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              Folterung zu verbieten ist nicht genug
Sonntag, den 25. Januar 2009
Durch Jordanien Paust |?JURIST? JURIST beitragender Herausgeber Jordanien Paust der Universität der Houston Gesetz-Mitte sagt, daß Präsident Barack Obama Anschluß seine Ausführungsverordnung, die Folterung und inhumane Befragung durch Erfüllung die Vertrag-gegründeten und üblichen internationalen gesetzlichen Verpflichtungen entweder zur Eingeführtverfolgung von oder alle Personen ausliefern - einschließlich die hohen US Beamten - angemessen beschuldigt von vorher autorisiert haben, bestellte, ermutigte oder verübte Folterung und andere Kriegsverbrechen und/oder Verbrechen verbietet, gegen Menschlichkeit…. Am 22. Januar 2009 unterzeichnete Präsident Barack Obama eine Ausführungsverordnung auf dem Sicherstellen der gesetzlichen Befragungen und unterstellte daß alle US Befragungen der Personen entsprechen, an einem Minimum, den Anforderungen unter dem Vertrag-gegründeten und üblichen internationalen Gesetz, das in allgemeinem Artikel 3 der Genfer Konventionen 1949 und folglich daß alle Personen reflektiert wird? soll unter allen Umständen menschlich behandelt werden.? Der Auftrag verzeichnet unter seinen Zwecken die Notwendigkeit? die sichere, gesetzliche und menschliche Behandlung der Einzelpersonen im Vereinigte Staaten Schutz und des Vereinigte Staaten Personals fördern wer in bewaffneten Konflikten zurückgehalten werden, Befolgung der Vertragverpflichtungen der Vereinigten Staaten, einschließlich die Genfer Konventionen sicherzustellen, und mach's gut, daß die Gesetze der Vereinigten Staaten zuverlässig. durchgeführt werden? Zusätzlich versichert die Ausführungsverordnung daß alle Befragungen irgendwie der Einzelperson? im Schutz oder unter der wirkungsvollen Steuerung eines Offiziers, des Angestellten oder anderen Vertreters der Vereinigte Staaten Regierung oder zurückgehalten innerhalb eines Service besessen, bearbeitet oder durch eine Abteilung oder eine Agentur der Vereinigten Staaten, in irgendeinem bewaffneten Konflikt gesteuert? wird in übereinstimmung mit den 2006 US geleitet Armee fangen Handbuch auf Intelligenzansammlung auf. Das auffangenehandbuch erfordert auch, daß allgemeiner Artikel 3 einen Minimumstandard für Behandlung der Menschen zur Verfügung stellt. Wichtig das militärische Handbuch - das Produkt von, was schließlich eine erfolgreiche Opposition durch militärische Rechtsanwälte zum Gebrauch von ungültigen Befragungtaktiken wurde - Listen spezifische Taktiken, die, nie wie Waterboarding, Gebrauch von extremer Kälte (z.B., die Kaltzelle), Gebrauch der Hunde, und die abstreifenden blanken Personen und Hooding verwendet werden müssen, alle Taktiken der Folterung-, grausamer und inhumanebehandlung, die vom Präsidenten Bush für Gebrauch während zugelassener sein autorisiert wurden? Programm? von? haltbar? Befragung- und Geheimnisverzögerung oder Zwangsverschwinden (das selbst ein Verbrechen gegen Menschlichkeit und Kriegsverbrechen ist) und als Teil des gut dokumentierten? Common, vereinheitlichend? plan to deny Geneva law protections and to use and attempt to justify serial and cascading criminality in the form of coercive interrogation. In fact, last summer it was disclosed that such tactics had been addressed and expressly and/or tacitly approved and facilitated during several meetings of the National Security Council?s Principals Committee in the White House during 2002 and 2003 that were attended by Dick Cheney, his lawyer David Addington, Condoleezza Rice, Donald Rumsfeld, George Tenet, John Ashcroft, and others who facilitated their approval and use, including John Yoo. Several lawyers even made a trip to Guantanamo in September 2002 to discuss use of SERE [Survival Evasion Resistance and Escape] tactics and some saw how they were being used against detainees being held in secret detention. In this regard, President Obama?s Order states: ?Executive Order 13440 of July 20, 2007, is revoked. All executive directives, orders, and regulations inconsistent with this order, including but not limited to those issued to or by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) from September 11, 2001, to January 20, 2009, concerning detention or the interrogation of detained individuals, are revoked to the extent of their inconsistency with this order.? It would serve transparency and our democratic values to declassify all such directives, orders, and regulations with lawful interrogation tactics and assessments thereof blacked-out if need be, thus leaving for the public eye the unlawful tactics that had been authorized and abetted (since they are unlawful and should never be used again), most of which are known publicly anyway. What President Obama has done is necessary to reassure the world that there is a new U.S. commitment to the rule of law, reaffirm that no one is above the law, and reclaim U.S. respect and integrity. Importantly, what the President has done is necessary under the United States Constitution. Our Constitution requires nothing less than that the President ?take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed,? and it has been known since the Founding that such laws include treaty-based and customary international law, such as common Article 3 of the Geneva Conventions. Indeed, every relevant judicial opinion since the beginning of the United States has recognized that the President and all within the Executive branch are bound by the laws of war, a point famously reaffirmed by President Lincoln?s Attorney General in 1865 while addressing the need to prosecute war crimes and the lack of congressional power to limit the reach of the laws of war. International laws that President Obama must faithfully execute during an armed conflict include common Article 3 of the Geneva Conventions as well as all other treaty-based and customary laws of war, the Convention Against Torture, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (which also prohibits torture and cruel, inhuman, and degrading treatment in all circumstances, including in times of relative peace), and related customary international laws. President Obama?s executive order to replace unlawful authorizations and orders during the Bush Administration with the requirement that such laws be faithfully executed by all U.S. nationals and certain other persons covered by the Order is the constitutionally proper and necessary response. What should ultimately follow is presidential execution of treaty-based and customary international legal obligations to either initiate prosecution of or to extradite all persons who are reasonably accused of having authorized, ordered, abetted, or perpetrated war crimes and/or crimes against humanity. For example, Article 146 of the 1949 Geneva Civilian Convention expressly and unavoidably requires that all Parties ?search for persons alleged to have committed, or to have ordered to be committed, … grave breaches [of the Convention] and shall bring such persons, regardless of their nationality, before its own courts? for ?effective penal sanctions? or, ?if it prefers, … hand such persons over for trial to another High Contracting Party.? The obligation is absolute and applies with respect to alleged perpetrators of any status. As a party to the Geneva Conventions, the United States must either initiate prosecution or extradite to another state or, today, render an accused to the International Criminal Court. ?Grave breaches? of the Convention include ?torture or inhuman treatment? and transfer of a non-prisoner of war from occupied territory. Similarly, Article 7, paragraph 1, of the Convention Against Torture expressly and unavoidably requires that a Party to the treaty ?under whose jurisdiction a person alleged to have committed … [for example, torture or ?complicity or participation in torture?] is found, shall … if it does not extradite him, submit the case to its competent authorities for the purpose of prosecution.? There are no other alternatives. As documented in a recent draft law review article on ?The Absolute Prohibition of Torture and Necessary and Appropriate Sanctions,? [to be posted soon on SSRN at http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1331159] ultimately President Obama can restore the rule of law, bring an end to seven years of impunity, and restore American honor, integrity, and respect only by adherence to the express and unavoidable constitutional duty of the President of the United States to faithfully execute the laws, including relevant international laws requiring prosecution or extradition of criminal accused. It is not a decision for committees, politics, and compromises, but of law. It is not a decision that may be comfortable, but it is one that President Obama must make at this defining moment in our history that follows well-known serial and cascading criminality never before authorized by a President and Vice President. It is a decision that must be made by President Obama as he begins to define his legacy. Jordan J. Paust is the Mike & Teresa Baker Law Center Professor at the University of Houston, a former U.S. Army JAG officer and member of the faculty of the Judge Advocate General?s School. His book, Beyond the Law: The Bush Administration?s Unlawful Responses in the ?War? on Terror, was published by Cambridge University Press. Have Your Say: Banning Torture is Not Enough Please read our posting guidelines before posting. Alternatively you can discuss this report here. Related News
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