands (sometimes called the oil sands) have the same things going for them as Bush’s proposed drill sites: they are nearby and perfectly secure, since the North American Free Trade Agreement contains a provision barring Canada from cutting off supply to the United States.焦油砂（有时被称为油砂）有相同的东西，为他们作为布什的建议，演练地点：他们是附近的和绝对的安全，自北美自由贸易协定载有一项规定，禁止从加拿大切断供应给美国。 And with little fanfare, oil from this largely untapped source has been pouring into the market, so much so that Canada is now the largest supplier of oil to the United States, surpassing Saudi Arabia.和很少大张旗鼓，石油从这个尚未开发的主要来源，已涌入市场，以致现在是加拿大的最大供应石油给美国，超过了沙特阿拉伯。 Between 2005 and 2007, Canada increased its exports to the States by almost 100 million barrels.与2005年和2007年，加拿大增加了其出口到国家的近100万桶。 Yet despite this significant increase in secure supplies, oil prices have been going up the entire time.然而，尽管这显着增加，安全用品，石油价格已持续了整个时间。 What is driving the ANWR push is not facts but pure shock doctrine strategy — the oil crisis has created the conditions in which it is possible to sell a previously unsellable (but highly profitable) policy.什么是驾驶anwr推动，是不是事实，但纯休克学说的策略-石油危机创造了条件，其中是有可能的出售以前u nsellable（但高利润的）政策。 Food Price Shock: Genetic Modification or Starvation粮食价格的冲击：基因改造或饥饿 Intimately connected to the price of oil is the global food crisis.有着密切的联系，以石油价格是全球的粮食危机。 Not only do high gas prices drive up food costs but the boom in agrofuels has blurred the line between food and fuel, pushing food growers off their land and encouraging rampant speculation.不仅高油价推高的食物费用，但景气在agrofuels已模糊之间的分界线食品和燃料，推动粮食种植者过他们的土地，并鼓励猖獗的投机活动。 Several Latin American countries have been pushing to re-examine the push for agrofuels and to have food recognized as a human right, not a mere commodity.几个拉丁美洲国家一直在推动重新审视，推动agrofuels ，并有食物确认为一项人权，不只是商品。 United States Deputy Secretary of State John Negroponte has other ideas.美国副国务秘书约翰内格罗蓬特有其他的想法。 In the same speech touting the US commitment to emergency food aid, he called on countries to lower their “export restrictions and high tariffs” and eliminate “barriers to use of innovative plant and animal production technologies, including biotechnology.” This was an admittedly more subtle stickup, but the message was clear: impoverished countries had better crack open their agricultural markets to American products and genetically modified seeds, or they could risk having their aid cut off.在同一讲话中兜售美国的承诺，紧急粮食援助，他呼吁国家降低其“出口限制和高关税”和消除“障碍，利用创新的植物和动物的生产技术，包括生物技术” ，这是一个无可否认，更微妙的贴面，但信息是明确的：贫穷国家有较好的裂纹开放其农产品市场，美国产品和转基因种子，或他们可以有可能的援助，切断。 Genetically modified crops have emerged as the cureall for the food crisis, at least according to the World Bank, the European Commission president (time to “bite the bullet”) and Prime Minister of Britain Gordon Brown.转基因作物已成为cureall为粮食危机，至少根据世界银行，欧洲联盟委员会主席（以时间来“咬子弹” ）和首相，英国财政大臣布朗。 And, of course, the agribusiness companies. ，当然，农业产业化公司。 “You cannot today feed the world without genetically modified organisms,” Peter Brabeck, chairman of Nestlé, told the Financial Times recently. “你不能今天饲料世界上没有转基因生物体， ”彼得布拉贝克主席，雀巢公司，告诉金融时报最近。 The problem with this argument, at least for now, is that there is no evidence that GMOs increase crop yields, and they often decrease them.问题与这样的说法，至少在现在，是有没有证据表明转基因生物的增加作物产量，他们往往减少他们。 But even if there was a simple key to solving the global food crisis, would we really want it in the hands of the Nestlés and Monsantos?但即使有一个简单的关键，解决全球粮食危机，我们真的想在它手中的nestlés和monsantos ？ What would it cost us to use it?会怎样，它的成本，我们要使用它？ In recent months Monsanto, Syngenta and BASF have been frenetically buying up patents on so-called “climate ready” seeds — plants that can grow in earth parched from drought and salinated from flooding.在最近几个月孟山都，先正达和巴斯夫公司已frenetically购买专利，因此，所谓的“气候作好准备， ”种子-植物可以生长在地球炎热干旱和s alinated免受洪水灾害。 In other words, plants built to survive a future of climate chaos.在其他换言之，植物建成生存的未来气候混乱。 We already know the lengths Monsanto will go to protect its intellectual property, spying on and suing farmers who dare to save their seeds from one year to the next.我们已经知道长度为孟山都将到会保护其智慧财产权，刺探和起诉的农民谁也不敢以挽救他们的种子，从一年到下一年。 We have seen patented AIDS medications fail to treat millions in sub-Saharan Africa.我们已经看到专利的艾滋病药物不能以治疗数百万在撒哈拉以南非洲地区。 Why would patented “climate ready” crops be any different?为什么会获得专利的“气候作好准备， ”作物有任何不同？ Meanwhile, amid all the talk of exciting new genetic and drilling technologies, the Bush Administration announced a moratorium of up to two years on new solar energy projects on federal lands — due, apparently, to environmental concerns.与此同时，中，所有的话题，令人振奋的新的遗传和钻井技术，布什政府宣布暂停长达两年的新的太阳能项目对联邦土地-因为，很显然，要对环境的关注。 This is the final frontier for disaster capitalism.这是最后的边疆灾害资本主义。 Our leaders are failing to invest in technology that will actually prevent a future of climate chaos, choosing instead to work hand in hand with those plotting innovative schemes to profit from the mayhem.我们的领导人未能投资于技术，实际上会防止未来的气候混乱，而是选择的工作，另一方面在手与那些策划的创新计划，以利润从混乱。 Privatizing Iraq’s oil, ensuring global dominance for genetically modified crops, lowering the last of the trade barriers and opening the last of the wildlife refuges … Not so long ago, those goals were pursued through polite trade agreements, under the benign pseudonym “globalization.” Now this discredited agenda is forced to ride on the backs of serial crises, selling itself as lifesaving medicine for a world in pain.私有化，伊拉克的石油，以确保在全球的统治地位，为转基因作物，降低最后的贸易壁垒和开放的最后野生动物的庇护所…并非如此，前不久，这些目标的追求，通过礼貌贸易协定下，良性化名“全球化“现在，这个抹黑议程是被迫坐就背上串行危机，出售自己作为救生医药的世界中的痛苦。 Naomi Klein’s latest book is The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism.娜欧蜜克莱的最新著作是休克学说：崛起的灾害资本主义。 See More: 看到更多的： USA News 美国新闻Have Your Say: Bush-Led ‘Disaster Capitalism’ Exploits Worldwide Misery to Make a Buck 你说：布什主导的'灾难资本主义' ，利用全球的苦难作出推卸责任 Please note, only selected comments will be published.请注意，只有选定的评论将出版。 Or discuss this report in our new forums 或讨论这个报告在我们的新论坛 This entry was posted on Monday, July 7th, 2008 at 9:10 am and is filed under 此项目被张贴在周一， 2008年7月7日在上午09时10分，并提交下 Political News 政治新闻 . 。 You can follow any responses to this entry through the 您可以按照任何的反应，此项目通过 RSS 2.0 2.0 feed. 喂养。 You can 您可以 leave a response 留下的回应 , or ，或 trackback Trackback跟踪 from your own site. 从你自己的网站。 | Translations 翻译               Free Newsletter 免费通讯 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