A subversão da liberdade de imprensa por parte da CIA

Tuesday, February 12th, 2008 Terça-feira, 12 de fevereiro, 2008

“You could get a journalist cheaper than a good call girl, for a couple hundred dollars a month.” - CIA operative discussing with Philip Graham, editor Washington Post, on the availability and prices of journalists willing to peddle CIA propaganda and cover stories. "Você poderia obter um jornalista mais barato do que uma boa rapariga chamada, por um jovem cem dólares por mês." - CIA operatório discutir com Philip Graham, editor Washington Post, sobre a disponibilidade e os preços dos jornalistas que queiram cobrir peddle CIA propaganda e histórias. “Katherine The Great,” by Deborah Davis (New York: Sheridan Square Press, 1991) "Katherine O Grande", por Deborah Davis (New York: Sheridan Square Press, 1991)

As terrible as it is to live in a nation where the press in known to be controlled by the government, at least one has the advantage of knowing the bias is present, and to adjust for it. Como terríveis como é viver em uma nação onde a imprensa em conhecer a ser controlado pelo governo, pelo menos um tem a vantagem de conhecer o preconceito está presente, e para ajustar para a mesma. In the United States of America, we are taught from birth that our press is free from such government meddling. Nos Estados Unidos da América, somos ensinados a partir do nascimento que a nossa imprensa é livre de tal ingerência governamental. This is an insideous lie about the very nature of the news institution in this country. Esta é uma mentira insideous sobre a própria natureza da notícia instituição neste país. One that allows the government to lie to us while denying the very fact of the lie itself. Um que permite que o governo de mentir a nós ao mesmo tempo que nega o próprio facto de a mentira de si próprio.

The Alex Constantine Article O artigo Alex Constantine
Tales from the Crypt Tales da Cripta

The Depraved Spies and Moguls of the CIA’s Operation MOCKINGBIRD A Spies depravado e Moguls da CIA na operação da Mockingbird

by Alex Constantine por Alex Constantine

Who Controls the Media? Controles que os Meios de Comunicação Social?

Soulless corporations do, of course. Soulless corporações fazer, é claro. Corporations with grinning, Empresas com a sorrir,
double-breasted executives, interlocking directorates, labor squabbles double-breasted executivos, interbloqueamento direcções, trabalhistas squabbles
and flying capital. e voar capital. Dow. General Electric. General Electric. Coca-Cola. Disney.
Newspapers should have mastheads that mirror the world: The Jornais deveriam ter mastheads espelho que o mundo: A
Westinghouse Evening Scimitar, The Atlantic-Richfield Intelligentser . Westinghouse noite cimitarra, a Atlantic Richfield-Intelligentser.
It is beginning to dawn on a growing number of armchair ombudsmen that Está a começar a madrugada com um número crescente de que o ombudsman poltrona
the public print reports news from a parallel universe - one that has a público notícias imprimir relatórios a partir de um universo paralelo - que tem uma
never heard of politically-motivated assassinations, CIA-Mafia banking Nunca ouviu falar do politicamente motivada assassinatos, CIA-máfia bancário
thefts, mind control, death squads or even federal agencies with furtos, a mente controle, esquadrões da morte ou até mesmo com agências federais
secret budgets fattened by cocaine sales - a place overrun by lone secreto orçamentos engordados por cocaína vendas - superação de um lugar solitário
gunmen, where the CIA and Mafia are usually on their best behavior. pistoleiros, quando a CIA e mafiosos são normalmente em seu melhor comportamento. In Em
this idyllic land, the most serious infraction an official can commit esta terra idílica, a mais grave infração um funcionário pode cometer
__is a the employment of a domestic servant with (shudder) no __is o emprego de um agente com uma doméstica (shudder) não
residency status. Residência estatuto.

This unlikely land of enchantment is the creation of MOCKINGBIRD. Esta terra de encantamento é pouco provável a criação de Mockingbird.

It was conceived in the late 1940s, the most frigid period of the cold Foi concebido no fim dos anos 1940, o mais frigid o período de frio
war, when the CIA began a systematic infiltration of the corporate guerra, quando a CIA começou uma infiltração sistemática das sociedades
media, a process that often included direct takeover of major news meios de comunicação social, um processo que incluiu muitas vezes aquisição directa de grande interesse turístico
outlets. estabelecimentos.

In this period, the American intelligence services competed with Neste período, os serviços secretos norte-americanos concorreu com a
communist activists abroad to influence European labor unions. militantes comunistas no estrangeiro para influenciar os sindicatos europeus. With or Com ou
without the cooperation of local governments, Frank Wisner, an sem a colaboração dos governos locais, Frank Wisner, um
undercover State Department official assigned to the Foreign Service, undercover Estado Departamento funcionário designado para o Serviço de Estrangeiros,
rounded up students abroad to enter the cold war underground of covert arredondado estudantes no estrangeiro a entrar na guerra fria subterrâneo de encobertos
operations on behalf of his Office of Policy Coordination. operações em nome do seu Gabinete de Coordenação Política. Philip
Graham, __a graduate of the Army Intelligence School in Harrisburg, Graham, __a graduação da Escola de Inteligência do Exército Harrisburg,
PA, then publisher of the Washington Post., was taken under Wisner’s PA, então editor do Washington Post., Foi tomada ao abrigo do Wisner
wing to direct the program code-named Operation MOCKINGBIRD. asa para dirigir o programa sob o nome de código Operação Mockingbird.

“By the early 1950s,” writes formerVillage Voice reporter Deborah "Até o início dos anos 1950", escreve formerVillage Voz repórter Deborah
Davis in Katharine the Great, “Wisner ‘owned’ respected members of the Davis, em Katharine a Grande ", Wisner 'propriedade' respeitados os membros do
New York Times, Newsweek, CBS and other communications vehicles, plus New York Times, Newsweek, CBS e outras comunicações veículos, acrescida
stringers, four to six hundred in all, according to a former CIA stringers, de quatro a seis em todos os cem, de acordo com um ex-CIA
analyst.” The network was overseen by Allen Dulles, a templar for analista. "A rede foi supervisionada por Allen Dulles, para um templário
German and American corporations who wanted their points of view Alemão e de empresas americanas que queriam os seus pontos de vista
represented in the public print. representada na impressão do público. Early MOCKINGBIRD influenced 25 Early Mockingbird influenciadas 25
newspapers and wire agencies consenting to act as organs of CIA jornais e agências fio consentindo a agir como órgãos da CIA
propaganda. Many of these were already run by men with reactionary Muitos destes já foram dirigidos por homens com reaccionário
views, among them William Paley (CBS), CD Jackson (Fortune), Henry pontos de vista, entre eles William Paley (CBS), CD Jackson (Fortune), Henry
Luce (Time) and Arthur Hays Sulzberger (NY Times). Luce (Time) e Arthur Hays Sulzberger (NY Times).

Activists curious about the workings of MOCKINGBIRD have since been Ativistas curioso sobre o funcionamento do Mockingbird foram entretanto
appalled to f__ind in FOIA documents that agents boasting in CIA Revoltado com f__ind FOIA em documentos que brotam em agentes da CIA
office memos of their pride in having placed “important assets” inside memos escritório do seu orgulho em ter colocado "importantes activos" no interior
every major news publication in the country. todas as principais notícias publicação no país. It was not until 1982 Foi só em 1982
that the Agency openly admitted that reporters on the CIA payroll have que a Agência admitiu abertamente que repórteres sobre a massa salarial ter CIA
acted as case officers to agents in the field. agiram como agentes caso a agentes no terreno.

“World War III has begun,” Henry’s Luce’s Life declared in March, "III Guerra Mundial já começou", Henry Luce's Life's declarado em março,
1947. “It is in the opening skirmish stage already.” The issue "É na fase de abertura já batalha." A questão
featured an excerpt of a book by James Burnham, who called for the incluiu um trecho de um livro de James Burnham, que apelou para o
creation of an “American Empire,” “world-dominating in political criação de um "império americano", "mundo-dominando na política
power, set up at least in part through coercion (probably including potência, instituído pelo menos em parte através de coacção (incluindo provavelmente
war, but certainly the threat of war) and in which one group of people guerra, mas certamente a ameaça de guerra) e na qual um grupo de pessoas
… would hold more than its equal share of power.” … Iria realizar mais do que a sua quota de igual potência. "

George Seldes, the famed anti-fascist media critic, drew down on Luce George Seldes, o famoso anti-fascista mídia crítico, estabelece chamou a Luce
in 1947, explaining tha__t “although avoiding typical Hitlerian em 1947, explicando tha__t "embora evitando típico Hitlerian
phrases, the same doctrine of a superior people taking over the world frases, a mesma doutrina de um superior hierárquico pessoas tomando o mundo
and ruling it, began to appear in the press, whereas the organs of e acórdão que, começaram a aparecer na imprensa, enquanto os órgãos de
Wall Street were much more honest in favoring a doctrine inevitably Wall Street foram muito mais honestos em favorecimento de uma doutrina inevitavelmente
leading to war if it brought greater commercial markets under the conduzindo a guerra se ele trouxe maiores mercados comerciais no âmbito da
American flag.” Bandeira americana. "

On the domestic front, an abiding relationship was struck between the A nível interno frente, cumprindo uma relação entre o foi atacada
CIA and William Paley, a wartime colonel and the founder of CBS. CIA e William Paley, uma guerra coronel e fundadora da CBS. A
firm believer in “all forms of propaganda” to foster loyalty to the crê firmemente em "todas as formas de propaganda" para promover a lealdade para com a
Pentagon, Paley hired CIA agents to work undercover at the behest of Pentágono, Paley contratado agentes da CIA para trabalhar a mando dos undercover
his close friend, the busy grey eminence of the nation’s media, Allen seu amigo próximo, a superioridade de cinza ocupado da nação meios de comunicação social, Allen
Dulles. Paley’s designated go-between in his dealings with the CIA was Paley's go-entre designada nos seus contactos com a CIA foi
Sig Mickelson, president of CBS News from 1954 to 1961. SIG Mickelson, presidente da CBS News de 1954 a 1961.

The CIA’s assimilation of old guard fascists was overseen by the A assimilação da CIA fascistas da velha guarda foi supervisionada pela
Operations Coordination Board, directed by CD Jackson, formerly an Coordenação de Operações Câmara, dirigido por CD Jackson, uma ex -
executive of Time magazine and Eisenhower’s Special Assistant for Cold executiva da revista Time e Eisenhower Especial do Assistente para Fria
War Strategy. Guerra Estratégia. In 1954 he was succeeded by Nelson Rockefeller, who quit Em 1954 ele foi sucedido por Nelson Rockefeller, que saia
a year later, disgusted at the administration’s political infighting. um ano depois, revoltados com a política da administração infighting.
Vice President Nixon succeeded Rockefeller as the key cold war Vice President Nixon conseguiu Rockefeller como a chave guerra fria
strategist. estrategista.

“Nixon,” writes John Loftus, a former attorney for the Justice "Nixon", escreve John Loftus, um ex-advogado para a Justiça
Department’s Office of Special Investigations, took “a small boy’s Gabinete do Departamento de Investigações Especiais, teve "um pequeno garoto's
delight in the arcane tools of the intelligence craft - the hidden deleite no esotéricas ferramentas de inteligência da embarcação - o oculto
microphones, the ‘black’ propaganda.” Nixon especially enjoyed his microfones, o "preto" propaganda ". Nixon especialmente gozava o seu
visit to a Virginia training camp to observe Nazis in the “special visita a um acampamento de treinamento Virginia observar nazistas na "especial
forces” drilling at covert operations. forças "perfuração em operações encobertas.

One of the fugitives recruited by the American intelligence Um dos fugitivos recrutado pela inteligência americana
underground was heroin smuggler Hubert von Blücher, the son of A subterrâneo foi heroína passador Hubert von Blücher, o filho de uma
German ambassador. Embaixador alemão. Hubert often bragged that that he was trained by Hubert bragged que muitas vezes que ele foi treinado por
the Abwehr, the German military intelligence division, while still a o Abwehr, a inteligência militar alemão divisão, enquanto ainda um
civilian in his twenties. civis, na sua vinte. He served in a recon unit of the German Army Ele serviu em uma unidade de reconsiderar o exército alemão
until forced out for medical reasons in 1944, according to his wartime até que foram expulsos em 1944 por razões médicas, de acordo com a sua wartime
records. registros. He worked briefly as an assistant director for Berlin-Film on Ele trabalhou brevemente como assistente de diretor-Filmes em Berlim
a movie entitled One Day …, and finished out the war flying with the um filme intitulado One Day…, e terminou com a guerra com a voar
Luftwaffe, but not to engage the enemy - his mission was the smuggling Luftwaffe, mas não enfrentar o inimigo - sua missão era o contrabando
of Nazi loot out of the country. despojos dos nazistas para fora do país. His exploits were, in part, the Sua exploits eram, em parte, a
subject of Sayer and Botting’s Nazi Gold, an account of the knockover objecto de Sayer e Botting's Gold nazista, uma conta do knockover
of the Reichsbank at the end of the war. do Reichsbank no final da guerra.

In 1948 he flew the coop to Argentina. Em 1948, ele voou para o coop Argentina. Posing as a photographer named Colocam como um fotógrafo chamado
Huberto von Bleucher Corell, he immediately paid court to Eva Peron, Huberto von Bleucher Corell, ele paga imediatamente ao tribunal Eva Perón,
presenting her with an invaluable Gobelin tapestry (a selection from apresentando-la com um valor incalculável tapeçaria Gobelin (a partir de uma selecção
the wealth of artifacts confiscated by the SS from Europe’s Jews?). a riqueza de artefatos confiscados pelas SS de judeus da Europa?).
Hubert then met with Martin Bormann at the Hotel Plaza to deliver Hubert seguida, reuniu-se com Martin Bormann, no Hotel Plaza de entregar
German marks worth $80 million. Alemão assinala valor de US $ 80 milhões. The loot financed the birth of the Os despojos financiou o nascimento do
National Socialist Party in Argentina, among other forms of Nazi Partido Nacional Socialista, na Argentina, entre outras formas de nazista
revival. renascimento.

In 1951, Hubert migrated northward and took a job at the Color Em 1951, Hubert migrou norte e tomou um posto de trabalho na cor
Corporation of America in Hollywood. Corporation of America, em Hollywood. He eked out a living writing Ele eked a uma vida escrevendo
scripts for the booming movie industry. scripts para a expansão da indústria do cinema. His voice can be heard on a Sua voz pode ser ouvida em um
film set in the Amazon, produced by Walt Disney. película conjunto na Amazônia, produzido pela Walt Disney. Nine years later he Nove anos mais tarde ele
returned to Buenos Aires, then Düsseldorf, West Germany, and retornou a Buenos Aires e, em seguida, Düsseldorf, Alemanha Ocidental, e
established a firm that developed not movie scripts, but anti-chemical estabeleceu uma empresa que não desenvolveu filme scripts, mas anti-químico
warfare agents for the government. Agentes guerra para o governo. At the Industrie Club in Düsseldorf Ao Industrie Club, em Düsseldorf
in 1982, von Blücher boasted to journalists, “I am chief shareholder em 1982, von Blücher ostentei aos jornalistas, "Eu sou o chefe accionista
of Pan American Airways. da Pan American Airways. I am the best friend of Howard Hughes. Eu sou o melhor amigo de Howard Hughes. The O
Beach Hotel in Las Vegas is 45 percent financed by me. Beach Hotel, em Las Vegas é de 45 por cento financiados por mim. I am thus the Estou, portanto, o
biggest financier ever to appear in the Arabian Nights tales dreamed cada vez maior financiador a aparecer nas histórias sonhado Arabian Nights
up by these people over their second bottle of brandy.” instituída por essas pessoas ao longo de sua segunda garrafa de aguardente. "

Not really. Nem por isso. Two the biggest financiers to stumble from the drunken Dois dos maiores financiadores a tropeçar a partir da alcoolizado
dreams of world-moving affluence were, in their time, Moses Annenberg, sonhos do mundo-que se deslocam riqueza eram, na sua vez, Moisés Annenberg,
publisher of The Philadelphia Inquirer, and his son Walter , the O editor do Philadelphia Inquirer, e seu filho Walter, o
CIA/mob-anchored publisher of the TV Guide. CIA / mob-ancorada editor da TV Guide. Like most American Tal como a maioria dos Americanos
high-rollers, Annenberg lived a double life. Cilindros de alta, Annenberg viveu uma vida dupla. Moses, his father, was a Moisés, seu pai, era um
scion of the Capone mob. Capone copa da máfia. Both Moses and Walter were indicted in 1939 Tanto Moisés e Walter foram indiciados em 1939
for tax evasions totalling many millions of dollars - the biggest case totalizando evasões fiscais para muitos milhões de dólares - o maior caso
in the history of the Justice Department. na história do Ministério da Justiça. Moses pled guilty and agreed Moisés pled culpados e concordou
to pay the government $8 million and settle $9 million in assorted tax o governo a pagar US $ 8 milhões e US $ 9 milhões em resolver sortidas fiscal
claims, penalties and interest debts. reivindicações, penalidades e juros dívidas. Moses received a three-year Moisés recebeu um período de três anos
sentence. frase. He died in Lewisburg Penitentiary. Ele morreu na Penitenciária Lewisburg.

Walter Annenbeg, the TV Guide magnate, was a lofty Republican. Walter Annenbeg, magnata da TV Guide, foi um eminente republicano. On the Sobre a
campaign trail in April, 1988, George Bush flew into Los Angeles to campanha trilha em abril de 1988, George Bush voou em Los Angeles para
woo Reagan’s kitchen cabinet. woo Reagan da cozinha gabinete. “This is the topping on the cake,” "Este é o topping em cima do bolo",
Bush’s regional campaign director told the Los Angeles Times. Bush disse diretor regional da campanha do Los Angeles Times. The Bush O Bush
team met at Annenberg’s plush Rancho Mirage estate at Sunnylands, Annenberg da equipe reuniu em plush imobiliárias em Rancho Mirage Sunnylands,
California. Califórnia. It was at the Annenberg mansion that Nixon’s cabinet was Foi no Annenberg mansão que Nixon's gabinete era
chosen, and the state’s social and contributor registers built over a escolhido, bem como a situação social do contribuinte e de registos construída ao longo de um
quarter-century of state political dominance by Ronald Reagan, whose quarto de século de estado político dominante por Ronald Reagan, cujo
acting career was launched by Operation MOCKINGBIRD. deliberando carreira foi lançada pela Operação Mockingbird.

The commercialization of television, coinciding with Reagan’s A comercialização de televisão, coincidindo com Reagan's
recruitment by the Crusade for Freedom, a CIA front, presented the recrutamento pela Cruzada para a Liberdade, uma frente da CIA, apresentou o
intelligence world with unprecedented potential for sowing propaganda inteligência sem precedentes mundo, com potencial para a sementeira de propaganda
and even prying in the age of Big Brother. e até mesmo curiosos em relação à idade do Big Brother. George Orwell glimpsed the George Orwell a glimpsed
possibilities when he installed omniscient video surveillance possibilidades quando ele instalado onisciente videovigilância
technology in 1948, a novel rechristened 1984 for the first edition tecnologia em 1948, um romance rechristened 1984 para a primeira edição
published in the US by Harcourt, Brace. publicado em os E.U. por Harcourt, Brace. Operation Octopus, according Operação Octopus, de acordo
to federal files, was in full swing by 1948, a surveillance program para arquivos federal, estava em pleno funcionamento em 1948, um programa de vigilância
that turned any television set with tubes into a broadcast que virou qualquer televisão tubos em conjunto com uma emissão
transmitter. transmissor. Agents of Octopus could pick up audio and visual images Agentes de Octopus poderia pegar áudio e de imagens visuais
with the equipment as far as 25 miles away. com os equipamentos, tanto como 25 milhas de distância.

Hale Boggs was investigating Operation Octopus at the time of his Hale Boggs estava investigando Operação Octopus no momento do seu
disappearance in the midst of the Watergate probe. desaparecimento no meio da sonda Watergate.

In 1952, at MCA, Actors’ Guild president Ronald Reagan - a screen idol Em 1952, a MCA, Atores' Guild presidente Ronald Reagan - uma tela ídolo
recruited by MOCKINGBIRD’s Crusade for Freedom to raise funds for the recrutados por Mockingbird da Cruzada para a Liberdade de levantar fundos para o
resettlement of Nazis in the US, according to Loftus - signed a reinstalação dos nazis nos os E.U., de acordo com Loftus - assinaram um
secret waiver of the conflict-of-interest rule with the mob-controlled dispensa do segredo de conflito de interesse com a máfia Estado-controlado
studio, in effect granting it a labor monopoly on early television estúdio, com efeito concedendo-lhe um monopólio sobre trabalho precoce de televisão
programming. programação. In exchange, MCA made Reagan a part owner. Em troca, MCA Reagan fez uma parte proprietário. Furthermore, Ademais,
historian C. Vann Woodward, writing in the New York Times, in 1987, historiador C. Vann Woodward, escrevendo no New York Times, em 1987,
reported that Reagan had “fed the names of suspect people in his relataram que Reagan tinha "alimentados com os nomes das pessoas na sua suspeito
organization to the FBI secretly and regularly enough to be assigned organização para o FBI secretamente e regularmente o suficiente para ser atribuído
‘an informer’s code number, T-10.’ His FBI file indicates intense 'Um informante do número de código, T-10. "Seu arquivo FBI indica intenso
collaboration with producers to ‘purge’ the industry of subversives.” colaboração com os produtores para "purge" a indústria de subversivos ".

No one ever turned a suspicious eye on Walter Cronkite, a former Ninguém jamais virou um suspeito olho em Walter Cronkite, um antigo
intelligence officer and in the immediate postwar period UPI’s Moscow orçamental e de inteligência, no imediato pós UPI's Moscou
correspondent. Correspondente. Cronkite was lured to CBS by Operation MOCKINGBIRD’s Cronkite foi a CBS seduzidas pela Operação Mockingbird's
Phil Graham, according to Deborah Davis. Phil Graham, de acordo com a Deborah Davis.

Another television conglomerate, Cap Cities, rose like a horror-film Outro conglomerado de televisão, Cap Cidades, passou como um filme de horror
simian from CIA and Mafia heroin operations. simiesca da CIA e heroína Máfia operações. Among other Entre outras
organized-crime Republicans, Thomas Dewey and his neighbor Lowell - crime organizado republicanos, Thomas Dewey e seu vizinho Lowell
Thomas threw in to launch the infamous Resorts International, the Thomas lançou nos a lançar o infame Resorts International, a
corporate front for Lansky’s branch of the federally-sponsored mob corporativa frente para Lansky da sucursal da máfia federal-patrocinada
family and the corporate precursor to Cap Cities. precursor da família e das sociedades de Cap Cities. Another of the Outra das
investors was James Crosby, a Cap Cities executive who donated investidores era James Crosby, um executivo que doaram Cap Cities
$100,000 to Nixon’s 1968 presidential campaign. US $ 100.000 para 1968 Nixon da campanha presidencial. This was the year that Este foi o ano que
Resorts bought into Atlantic City casino interests. Resorts comprados em Atlantic City casino interesses. Police in New Polícia de Nova
jersey attempted, with no success, to spike the issuance of a gambling jersey tentou, sem sucesso, a espiga a emissão de um jogo
license to the company, citing Mafia ties. licença para a empresa, citando os laços Máfia.

In 1954, this same circle of investors, all Catholics, founded the Em 1954, este mesmo círculo de investidores, todos os católicos, fundou a
broadcasting company notorious for overt propagandizing and general empresa de radiodifusão notórios e ostensivas propagandizing geral
spookiness. The company’s chief counsel was OSS veteran William Casey, O conselheiro-chefe da empresa foi OSS veterano William Casey,
who clung to his shares by concealing them in a blind trust even after que agarrado às suas acções pela dissimulação-los em uma confiança cega, mesmo depois
he was appointed CIA director by Ronald Reagan in 1981. ele foi nomeado diretor da CIA por Ronald Reagan em 1981.

“Black radio” was the phrase CIA critic David Wise coined in The "Black rádio" foi a frase CIA crítico David Wise cunhado em A
Invisible Government to describe the agency’s intertwining interests Invisible Governo para descrever os interesses da agência de interacção
in the emergence of the transistor radio with the entrepreneurs who na emergência do transistor de rádio com os empresários que
took to the airwaves. levou para a radiodifusão. “Daily, East and West beam hundreds of "Diariamente, Leste e Oeste e centenas de viga
propaganda broadcasts at each other in an unrelenting babble of propaganda transmissões em si de uma incansável de babble
competition for the minds of their listeners. concorrência para as mentes dos seus ouvintes. The low-price transistor Os baixos preços transistor
has given the hidden war a new importance,” enthused one foreign tem dado a importância de uma nova guerra oculta ", enthused um estrangeiro
correspondent. Correspondente.

A Hydra of private foundations sprang up to finance the propaganda A Hidra de fundações privadas nasceu até financiar a propaganda
push. empurrar. One of them, Operations and Policy Research, Inc. (OPR), Um deles, Operações e Policy Research, Inc. (OPR),
received hundreds of thousands of dollars from the CIA through private recebi centenas de milhares de dólares a partir da CIA através privado
foundations and trusts. fundações e fundos fiduciários. OPR research was the basis of a television OPR pesquisa foi a base de uma televisão
series that aired in New York and Washington, DC in 1964, Of People série que arejadas em Nova Iorque e em Washington, DC, em 1964, de pessoas
and Politics, a “study” of the American political system in 21 weekly e Política, um "estudo" do sistema político americano em 21 semanal
installments. parcelas.

In Hollywood, the visual cortex of The Beast, the same CIA/Mafia Em Hollywood, o córtex visual da besta, o mesmo CIA / Máfia
combination that formed Cap Cities sank its claws into the film combinação que formaram Cap Cities naufragou em suas garras do filme
studios and labor unions. estúdios e centrais sindicais. Johnny Rosselli was pulled out of the Army Johnny Rosselli foi puxado para fora do Exército
during the war by a criminal investigation of Chicago mobsters in the durante a guerra por uma investigação criminal de Chicago, no mobsters
film industry. indústria cinematográfica. Rosselli, a CIA asset probably assassinated by the CIA, Rosselli, um trunfo da CIA provavelmente assassinado pela CIA,
played sidekick to Harry Cohn, the Columbia Pictures mogul who visited sidekick jogado para Harry Cohn, da Columbia Fotos mogul que visitaram
Italy’s Benito Mussolini in 1933, and upon his return to Hollywood Da Itália Benito Mussolini em 1933 e, após seu retorno a Hollywood
remodeled his office after the dictator’s. remodelados após o seu gabinete do ditador. The only honest job O único trabalho honesto
Rosselli ever had was assistant purchasing agent (and a secret Rosselli nunca tinha sido agente auxiliar de compra (e um segredo
investor) at Eagle Lion productions, run by Bryan Foy, a former investidor) em Lion Eagle produções, dirigida por Bryan Foy, um antigo
producer for 20th Century Fox. 20th Century Fox para o produtor. Rosselli, Capone’s representative on Rosselli, a representante do Capone
the West Coast, passed a small fortune in mafia investments to Cohn. a Costa Oeste, passou uma pequena fortuna em investimentos para a máfia Cohn.
Bugsy Seigel pooled gambling investments with Billy Wilkerson, Bugsy Seigel agrupados azar investimentos com Billy Wilkerson,
publisher of the Hollywood Reporter. editor da Hollywood Reporter.

In the 1950s, outlays for global propaganda climbed to a full third of Na década de 1950, despesas com a propaganda global subiu a um terço do pleno
the CIA’s covert operations budget. as operações encobertas da CIA orçamento. Some 3, 000 salaried and contract Alguns 3, 000 assalariados e contrato
CIA employees were eventually engaged in propaganda efforts. CIA empregados foram eventualmente envolvidos na propaganda esforços. The cost O custo
of disinforming the world cost American taxpayers an estimated $265 disinforming de todo o mundo-americano contribuintes um custo estimado 265 $
million a year by 1978, a budget larger than the combined expenditures milhões de euros por ano em 1978, um orçamento maior do que o combinado gastos
of Reuters, UPI and the AP news syndicates. da Reuters, AP notícias UPI e os sindicatos.

In 1977, the Copely News Service admitted that it worked closely with Em 1977, o Copely News Service admitiu que trabalhou em estreita colaboração com
the intelligence services - in fact, 23 employees were full-time serviços de inteligência - de fato, 23 eram funcionários a tempo inteiro
employees of the Agency. os agentes da Agência.

Most consumers of the corporate media were - and are - unaware of the A maioria dos consumidores da mídia corporativa eram - e são - ignorar a
effect that the salting of public opinion has on their own beliefs. efeito que a salga de opinião pública tem sobre as suas próprias crenças. A
network anchorman in time of national crisis is an instrument of anchorman rede em tempo de crise nacional é um instrumento de
psychological warfare in the MOCKINGBIRD media. Mockingbird guerra psicológica na mídia. He is a creature from Ele é uma criatura de
the national security sector’s chamber of horrors. a segurança nacional do sector da câmara de horrores. For this reason Por esta razão
consumers of the corporate press have reason to examine their basic consumidores da imprensa corporativa têm motivo para examinar a sua base
beliefs about government and life in the parallel universe of these Governo e crenças sobre a vida no universo paralelo destes
United States. Estados Unidos.

How the Washington Post Censors the News Como o Washington Post censores de Notícias
[Note the highlighted paragraph] [Nota destacou o n º]

How the Washington Post Censors the News Como o Washington Post censores de Notícias

A Letter to the Washington Post Uma carta ao Washington Post
by Julian C. Holmes por Julian C. Holmes
_________________________________________________________________

April 25, 1992 25 de abril de 1992
Richard Harwood, Ombudsman Richard Harwood, Provedor
The Washington Post The Washington Post
1150 15th Street NW 1150 15a Street NW
Washington, DC 20071 Washington, DC 20071

Dear Mr. Harwood, Caro Sr. Harwood,

Though the Washington Post does not over-extend itself in the pursuit Apesar de o Washington Post não se estender ao longo de si próprio, na prossecução
of hard news, just let drop the faintest rumor of a government de hard news, basta deixar cair o rumor de um governo mais fraco
“conspiracy”, and a klaxon horn goes off in the news room. "Conspiração", e um chifre Klaxon se apagará na sala de imprensa. Aroused Suscitado
from apathy in the daily routine of reporting assignations and various a partir de apatia na rotina diária de apresentação de relatórios e várias designações
other political and social sports events, editors and reporters outras políticas e sociais eventos desportivos, editores e jornalistas
scramble to the phones. scramble para os telefones. The klaxon screams its warning: the greatest Os gritos Klaxon sua advertência: a maior
single threat to herd-journalism, corporate profits, and government única ameaça para o rebanho de jornalismo, os lucros das sociedades, governo e
stability — the dreaded “CONSPIRACY THEORY”!! estabilidade - o temido "teoria conspiratória"!

It is not known whether anyone has actually been hassled or accosted Não se sabe se alguém tiver sido efectivamente hassled ou accosted
by any of these frightful spectres, but their presence is announced to em qualquer destes spectres assustadora, mas sua presença é anunciada a
Post readers with a salvo of warnings to avoid the tricky, sticky webs Post leitores com um salvo de alertas para evitar a delicada, pegajosas teias
spun by the wacko “CONSPIRACY THEORISTS”. fiado pelo wacko "conspiração teóricos".

Recall how the Post saved us from the truth about Iran-Contra. Recordo a forma como os Correios nos poupou a partir da verdade sobre o Irão-Contra.

Professional conspiracy exorcist Mark Hosenball was hired to ridicule Profissionais conspiração exorcista Mark Hosenball foi contratado ao ridículo
the idea that Oliver North and his CIA-associated gangsters had Oliver North a ideia de que a CIA e os seus associados-gangsters tinham
conspired to do wrong (*1). se propusessem a fazer errado (* 1). And when, in their syndicated column, Jack E, quando, na sua coluna sindicado, Jack
Anderson and Dale Van Atta discussed some of the conspirators, the Anderson e Dale Van Atta discutidos alguns dos conspiradores, o
Post sprang to protect its readers, and the conspirators, by censoring Post nasceu para proteger os seus leitores, e os conspiradores, por censurar
the Anderson column before printing it (*2). Anderson coluna antes de imprimir a mesma (* 2).

But for some time the lid had been coming off the Iran-Contra Mas há algum tempo a tampa tinha sido próximos ao largo da guerra Irão-Contra
conspiracy. conspiração. In 1986, the Christic Institute, an interfaith center for Em 1986, o Christic Institute, um centro para interconfessional
law and public policy, had filed a lawsuit alleging a US lei e da ordem pública, tinha apresentado uma ação judicial alegando uma E.U.
arms-for-drugs trade that helped keep weapons flowing to the - para os braços de drogas comércio que ajudou a manter as armas flui
CIA-Contra army in Nicaragua, and cocaine flowing to US markets CIA-Contra exército na Nicarágua, cocaína e flui para E.U. mercados
(*3). (* 3). In 1988 Leslie Cockburn published Out of Control, a seminal work Em 1988 publicou Leslie Cockburn Out of Control, um trabalho seminal
on our bizarre, illegal war against Nicaragua (*4). no nosso bizarro, guerra ilegal contra a Nicarágua (* 4). The Post O Post
contributed to this discovery process by disparaging the charges of contribuíram para este processo, através da descoberta de depreciar as acusações
conspiracy and by publishing false information about the conspiração e por publicar informações falsas sobre a
drug-smuggling evidence presented to the House Subcommittee on consumo de drogas e contrabando provas apresentadas à assembleia Subcomitê sobre a
Narcotics Abuse and Control. Estupefacientes e Controle. When accused by Committee Chairman Quando acusado pelo presidente da comissão
Charles Rangel (D-NY). Charles Rangel (D-NY). of misleading reporting, the Post printed only enganosa de comunicação, os Correios só impresso
a partial correction and declined to print a letter of complaint from uma correcção parcial e diminuiu para imprimir uma carta de reclamação de
Rangel (*5). Rangel (* 5).

Sworn testimony before Senator John Kerry’s Subcommittee on Terrorism, Empossado testemunho perante o Senador John Kerry do Subcomitê sobre Terrorismo,
Narcotics, and International Operations confirmed US Government Entorpecentes, e Operações Internacionais Governo confirmou E.U.
complicity in the drug trade (*6). cumplicidade no tráfico de droga (* 6). With its coverup of the arms/drug Com a sua coverup das armas / drogas
conspiracy evaporating, the ever-accommodating Post shifted gears and conspiração evaporação, a sempre acomodar Post deslocado e artes
retained Hosenball to exorcise from our minds a newly emerging threat Hosenball retidos para exorcizar a partir de nossas mentes uma nova ameaça
to domestic tranquility, the “October Surprise” conspiracy (*7). a tranqüilidade doméstica, o "Outubro Surpresa" conspiração (* 7). But Mas
close on the heels of Hosenball and the Post came Barbara Honegger and estreita com os calcanhares de Hosenball e os Correios e veio Barbara Honegger
then Gary Sick who authored independently, two years apart, books with depois, Gary Sick autor independente que, dois anos de intervalo, livros com
the same title, “October Surprise” (*8). o mesmo título, "Outubro Surprise" (* 8). Honegger was a member of the Honegger foi um membro da
Reagan/Bush campaign and transition teams in 1980. Reagan / Bush campanha e de transição equipes em 1980. Gary Sick, Gary Sick,
professor of Middle East Politics at Columbia University, was on the Médio Oriente professor de Política na Universidade de Columbia, foi sobre a
staff of the National Security Council under Presidents Ford, Carter, pessoal do Conselho Nacional de Segurança ao abrigo Presidentes Ford, Carter,
and Reagan. e Reagan. In 1989 and 1991 respectively, Honegger and Sick published Em 1989 e 1991, respectivamente, Honegger e publicado Sick
their evidence of how the Republicans made a deal to supply arms to o modo como os seus elementos de prova de republicanos fez um acordo para a oferta de armas
Iran if Iran would delay release of the 52 United States hostages Irão se o Irão iria atrasar a libertação de 52 reféns Estados Unidos
until after the November 1980 election. novembro 1980 até depois das eleições. The purpose of this deal was O objectivo desta operação foi
to quash the possibility of a pre-election release(an October para anular a possibilidade de uma versão pré-eleitoral (uma Oct
surprise). surpresa). which would have bolstered the reelection prospects for o que teria reforçado as perspectivas de reeleição
President Carter. Presidente Carter.

Others published details of this alleged Reagan-Bush conspiracy. Outros publicou detalhes de Reagan-Bush esta alegada conspiração. In Em
October 1988, Playboy Magazine ran an expose “An Election Held De Outubro de 1988, decorreu um exponha Revista Playboy "Uma eleição realizada
Hostage”; FRONTLINE did another in April 1991 (*9). Refém "; Frontline fez outra em abril de 1991 (* 9). In June, 1991 a Em junho de 1991 um
conference of distinguished journalists, joined by 8 of the former conferência de distinguir jornalistas, juntaram-8 da antiga
hostages, challenged the Congress to “make a full, impartial reféns, desafiou o Congresso para "fazer uma completa e imparcial
investigation” of the election/hostage allegations. investigação "da eleição / refém acusações. The Post reported O Post relatou
the statement of the hostages, but not a word of the conference itself a declaração da reféns, mas nem uma palavra da conferência propriamente dita
which was held in the Dirksen Senate Office Building Auditorium (*10). que se realizou no Senado Dirksen Office Building Auditório (* 10).
On February 5, 1992 a gun-shy, uninspired House of Representatives Em 5 de fevereiro de 1992-uma pistola tímido, uninspired Câmara dos Representantes
begrudgingly authorized an “October Surprise” investigation by a task begrudgingly autorizado um "Outubro Surpresa" inquérito por uma tarefa
force of 13 congressmen headed by Lee Hamilton (D-IN). força de 13 congressistas liderado por Lee Hamilton (D-IN). who had chaired que tinha presidido
the House of Representatives Iran-Contra Committee. a Câmara dos Representantes Irão-Contra Comité. Hamilton has named Hamilton foi nomeado
as chief team counsel Larry Barcella, a lawyer who represented BCCI como conselheiro-chefe equipe Larry Barcella, um advogado que representou BCCI
when the Bank was indicted in 1988 (*11). quando o Banco foi indiciado em 1988 (* 11).

Like the Washington Post, Hamilton had not shown interest in pursuing Tal como o Washington Post, Hamilton não tinha demonstrado interesse em prosseguir
the US arms-for-drugs operation (*12). os E.U. de armamento para a-droga operação (* 12). He had accepted Oliver Ele tinha aceite Oliver
North’s lies,and as Chairman of the House Intelligence Committee he Norte da mentira, e como presidente da Câmara Inteligência Comité ele
derailed House Resolution 485 which had asked President Reagan to fazer descarrilar House Resolução 485 que tinham solicitado a Presidente Reagan
answer questions about Contra support activities of government Contra responder perguntas sobre as actividades de apoio governamental
officials and others (*13). funcionários e outros (* 13). After CIA operative John Depois da CIA John operatório

Hull (from Hamilton’s home state). Hull (de Hamilton de origem do estado). was charged in Costa Rica with foi carregada na Costa Rica com
“international drug trafficking and hostile acts against the nation’s "O tráfico internacional de droga e de actos hostis contra o povo do
security”, Hamilton and 18 fellow members of Congress tried to segurança ", Hamilton e 18 outros membros do Congresso tentou
intimidate Costa Rican President Oscar Arias Sanchez into handling intimidar Presidente Costa Rica Oscar Arias Sanchez em tratamento
Hull’s case “in a manner that will not complicate US-Costa Rican Hull's caso "de uma maneira que não irá complicar EUA-Costa Rica
relations” (*14). relações "(* 14). The Post did not report the Hamilton letter or the Os Correios não comunicou a letra ou o Hamilton
Costa Rican response that declared Hull’s case to be “in as good hands Costa Rica declarou que a resposta Hull's caso de ser "como em boas mãos
as our 100 year old uninterrupted democracy can provide to all como os nossos 100 anos ininterruptos democracia pode proporcionar a todos os
citizens” (*15). cidadãos "(* 15).

Though the Post does its best to guide our thinking away from conspiracy Apesar de o Post faz o possível para orientar a nossa reflexão de distância da conspiração
theories, it is difficult to avoid the fact that so much wrongdoing involves teorias, é difícil evitar o facto de tanta injustiça envolve
government or corporate conspiracies: conspirações governamentais ou empresariais:

In its COINTELPRO operation, the FBI used disinformation, forgery, Na sua COINTELPRO operação, o FBI utilizado desinformação, falsificação,
surveillance, false arrests, and violence to illegally harass vigilância, falso detenções, violências e para perseguir ilegalmente
UScitizens in the 60’s (*16). UScitizens nos 60's (* 16).

The CIA’s Operation MONGOOSE illegally sabotaged Cuba by “destroying A operação da CIA mongoose ilegalmente Cuba sabotado por "destruir
crops, brutalizing citizens, destabilizing the society, and culturas, brutal cidadãos, desestabilizar a sociedade e,
conspiring with the Mafia to assassinate Fidel Castro and other conspirando com a Máfia para assassinar Fidel Castro e outros
leaders” (*17). líderes "(* 17).

“Standard Oil of New Jersey was found by the Antitrust Division of "Standard Oil de New Jersey foi encontrado pela Divisão Antitrust do
the Department of Justice to be conspiring with IGFarben…of o Departamento de Justiça para ser conspirando com IGFarben de…
Germany. Alemanha. …By its cartel agreements with Standard Oil, the … Por seu cartel acordos com a Standard Oil, a
United States was effectively prevented from developing or Estados Unidos foi efectivamente impedidos de desenvolver ou
producing [fo rWorld War-II] any substantial amount of produzindo [para rWorld-II Guerra] qualquer quantidade substancial de
synthetic rubber,” said Senator Robert LaFollette of Wisconsin borracha sintética ", declarou o senador Robert LaFollette de Wisconsin
(*18). (* 18).

US Government agencies knowingly withheld information about As agências governamentais E.U. cientemente retido informações sobre
dosages of radiation “almost certain to produce thyroid doses de radiação "quase certo para produzir tiróide
abnormalities or cancer” that contaminated people residing near anormalidades ou câncer "contaminadas pessoas que residem próximo
the nuclear weapons factory at Hanford, Washington (*19). a fábrica de armas nucleares em Hanford, Washington (* 19).

Various branches of Government deliberately drag their feet in Diferentes ramos do Governo deliberadamente arrastar os pés em
getting around to cleaning up the Nation’s dangerous nuclear percorrer a limpeza da nação perigosa nuclear
weapons sites (*20). armas sítios (* 20). State and local governments back the Os governos estaduais e locais de volta o
nuclear industry’s secret public relations strategy (*21). indústria nuclear secreta da estratégia de relações públicas (* 21).

“The National Cancer Institute, the American Cancer Society and some "O National Cancer Institute, a American Cancer Society e alguns
twenty comprehensive cancer centers, have misled and confused vinte abrangente câncer centers, ter enganado e confundido
the public and Congress by repeated claims that we are winning o público eo Congresso por repetidas alegações de que estamos a ganhar
the war against cancer. a guerra contra o câncer. In fact, the cancer establishment has Na realidade, o estabelecimento tem câncer
continually minimized the evidence for increasing cancer rates continuamente minimizaram os elementos de prova para o aumento da taxas de cancro
which it has largely attributed to smoking and dietary fat, que tenha em grande parte atribuída ao tabagismo e gordura alimentar,
while discounting or ignoring the causal role of avoidable enquanto que descontam ou ignorar o papel da causalidade evitáveis
eposures to industrial carcinogens in the air, food, water, and eposures industrial a agentes cancerígenos no ar, comida, água, e
the workplace.” (*22). o local de trabalho. "(* 22).

The Bush Administration coverup of its pre-Gulf-War support of Iraq A Administração Bush coverup da sua pré-Guerra do Golfo-o apoio do Iraque
“is yet another example of the President’s people conspiring to "É mais um exemplo do Presidente da população para conspirar
keep both Congress and the American people in the dark” (*23). manter tanto o Congresso eo povo americano no escuro "(* 23).

If you think about it, conspiracy is a fundamental aspect of Se você pensar nisso, conspiração é um aspecto fundamental da
doing business in this country. desenvolver a actividade no país.

Take the systematic and cooperative censorship of the Persian Gulf Pegue a censura sistemática e cooperativa do Golfo Pérsico
War by the Pentagon and much of the news media (*24). A guerra pelo Pentágono e de grande parte da mídia (* 24).

Or the widespread plans of business and government groups to spend Ou a generalização dos planos de negócios e grupos para o governo gastar
$100 million in taxes to promote a distorted and truncated US $ 100 milhões em impostos para promover uma distorcida e truncado
history of Columbus in America (*25). história de Colombo na América (* 25). along the lines of the à semelhança do que
Smithsonian Institution’s “fusion of the two worlds”, (*26). Smithsonian Institution's "fusão dos dois mundos", (* 26).
rather than examining more realistic aspects of the Spanish em vez de examinar os aspectos mais realista do espanhol
invasion, like “anger, cruelty, gold, terror, and death” (*27). invasão, como "raiva, crueldade, ouro, terror e morte" (* 27).

Or circumstances surrounding the US Justice Department theft from Ou circunstâncias que rodeiam os E.U. Justiça Departamento de furto
the INSLAW company of sophisticated, law-enforcement computer INSLAW a companhia de sofisticados, de aplicação da lei computador
software which “now point to a widespread conspiracy software que "agora apontam para uma ampla conspiração
implicating lesser Government officials in the theft of menor funcionários do governo em pôr o roubo de
INSLAW’s technology”, says former US Attorney General Elliot INSLAW da tecnologia ", diz o antigo Procurador-Geral E.U. Elliot
Richardson (*28). Richardson (* 28).

Or Watergate. Ou Watergate.

Or the “largest bank fraud in world financial history” (*29), where Ou o "maior banco fraude no mundo financeiro história" (* 29), onde
the White House knew of the criminal activities at “the Bank of a Casa Branca sabia das atividades criminosas em "Banco de
Crooks and Criminals International” (BCCI) (*30), where US Vigaristas e criminosos Internacional "(BCCI) (* 30), onde E.U.
intelligence agencies did their secret banking (*31), and where Agências sua inteligência fez segredo bancário (* 31), e onde
bribery of prominent American public officials “was a way of suborno de funcionários públicos proeminentes americano "era uma forma de
doing business” (*32). doing business "(* 32).

Or the 1949 conviction of “GM [General Motors], Standard Oil of Ou a condenação de 1949 "GM [General Motors], a Standard Oil de
California, Firestone, and E. Roy Fitzgerald, among others, for Califórnia, Firestone, e Roy E. Fitzgerald, entre outros, para a
criminally conspiring to replace electric transportation with criminalmente conspirar para substituir elétrico com transporte
gas- and diesel-powered buses and to monopolize the sale of - gás e diesel-powered autocarros e para monopolizar a venda de
buses and related products to transportation companies autocarros e produtos relacionados a empresas de transporte
throughout the country” [in, among others, the cities of New ao longo de todo o país "[no, entre outras, as cidades de Nova
York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, St. Louis, Oakland, Salt Lake Iorque, Filadélfia, Baltimore, St. Louis, Oakland, Salt Lake
City, and Los Angeles] (*33). Cidade, e Los Angeles] (* 33).

Or the collusion in 1973 between Senator Abraham Ribicoff (D-CT). Ou a colusão em 1973 entre a senadora Abraão Ribicoff (D-CT).
and the US Department of Transportation to overlook safety e os E.U. Departamento dos Transportes de negligenciar segurança
defects in the 1.2 million Corvair automobiles manufactured by os defeitos de 1,2 milhões de automóveis fabricados pela Corvair
General Motors in the early 60’s (*34). A General Motors, no início dos anos 60 "(* 34).

Or the AH Robins Company, which manufactured the Dalkon Shield Ou o AH Robins Company, que fabrica o Dalkon Shield
intrauterine contraceptive, and which ignored repeated warnings intra contraceptivo, e que ignorou repetidas advertências
of the Shield’s hazards and which “stonewalled, deceived, do Escudo do perigo e que "stonewalled, enganadas,
covered up, and cobertas para cima, e

covered up the coverups…[thus inflicting] on women a cobertos até o coverups… [assim infligindo] sobre uma mulher
worldwide epidemic of pelvic infections.” (*35). epidemia mundial de infecções pélvicas. "(* 35).

Or that cooperation between McDonnell Douglas Aircraft Company and Ou que a cooperação entre McDonnell Douglas Aircraft Company e
the FAA resulted in failure to enforce regulations regarding a FAA resultaram em fracasso para fazer cumprir regulamentos referentes
the unsafe DC-10 cargo door which failed in flight killing all DC-10 da inseguros carga porta que falhou em matar todos os voos
364 passengers on Turkish Airlines Flight 981 on March 3, 1974 364 passageiros a Turkish Airlines Flight 981 em 3 de março de 1974
(*36). (* 36).

Or the now-banned, cancer-producing pregnancy drug - Ou o banidos agora, o cancro produtora de gravidez droga
Diethylstilbestrol (DES). Dietilstilbestrol (DES). that was sold by manufacturers who que foi vendida por fabricantes que
ignored tests which showed DES to be carcinogenic; and who Testes mostraram que ignorou DES de ser cancerígena, e que
acted “in concert with each other in the testing and marketing agido "em concertação com os outros, segundo o teste e comercialização
of DES for miscarriage purposes” (*37). DES para fins de aborto espontâneo "(* 37).

Or the conspiracies among bankers and speculators, with the Ou as conspirações entre banqueiros e especuladores, com a
cooperation of a corrupted Congress, to relieve depositors of colaboração de um Congresso corrompido, para alívio dos depositantes
their savings. as suas poupanças. This “arrogant disregard from the White House, Este "arrogante desrespeito a partir da Casa Branca,
Congress and corporate world for the interests and rights of Congresso e para o mundo corporativo dos interesses e direitos dos
the American people” will cost US tapayers many hundreds of o povo americano "irá custar muitas centenas de E.U. tapayers
billions of dollars (*38). milhares de milhões de dólares (* 38).

Or the Westinghouse, Allis Chalmers,Federal Pacific, and General Ou a Westinghouse, Allis Chalmers, Federal do Pacífico, eo general
Electric executives who met surreptitiously in hotel rooms to Electric executivos que reuniu em quartos de hotel para surreptitiously
fix prices and eliminate competition on heavy industrial fixar os preços e eliminar a concorrência no industriais pesados
equipment (*39). equipamentos (* 39).

Or the convictions of Industrial Biotest Laboratories (IBT). Ou as convicções dos Industriais Biotest Laboratories (IBT).
officers for fabricating safety tests on prescription drugs segurança dos testes oficiais para a fabricação de medicamentos com receita
(*40). (* 40).

Or the conspiracy by the asbestos industry to suppress knowledge of Ou a conspiração com o amianto conhecimento da indústria para reprimir
medical problemsrelating to asbestos (*41). médica problemsrelating ao amianto (* 41).

Or the 1928 Achnacarry Agreement through which oil companies “agreed Ou a 1928 Achnacarry acordo através do qual as empresas petrolíferas "acordou
not to engage in any effective price competition” (*42). Não se dedicarem a qualquer preço a concorrência efectiva "(* 42).

Or the conspiracy among US Government agencies and the Congress to Ou a conspiração entre E.U. As agências governamentais e para o Congresso
cover up the nature of our decades-old war against the people encobrir a natureza do nosso velho décadas de guerra contra o povo
of Nicaragua da Nicarágua

a covert war that continues in 1992 with the US Government encobertos uma guerra que continua em 1992 com os E.U. Governo
applying pressure for the Nicaraguan police to reorganize into aplicando pressão para a Nicarágua para a reestruturação da polícia em
a more repressive force (*43). uma força mais repressiva (* 43).

Or the conspiracy by the CIA and the US Government to interfere in Ou a conspiração com a CIA e os E.U. Governo de interferir na
the Chilean election process with military aid, covert actions, o chileno processo eleitoral com ajuda militar, acções encobertas,
and an economic boycott which culminated in the overthrow of e um boicote económico que culminou no derrube do
the legitimately elected government and the assassination of o governo legitimamente eleito e do assassinato do
President Salvador Allende in 1973 (*44). Presidente Salvador Allende, em 1973 (* 44).

Or the conspiracy among US officials including Secretary of State Ou a conspiração entre os funcionários, incluindo E.U. Secretário de Estado
Henry Kissinger and CIA Director William Colby to finance Henry Kissinger e director da CIA, William Colby para financiar
terrorism in Angola for the purpose of disrupting Angola’s terrorismo em Angola com o objectivo de perturbar a Angola
plans for peaceful elections in October 1975, and to lie about planos de eleições pacíficas em outubro de 1975, e sobre a mentira
these actions to the Congress and the news media (*45). estas acções para o Congresso e da mídia (* 45). And CIA E CIA
Director George Bush’s subsequent cover up of this Diretor George Bush's posteriores encobrir do presente
US-sponsored terrorism (*46). EUA-terrorismo patrocinado (* 46).

Or President George Bush’s consorting with the Pentagon to invade Ou o Presidente George Bush's consorting com o Pentágono para invadir
Panama in 1989 and thereby violate the Constitution of the Panamá, em 1989 e, assim, violar a Constituição da
United States, the UN Charter, the OAS Charter, and the Estados Unidos, a Carta das Nações Unidas, a Carta da OEA, e os
Panama Canal Treaties (*47). Canal do Panamá Tratados (* 47).

Or the “gross antitrust violations” (*48) and the conspiracy of Ou o "brutas violações antitruste" (* 48) e as conspiração do
American oil companies and the British and US governments to Empresas petrolíferas americanas e britânicas e os governos para que E.U.
strangle Iran economically after Iran nationalized the Irão estrangular economicamente após o Irão nacionalizada
British-owned Anglo-Iranian Oil Company in 1951. Britânica de propriedade anglo-iraniano Oil Company em 1951. And the E os
subsequent overthrow by the CIA in 1953 of Iranian Prime subsequentes derrubar pela CIA em 1953 do Primeiro-iraniano
Minister Muhammed Mossadegh (*49). Muhammed ministro Mossadegh (* 49).

Or the CIA-planned assassination of Congo head-of-state Patrice Ou a CIA-planejado assassinato do Congo cabeça-de-estado Patrice
Lumumba (*50). Lumumba (* 50).

Or the deliberate and wilful efforts of President George Bush, Ou a deliberada e deliberada esforços do Presidente George Bush,
Senator Robert Dole, Senator George Mitchell, various US O senador Robert Dole, o senador George Mitchell, vários E.U.
Government agencies, and members of both Houses of the Congress As agências governamentais, e dos membros das duas Câmaras do Congresso
to buy the 1990 Nicaraguan national elections for the para comprar a 1990 nicaragüense eleições nacionais para a
presidential candidate supported by President Bush (*51). candidato presidencial apoiado pelo Presidente Bush (* 51).

Or the collective approval by 64 US Senators of Robert Gates to A aprovação ou colectiva por 64 senadores E.U. de Robert Gates para
head the CIA, in the face of “unmistakable evidence that Gates chefe da CIA, em face de "prova inequívoca que Gates
lied about his role in the Iran-Contra scandal” (*52). mentiu sobre seu papel no escândalo Irão-Contra "(* 52).

Or “How Reagan and the Pope Conspired to Assist Poland’s Solidarity Ou "Como Reagan eo Papa se propusessem a Auxiliar de Solidariedade da Polônia
Movement and Hasten the Demise of Communism” (*53). Movimento e aceleram a queda do comunismo "(* 53).

Or how the Reagan Administration connived with the Vatican to ban Ou como a administração Reagan connived com a proibição do Vaticano
the use of USAID funds by any country “for the promotion of a utilização dos fundos USAID em qualquer país "para a promoção da
birth control or abortion” (*54). parto ou aborto controle "(* 54).

Or “the way the Vatican and Washington colluded to achieve common Ou "a forma como o Vaticano e Washington colluded para alcançar comum
purpose in Central America” (*55). efeitos na América Central "(* 55).

Or the collaboration of Guatemalan strong-man and mass murderer Ou a colaboração da Guatemala-homem forte de massa e de assassino
Hector Gramajo with the US Army to design “programs to build Hector Gramajo com os E.U. Exército para a concepção "programas para construir
civilian-military cooperation” at the US Army School of the cooperação civil-militar "os E.U. a Escola do Exército
Americas (SOA) at Fort Benning, Georgia; five of the nine Américas (SOA) em Fort Benning, Geórgia, cinco dos nove
soldiers accused in the 1989 Jesuit massacre in El Salvador are soldados acusados, em 1989 o jesuíta massacre em El Salvador são
graduates of SOA which trains Latin/American military personnel graduados da SOA que comboios latim / American pessoal militar
(*56). (* 56).

Or the conspiracy of the Comanche Peak Nuclear Plant administration Ou a conspiração do Comanche Peak administração central nuclear
to harass and cause bodily harm to whistleblower Linda Porter a perseguir e causar danos corporais ao denunciante Linda Porter
who uncovered dangerous working conditions at the facility descoberto que as condições de trabalho perigosos na instalação
(*57). (* 57).

Or the conspiracy of President Richard Nxion and the Government of Ou a conspiração do Presidente Richard Nxion eo Governo do
South Vietnam to delay the Paris Peace Talks until after the Vietnã do Sul para atrasar a Paris depois da paz
1968 US presidential election (*58). 1968 E.U. eleição presidencial (* 58).

Or the pandemic coverups of police violence (*59). Ou a pandemia coverups de violência policial (* 59).

Or the always safe-to-cite worldwide communist conspiracy (*60). Ou o seguro-para-sempre citar conspiração comunista mundial (* 60).

Or maybe the socially responsible, secret consortium to publish The Ou talvez a socialmente responsável, segredo para publicar o consórcio
Satanic Verses in paperback (*61). Versos Satânicos, em livros (* 61).

Conspiracies are obviously a way to get things done, and the Washington Post Conspirações são obviamente um caminho para serem realizadas, bem como o Washington Post
offers little comment unless conspiracy theorizing threatens to expose a oferece poucas observações a menos teoria conspiratória para expor uma ameaça
really important conspiracy that, let’s say, benefits big business or big realmente importante que a conspiração, vamos dizer, grandes empresas ou grandes benefícios
government. governo.

Such a conspiracy would be like our benevolent CIA’s 1953 overthrow of Essa seria uma conspiração como o nosso benevolente da CIA derrube de 1953
the Iranian government to help out US oil companies; or like our o governo iraniano para ajudar as empresas petrolíferas E.U., ou como o nosso
illegal war against Panama to tighten US control over Panama and the guerra ilegal contra o Panamá para apertar E.U. controle sobre o Panamá e
Canal; or like monopoly control of broadcasting that facilitates Canal, ou como o monopólio que facilita o controlo da radiodifusão
corporate censorship on issues of public importance (*62). When the
camouflage of such conspiracies is stripped away, public confidence in
the conspiring officials can erode — depending on how seriously the
citizenry perceives the conspiracy to have violated the public trust.
Erosion of public trust in the status quo is what the Post seems to
see as a real threat to its corporate security.

Currently, the Post has mounted vituperative, frenzied attacks on
Oliver Stone’s movie “JFK”, which reexamines the US Government’s
official (Warren Commission. finding that a single gunman, acting
alone, killed President John F. Kennedy. The movie also is the story
of New Orleans District Attorney Jim Garrison’s unsuccessful
prosecution of Clay Shaw, the only person ever tried in connection
with the assassination. And the movie proposes that the Kennedy
assassination was the work of conspirators whose interests would not
be served by a president who, had he lived, might have disengaged us
from our war against Vietnam.

The Post ridicules a reexamination of the Kennedy assassination along
lines suggested by “JFK”. Senior Post journalists like Charles
Krauthammer, Ken Ringle, George Will, Phil McCombs, and Michael
Isikoff, have been called up to man the bulwarks against public
sentiment which has never supported the government’s
non-conspiratorial assassination thesis. In spite of the facts that
the Senate Intelligence Committee of 1975 and 1976 found that “both
the FBI and CIA had repeatedly lied to the Warren Commission” (*63)
and that the 1979 Report of the House Select Committee on
Assassinations found that President Kennedy was probably killed “as a
result of a conspiracy” (*64), a truly astounding number of Post
stories have been used as vehicles to discredit “JFK” as just another
conspiracy (*65).

Some of the more vicious attacks on the movie are by editor Stephen
Rosenfeld, and journalists Richard Cohen, George Will, and George
Lardner Jr (*66). They ridicule the idea that Kennedy could have had
second thoughts about escalating the Vietnam War and declaim that
there is no historical justification for this idea. Seasoned
journalist Peter Dale Scott, former Pentagon/CIA liaison chief L.
Fletcher Prouty, and investigators David Scheim and John Newman have
each authored defense of the “JFK” thesis that Kennedy was not
enthusiastic about staying in Vietnam (*67). But the Post team just
continues ranting against the possibility of a high-level
assassination conspiracy while offering little justification for its
arguments.

An example of particularly shabby scholarship and unacceptable
behavior is George Lardner Jr’s contribution to the Post’s campaign
against the movie. Lardner wrote three articles, two before the movie
was completed, and the third upon its release. In May, six months
before the movie came out, Lardner obtained a copy of the first draft
of the script and, contrary to accepted standards, revealed in the
Post the contents of this copyrighted movie (*68). Also in this
article, (*69). Lardner discredits Jim Garrison with hostile
statements from a former Garrison associate Pershing Gervais. Lardner
does not tell the reader that subsequent to the Clay Shaw trial, in a
US Government criminal action brought against Garrison, Government
witness Gervais, who helped set up Garrison for prosecution, admitted
under oath that in a May 1972 interview with a New Orleans television
reporter, he, Gervais, had said that the US Government’s case
against Garrison was a fraud (*70). The Post’s 1973 account of the
Garrison acquittal mentions this controversy, but when I recently
asked Lardner about this, he was not clear as to whether he remembered
it (*71).

Two weeks after his first “JFK” article, Lardner blustered his way
through a justification for his unauthorized possession of the early
draft ofthe movie (*72). He also defended his reference to Pershing
Gervais by lashing out at Garrison as a writer “of gothic fiction”.

When the movie was released in December, Lardner “reviewed” it (*73).
He again ridiculed the film’s thesis that following the Kennedy
assassination, President Johnson reversed Kennedy’s plans to
de-escalate the Vietnam War. Lardner cited a memorandum issued by
Johnson four days after Kennedy died. Lardner says this memorandum was
written before the assassination, and that it “was a continuation of
Kennedy’s policy”. In fact, the memorandum was drafted the day before
the assassination by McGeorge Bundy (Kennedy’s Assistant for National
Security Affairs) Kennedy was in Texas, and may never have seen it.
Following the assassination, it was rewritten; and the final version
provided for escalating the war against Vietnam (*74) — facts that
Lardner avoided.

The Post’s crusade against exposing conspiracies is blatantly dishonest:

The Warren Commission inquiry into the Kennedy Assassination was for
the most part conducted in secret. This fact is buried in the Post
(*75). Nor do current readers of this newspaper find meaningful
discussion of the Warren Commission’s secret doubts about both the FBI
and the CIA (*76). Or of a dispatch from CIA headquarters instructing
co-conspirators at field stations to counteract the “new wave of books
and articles criticizing the [Warren] Commission’s findings…[and]
conspiracy theories …[that] have frequently thrown suspicion on our
organization” and to “discuss the publicity problem with liaison and
friendly elite contacts, especially politicians and editors “and to
“employ propaganda assets to answer and refute the attacks of the
critics. …Book reviews and feature articles are particularly
appropriate for this purpose. …The aim of this dispatch is to
provide material for countering and discrediting the claims of the
conspiracy theorists…” (*77).

In 1979, Washington journalist Deborah Davis published Katharine The Great,
the story of Post publisher Katharine Graham and her newspaper’s close ties
with Washington’s powerful elite, a number of whom were with the CIA.

Particularly irksome to Post editor Benjamin Bradlee was a Davis claim
that Bradlee had “produced CIA material” (*78). Understandably
sensitive about this kind of publicity, Bradlee told Davis’ publisher
Harcourt Brace Jovanovich ,”Miss Davis is lying …I never produced
CIA material …what I can do is to brand Miss Davis as a fool and to
put your company in that special little group of publishers who don’t
give a shit for the truth”. The Post bullied HBJ into recalling the
book; HBJ shredded 20,000 copies; Davis sued HBJ for breach of
contract and damage to reputation; HBJ settled out of court; and Davis
published her book elsewhere with an appendix that demonstrated
Bradlee to have been deeply involved with producing cold-war/CIA
propaganda (*79). Bradlee still says the allegations about his
association with people in the CIA are false, but he has apparently
taken no action to contest the xetensive documentation presented by
Deborah Davis in the second and third editions of her book (*80).

And it’s not as if the Post were new to conspiracy work.

Former Washington Post publisher Philip Graham “believing that the function of the press was more often than not to mobilize consent for the policies of the government, was one of the architects of what became a widespread practice: the use and manipulation of journalists by the CIA” (*81). This scandal was known by its code name Operation MOCKINGBIRD. Former Washington Post reporter Carl Bernstein cites a former CIA deputy director as saying, “It was widely known that Phil Graham was someone you could get help from” (*82). More recently the Post provided cover for CIA personality Joseph Fernandez by “refusing to print his name for over a year up until the day his indictment was announced …for crimes committed in his official capacity as CIA station chief in Costa Rica” (*83).

Of the meetings between Graham and his CIA acquaintances at which the
availability and prices of journalists were discussed, a former CIA
man recalls, “You could get a journalist cheaper than a good call
girl, for a couple hundred dollars a month” (*84). One may wish to
consider Philip Graham’s philosophy along with a more recent statement
from his wife Katharine Graham, current Chairman of the Board of the
Washington Post. In a lecture on terrorism and the news media, Mrs.
Graham said: “A second challenge facing the media is how to prevent
terrorists from using the media as a platform fortheir views. … The
point is that we generally know when we are being manipulated, and
we’ve learned better how and where to draw the line, though the
decisions are often difficult” (*85).

Today, the Post and its world of big business are apparently terrified
that our elite and our high-level public officials may be exposed as
conspirators behind Contra drug-smuggling, October Surprise, or the
assassination of President Kennedy. This fear is truly remarkable in
that, like most of us and like most institutions, the Post runs its
business as a conspiracy of like-minded entrepreneurs — a conspiracy
“to act or work together toward the same result or goal” (*86). But
where the Post really parts company from just plain people is when it
pretends that conspiracies associated with big business or government
are “coincidence”. Post reporter Lardner vents the frustration
inherent in having to maintain this dichotomy. He lashes out at Oliver
Stone and suggests that Stone may actually believe that the Post’s
opposition to Stone’s movie is a “conspiracy”. Lardner assures us that
Stone’s complaints are “groundless and paranoid and smack of
McCarthyism” (*87).

So how does the Post justify devoting so much energy to ridiculing those who
investigate conspiracies?

The Post has answers: people revert to conspiracy theories because
they need something “neat and tidy” (*88) that “plugs a gap no other
generally accepted theory fills’, (*89. and “coincidence …is always
the safest and most likely explanation for any conjunction of curious
circumstances …” (*90).

And what does this response mean? It means that “coincidence theory”
is what the Post espouses when it would prefer not to admit to a
conspiracy. In other words, some things just “happen”. And, besides,
conspiracy to do certain things would be a crime; “coincidence” is a
safer bet.

Post Ombudsman Richard Harwood, who, it is rumored, serves as
Executive Director of the Benevolent Protective Order of Coincidence
Theorists, (*91) recently issued a warning about presidential
candidates “who have begun to mutter about a press conspiracy”.
Ordinarily, Harwood would simply dismiss these charges as “symptoms of
the media paranoia that quadrennially engulfs members of the American
political class” (*92). But a fatal mistake was made by the mutterers;
they used the “C” word against the PRESS! And Harwood exploded his
off-the-cuff comment into an entire column — ending it with:”We are
the new journalists, immersed too long, perhaps, in the cleansing
waters of political conformity. But conspirators we ain’t”.

Distinguished investigative journalist Morton Mintz, a 29-year veteran
of the Washington Post, now chairs the Fund for Investigative
Journalism. In the December issue of The Progressive, Mintz wrote “A
Reporter Looks Back in Anger — Why the Media Cover Up Corporate
Crime”. Therein he discussed the difficulties in convincing editors to
accept important news stories. He illustrated the article with his own
experiences at the Post, where he says he was known as “the biggest
pain in the ass in the office” (*93).

Would Harwood argue that grief endured by journalists at the hands of editors
is a matter of random coincidence?

And that such policy as Mintz described is made independently by
editors without influence from fellow editors or from management?
Would Harwood have us believe that at the countless office “meetings”
in which news people are ever in attendance, there is no discussion of
which stories will run and which ones will find inadequate space? That
there is no advanced planning for stories or that there are no
cooperative efforts among the staff? Or that in the face of our
news-media “grayout” of presidential candidate Larry Agran, (*94) a
Post journalist would be free to give news space to candidate Agran
equal to that the Post lavishes on candidate Clinton? Let’s face it:
these possibilities are about as likely as Barbara Bush entertaining
guests at a soup kitchen.

Would Harwood have us believe that media critic and former Post
Ombudsman Ben Bagdikian is telling less than the truth in his account
of wire-service control over news: “The largely anonymous men who
control the syndicate and wire service copy desks and the central wire
photo machines determine at a single decision what millions will see
and hear. …there seems to be little doubt that these gatekeepers
preside over an operation in which an appalling amount of press
agentry sneaks in the back door of American journalism and marches
untouched out the front door as ‘news’” (*95).

When he sat on the US District Court of Appeals in Washington, Judge
Clarence Thomas violated US law when he failed to remove himself
from a case in which he then proceeded to reverse a $10 million
judgment against the Ralston Purina Company (*96). Ralston Purina, the
animal feed empire, is the family fortune of Thomas’ mentor, Senator
John Danforth. The Post limited its coverage of the Thomas malfeasance
to 56 words buried in the middle of a 1200-word article (*97). Would
Harwood have us believe that the almost complete blackout on this
matter by the major news media and the US Senate was a matter of
coincidence? Could a Post reporter have written a story about Ralston
Purina if she had wanted to? Can a brick swim?

Or take the fine report produced last September by Ralph Nader’s
Public Citizen. Titled All the Vice President’s Men, it documents “How
the Quayle Council on Competitiveness Secretly Undermines Health,
Safety, and Environmental Programs”. Three months later, Post
journalists David Broder and Bob Woodward published “The President’s
Understudy”, a seven-part series on Vice President Quayle. Although
this series does address Quayle’s role with the Competitiveness
Council, its handling of the Council’s disastrous impact on America is
inadequate. It is 40,000 words of mostly aimless chatter about Quayle
memorabilia: youth, family, college record, Christianity, political
aspirations, intellectual aspirations, wealthy friends, government
associates, golf, travels, wife Marilyn, and net worth — revealing
little about Quayle’s abilities, his understanding of society’s
problems, or his thoughts about justice and freedom, and never
mentioning the comprehensive Nader study of Quayle’s record in the
Bush Administration (*98).

Now, did Broder or did Woodward forget about the Nader study? Or did
both of them forget? Or did one, or the other, or both decide not to
mention it? Did these two celebrated, seasoned Post reporters ever
discuss together their jointly authored stories? Did they decide to
publish such a barren set of articles because it would enhance their
reputations? How did management feel about the use of precious news
space for such frivolity? Is it possible that so many pages were
dedicated to this twaddle without people “acting or working together
toward the same result or goal”? (*99) Do crocodiles fly?

On March 20, front-page headlines in the Wall Street Journal, the New
York Times, USA Today, and the Washington Post read respectively:

TSONGAS DROPPED OUT OF THE PRESIDENTIAL RACE CLEARING CLINTON’S PATH

TSONGAS ABANDONS CAMPAIGN LEAVING CLINTON CLEAR PATH TOWARD SHOWDOWN
WITH BUSH

TSONGAS CLEARS WAY FOR CLINTON

TSONGAS EXIT CLEARS WAY FOR CLINTON

This display of editorial independence should at least raise questions
of whether the news media collective mindset is really different from
that of any other cartel — like oil, diamond, energy, (*100) or
manufacturing cartels, a cartel being “a combination of independent
commercial enterprises designed to limit competition” (*101).

The Washington Post editorial page carries the heading:

AN INDEPENDENT NEWSPAPER

Is it? Of course not. There probably is no such thing. Does the Post
“conspire” to keep its staff and its newspaper from wandering too far
from the safety of mediocrity? The Post would respond that the
question is absurd. In that I am not privy to the Post’s telephone
conversations, I can only speculate on how closely the media elite
must monitor the staff. But we all know how few micro-seconds it takes
a new reporter to learn what subjects are taboo and what are “safe”,
and that experienced reporters don’t have to ask.

What is more important, however, than speculating about how the Post
communicates within its own corporate structure and with other members
of the cartel, is to document and publicize what the Post does in
public, namely, how it shapes and censors the news.

Sincerely,

Julian C. Holmes

Copies to: Public-spirited citizens, both inside and outside the news
media, And - maybe a few others.

Notes to Letter of April 25, 1992:

1. Mark Hosenball, “The Ultimate Conspiracy”, Washington Post,
September 11, 1988, p.C1

2a. Julian Holmes, Letter to Washington Post Ombudsman Richard
Harwood, June 4,1991. Notes that the Post censored, from the
Anderson/Van Atta column, references to the Christic Institute and to
Robert Gates.

2b. Jack Anderson and Dale Van Atta, “Iran-Contra Figure Dodges
Extradition”, Washington Merry-Go-Round, United Feature Syndicate, May
26, 1991. This is the column submitted to the Post (see note 2a)..

2c. Jack Anderson and Dale Van Atta, “The Man Washington Doesn’t Want
to Extradite”, Washington Post, May 26, 1991. The column (see note
2b). as it appeared in the Post (see note 2a)..

3a. Case No. 86-1146-CIV-KING, Amended Complaint for RICO Conspiracy,
etc., United States District Court, Southern District of Florida, Tony
Avirgan and Martha Honey v. John Hull et al., October 3, 1986.

3b. Vince Bielski and Dennis Bernstein, “Reports: Contras Send Drugs
to US”, Cleveland Plain Dealer, November 16, 1986.

3c. Neal Matthews, “I Ran Drugs for Uncle Sam” (based on interviews
with Robert Plumlee, contra resupply pilot)., San Diego Reader, April
5, 1990.

4. Leslie Cockburn, Out of Control. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press,
1987.

5a. Peter Dale Scott and Jonathan Marshall, Cocaine Politics,
University ofCalifornia Press, 1991, p.179-181.

5b. David S. Hilzenrath, “Hill Panel Finds No Evidence Linking Contras
to Drug Smuggling”, Washington Post, July 22, 1987, p.A07.

5c. Partial correction to the Washington Post of July 22, Washington
Post, July 24,1987, p.A3.

5d. The Washington Post declined to publish SubCommittee Chairman
Rangel’s Letter- to-the-Editor of July 22, 1987. It was printed in the
Congressional Record on August 6, 1987, p.E3296-7.

6a. Michael Kranish, “Kerry Says US Turned Blind Eye to Contra-Drug
Trail”, Boston Globe, April 10, 1988.

6b. Mary McGrory, “The Contra-Drug Stink”, Washington Post, April 10,
1988, p.B1. 6c. Robert Parry with Rod Nordland, “Guns for Drugs?
Senate Probers Trace an Old Contra Connection to George Bush’s
Office”, Newsweek, May 23, 1988, p.22.

6d. Dennis Bernstein, “Iran-Contra — The Coverup Continues”, The
Progressive, November 1988, p.24.

6e. “Drugs, Law Enforcement and Foreign Policy”, A Report Prepared by
the Subcommittee on Terrorism, Narcotics, and International Operations
of the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, December
1988.

7a. Mark Hosenball, “If It’s October … Then It’s Time for an Iranian
Conspiracy Theory”, Washington Post, October 9, 1988, p.D1.

7b. Mark Hosenball, “October Surprise! Redux! The Latest Version of
the 1980 ‘Hostage- Deal’ Story Is Still Full of Holes”, Washington
Post, April 21, 1991,p.B2.

8a. Barbara Honegger, October Surprise, New York: Tudor, 1989.

8b. Gary Sick, October Surprise, New York: Times Books, Random House,
1991.

9a. Abbie Hoffman and Jonathan Silvers, “An Election Held Hostage”,
Playboy, October 1988, p.73.

9b. Robert Parry and Robert Ross, “The Election Held Hostage”,
FRONTLINE, WGBH-TV,April 16, 1991.

10a. Reuter, “Ex-Hostages Seek Probe By Congress”, Washington Post,
June 14,1991,p.A4.

10b. “An Election Held Hostage?”, Conference, Dirksen Senate Office
Building Auditorium, Washington DC, June 13, 1991; Sponsored by The
Fund For New Priorities in America, 171 Madison Avenue, New York, NY,
10016.

11a. David Brown and Guy Gugliotta, “House Approves Inquiry Into
‘OctoberSurprise’”, Washington Post, February 6, 1992, p.A11.

11b. Jack Colhoun, “Lawmakers Lose Nerve on October Surprise”, The
Guardian, December 11, 1991, p.7.

11c. Jack Colhoun, “October Surprise Probe Taps BCCI Lawyer”, The
Guardian, February 26, 1992, p.3.

12. See note 5a, p.180-1.

13a. See note 4, p.229, 240-1.

13b. Report of the Congressional Committees Investigating the
Iran-Contra Affair, Senate Report No. 100-216, House Report No.
100-433, November 1987, p.139-141.

14a. Letter to His Excellency Oscar Arias Sanchez, President of the
Republic of Costa Rica; from Members of the US Congress David
Dreier, Lee Hamilton, Dave McCurdy, Dan Burton, Mary Rose Oakar, Jim
Bunning, Frank McCloskey, Cass Ballenger, Peter Kostmayer, Jim Bates,
Douglas Bosco, James Inhofe, Thomas Foglietta, Rod Chandler, Ike
Skelton, Howard Wolpe, Gary Ackerman, Robert Lagomarsino, and Bob
McEwen; January 26, 1989.

14b. Peter Brennan, “Costa Rica Considers Seeking Contra Backer in
US — Indiana Native Wanted on Murder Charge in 1984 Bomb Attack in
Nicaragua”, WashingtonPost, February 1, 1990.

14c. “Costa Rica Seeks Extradition of Indiana Farmer”, Scripps-Howard
News Service,April 25, 1991.

15. Press Release from the Costa Rican Embassy, Washington DC, On the
Case of the Imprisonment of Costa Rican Citizen John Hull”, February
6, 1989.

16. Brian Glick, War at Home, Boston: South End Press, 1989.

17. John Stockwell, The Praetorian Guard– The US Role in the New
World Order, Boston: South End Press, 1991, p.121.

18. Hearings Before the Committee on Patents, United States Senate,
77th Cong., 2nd Session (1942)., part I, as cited in Joseph Borkin,
The Crime and Punishment of IG Farben, New York: The Free Press,
Macmillan, 1978, p.93.

19. R. Jeffrey Smith, “Study of A-Plant Neighbors’ Health Urged”,
Washington Post, July 13, 1990, p.A6.

20. Tom Horton, “A Cost Higher Than the Peace Dividend — Price Tag
Mounts to Clean Up Nuclear Weapons Sites”, Baltimore Sun, February 23,
1992, p.1K.

21. “The Nuclear Industry’s Secret PR Strategy”, EXTRA!, March 1992,
p.15.

22a. Samuel S. Epstein, MD et al, Losing the War Against Cancer: Need
for PublicPolicy Reform”, Congressional Record, April 2, 1992,
p.E947-9.

22b. Samuel S. Epstein, “The Cancer Establishment”, Washington Post,
March 10, 1992.

23a. Hon. Henry B. Gonzalez, “Efforts to Thwart Investigation of the
BNL Scandal”, Congressional Record, March 30, 1992, p.H2005-2014.

23b. Hon. David E. Skaggs (CO)., White House Spin Control on Pre-War
Iraq Policy”, Congressional Record, April 2, 1992, p.H2285.

23c. Nicholas Rostow, Special Assistant to the President and Legal
Adviser, Memorandum to Jeanne S. Archibald et al, “Meeting on
congressional requests for information and documents”, April 8, 1991;
Congressional Record, April 2, 1992,p.H2285.

24a. Michio Kaku, “Operation Desert Lie: Pentagon Confesses”, The

Guardian, March11, 1992, p.4.

24b. J. Max Robins, “NBC’s Unaired Iraq Tapes Not a Black and White
Case”, Variety Magazine, March 4, 1991, p.25.

25. Emory R. Searcy Jr., Clergy and Laity Concerned, Spring 1991
Letter to”Friends”, p.1.

26. Jean Dimeo, “Selling Hispanics on Columbus — Luis Vasquez-Ajmac
Is Hired to Promote Smithsonian Project”, Washington Post, November
18, 1991, p.Bus.8.

27. Hans Koning, “Teach the Truth About Columbus”, Washington Post,
September 3,1991, p.A19.

28a. James Kilpatrick, “Software-Piracy Case Emitting Big Stench”, St.
Louis Post/Dispatch, March 18, 1991, p.3B. Elliot L. Richardson, “A
High-Tech Watergate”, New York Times, October 21,1991.

29. “BCCI — NBC Sunday Today”, February 23, 1992, p.12; transcript
prepared by Burrelle’s Information Services. The quote is from New
York District Attorney Robert Morgenthau who is running his own
independent investigation of BCCI.

30. Norman Bailey, former Reagan White House intelligence analyst;
from an interview with Mark Rosenthal of NBC News. See note 29, p.5.

31. Jack Colhoun, “BCCI Skeletons Haunting Bush’s Closet”, The
Guardian, September 18, 1991, p.9.

32. Robert Morgenthau. See note 29, p.10.

33. Russell Mokhiber, Corporate Crime and Violence, San Francisco:
Sierra ClubBooks, 1989 paperback edition, p.227.

34. See note 33, p.136-7.

35. Morton Mintz, At Any Cost: Corporate Greed, Women, and the Dalkon
Shield, NewYork: Pantheon, 1985. As cited in Mokhiber, see note 33,
p.157.

36. See note 33, p.164-171.

37. See note 33, p.172-180.

38. Michael Waldman, Who Robbed America?, New York: Random House,
1990. The quote is from Ralph Nader’s Introduction, p.iii.

39. See note 33, p.217.

40. See note 33, p.235.

41. See note 33, p.277-288.

42. See note 33, p.323.

43. Katherine Hoyt Gonzalez, Nicaragua Network Education Fund
Newsletter, March1992, p.1.

44. William Blum, The CIA — A Forgotten History, London: Zed Books
Ltd., 1986,p.232-243.

45a. John Stockwell, In Search of Enemies, New York: Norton, 1978.

45b. See note 44, p.284-291.

46. See note 17, p.18.

47a. Letter to President George Bush from The Ad Hoc Committee for
Panama (James Abourezk et al)., January 10, 1990; published in The
Nation, February 5, 1990, p.163.

47b. Philip E. Wheaton, Panama, Trenton NJ: Red Sea Press, 1992,
p.145-7.

48a. Morton Mintz and Jerry S. Cohen, Power, Inc., New York: Bantam
Books, 1977,p.521.

48b. “The International Oil Cartel”, Federal Trade Commission,
December 2, 1949. Cited in 48a, p.521.

49a. See note 44, p.67-76.

49b. See note 48a, p.530-1.

50. Ralph W. McGehee, Deadly Deceits, New York: Sheridan Square
Publications, 1983,p.60.

51. HR-3385, “An Act to Provide Assistance for Free and Fair Elections
in Nicaragua”. Passed the US House of Representatives on October 4,
1989 by avote of 263 to 136, and the Senate on October 17 by a vote of
64 to 35.

52. Jack Colhoun, “Gates Oozing Trail of Lies, Gets Top CIA Post”, The
Guardian,November 20, 1991, p.6.

53. Carl Bernstein, Time, February 24, 1992, Cover Story p.28-35.

54. “The US and the Vatican on Birth Control”, Time, February 24,
1992, p.35.

55. “Time’s Missing Link: Poland to Latin America”, National Catholic
Reporter,February 28, 1992, p.24.

56a. Jim Lynn, “School of Americas Commander Hopes to Expand Mission”,
Benning Patriot, February 21, 1992, p.12.

56b. Vicky Imerman, “US Army School of the Americas Plans
Expansion”, News Release from SOA Watch, PO Bo 3330, Columbus,
Georgia 31903.

57. 60 MINUTES, CBS, March 8, 1992.

58. Jack Colhoun, “Tricky Dick’s Quick Election Fix”, The Guardian,
January 29,1992, p.18.

59a. Sean P. Murphy, “Several Probes May Have Ignored Evidence Against
Police”, Boston Globe, July 28, 1991, p.1.

59b. Christopher B. Daly, “Pattern of Police Abuses Reported in Boston
Case”, Washington Post, July 12, 1991, p.A3.

59c. Associated Press, “Dayton Police Probing Erasure of Arrest
Video”, WashingtonPost, May 26, 1991, p.A20.

59d. Gabriel Escobar, “Deaf Man’s Death In Police Scuffle Called
Homicide”, Washington Post, May 18, 1991, p.B1.

59e. Jay Mathews, “LA Police Laughed at Beating”, Washington Post,
March 19, 1991, p.A1.

59f. David Maraniss, “One Cop’s View of Police Violence”, Washington
Post, April 12,1991, p.A1.

59g. From News Services, “Police Abuse Detailed”, Washington Post,
February 8, 1992,p.A8.

60. Michael Dobbs, “Panhandling the Kremlin: How Gus Hall Got
Millions”, Washington Post, March 1, 1992, p.A1.

61. David Streitfeld, “Secret Consortium To Publish Rushdie In
Paperback”, Washington Post, March 14, 1992, p.D1.

62a. See notes 48 and 49.

62b. See note 47b, p.63-76.

62c. “Fairness In Broadcasting Act of 1987″, US Senate Bill S742.

62d. “Now Let That ‘Fairness’ Bill Die”, Editorial, Washington Post,

June 24, 1987. The Post opposed the Fairness in Broadcasting Act.

63. David E. Scheim, Contract on America — The Mafia Murder of
President John F.Kennedy, New York: Shapolsky Publishers, 1988,
p.viii.

64. See note 63, p.28.

65a. Chuck Conconi, “Out and About”, Washington Post, February 26,
1991, p.B3.

65b. George Lardner Jr., “On the Set: Dallas in Wonderland”,
Washington Post, May19, 1991, p.D1.

65c. George Lardner, “…Or Just a Sloppy Mess”, Washington Post, June
2, 1991,p.D3.

65d. Charles Krauthammer, “A Rash of Conspiracy Theories — When Do We
Dig Up BillCasey?”, Washington Post, July 5, 1991, p.A19.

65e. Eric Brace, “Personalities”, Washington Post, October 31, 1991,
p.C3.

65f. Associated Press, “‘JFK’ Director Condemned — Warren Commission
Attorney Calls Stone Film ‘A Big Lie’”, Washington Post, December 16,
1991, p.D14.

65g. Gerald R. Ford and David W. Belin, “Kennedy Assassination: How
About the Truth?”, Washington Post, December 17, 1991, p.A21.

65h. Rita Kemply, “‘JFK’: History Through A Prism”, Washington Post,
December 20,1991, p.D1.

65i. George Lardner Jr., “The Way it Wasn’t — In ‘JFK’, Stone
Assassinates the Truth”, Washington Post, December 20, 1991, p.D2.

65j. Desson Howe, “Dallas Mystery: Who Shot JFK?”, Washington Post,
December 20,1991, p.55.

65k. Phil McCombs, “Oliver Stone, Returning the Fire — In Defending
His ‘JFK’ Conspiracy Film, the Director Reveals His Rage and
Reasoning”, Washington Post, December 21, 1991, p.F1.

65l. George F. Will, “‘JFK’: Paranoid History”, Washington Post,
December 26, 1991,p.A23.

65m. “On Screen”, ‘JFK’ movie review, Washington Post, Weekend,
December 27, 1991.

65n. Stephen S. Rosenfeld, “Shadow Play”, Washington Post, December
27, 1991, p.A21.

65o. Daniel Patrick Moynihan, “The Paranoid Style”, Washington Post,
December 29,1991, p.C7.

65p. Michael Isikoff, “Heeeere’s Conspiracy! — Why Did Oliver
Stone Omit (Or Suppress!). the Role of Johnny Carson?”, Washington
Post, December 29, 1991,p.C2.

65q. Robert O’Harrow Jr., “Conspiracy Theory Wins Converts –
Moviegoers Say ‘JFK’ Nourishes Doubts That Oswald Acted Alone”,
Washington Post, January 2, 1992, p.B1.

65r. Michael R. Beschloss, “Assassination and Obsession”, Washington
Post, January 5, 1992, p.C1.

65s. Charles Krauthammer, “‘JFK’: A Lie, But Harmless”, Washington
Post, January 10,1992, p.A19.

65t. Art Buchwald, “Bugged: The Flu Conspiracy”, Washington Post,
January 14, 1992,p.E1.

65u. Ken Ringle, “The Fallacy of Conspiracy Theories — Good on Film,
But the Motivation Is All Wrong”, Washington Post, January 19, 1992,
p.G1.

65v. Charles Paul Freund, “If History Is a Lie — America’s Resort to
Conspiracy Thinking”, Washington Post, January 19, 1992, p.C1.

65w. Richard Cohen, “Oliver’s Twist”, Washington Post Magazine,
January 19, 1992, p.5.

65. Michael Isikoff, “Seeking JFK’s Missing Brain”, Washington Post,
January 21,1992, p.A17.

65y. Don Oldenburg, “The Plots Thicken — Conspiracy Theorists Are
Everywhere”, Washington Post, January 28, 1992, p.E5.

65z. Joel Achenbach, “JFK Conspiracy: Myth vs. the Facts”, Washington
Post, February 28, 1992, p.C5.

65A. List of books on the best-seller list: On the Trail of the
Assassins is characterized as “conspiracy plot theories”, Washington
Post, March 8, 1992,Bookworld, p.12

66. See notes 65n, 65w, 65l, 65b, 65c, and 65i.

67a. Peter Dale Scott, “Vietnamization and the Drama of the Pentagon
Papers”. Published in The Senator Gravel Edition of The Pentagon
Papers, Volume V,p.211-247.

67b. Peter Dale Scott, The War Conspiracy — The Secret Road to the
Second Indochina War, Indianapolis/New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1972, p.
215-224.

67c. L. Fletcher Prouty, The Secret Team, Copyright 1973. New Novo
printing, Costa Mesa CA: Institute for Historical Review, 1990,
p.402-416.

67d. See note 63, p.58, 183, 187, 194, 273-4.

67e. John M. Newman, JFK and Vietnam, New York: Warner Books, 1992.

67f. Peter Dale Scott, Letter to the Editor, The Nation, March 9,
1992, p.290.

68a. See note 65b.

68b. Oliver Stone, “The Post, George Lardner, and My Version of the
JFK Assassination”, Washington Post, June 2, 1991, p.D3.

69. See note 65b.

70. Jim Garrison, On the Trail of The Assassins, New York: Warner
Books, 1988, 315/318.

71. Associated Press, “Garrison, 2 Others, Found Not Guilty Of Bribery
Charge”, Washington Post, September 28, 1973, p.A3.

72. See note 65c.

73. See note 65i.

74. See note 67e, p.438-450.

75. John G. Leyden, “Historians, Buffs, and Crackpots”, Washington
Post, Bookworld, January 26, 1992, p.8.

76a. Tad Szulc, “New Doubts, Fears in JFK Assassination Probe”,
Washington Star,September 19, 1975, p.A1.

76b. Tad Szulc, “Warren Commission’s Self-Doubts Grew Day by Day –
‘This Bullet Business Leaves Me Confused’”, Washington Star, September

20, 1975, p.A1.

76c. Tad Szulc, “Urgent and Secret Meeting of the Warren Commission –
Dulles Proposed that the Minutes be Destroyed”, Washington Star,
September 21, 1975,p.A1.

77. “Cable Sought to Discredit Critics of Warren Report”, New York
Times, December 26, 1977, p.A37.

78. Deborah Davis, Katharine The Great, New York: Harcourt Brace
Jovanovich, 1979,p.141-2.

79a. Eve Pell, “Private Censorship — Killing ‘Katharine The Great’”,
The Nation, November 12, 1983.

79b. Deborah Davis, Katharine The Great, Bethesda MD: National Press,
1987. Davis says, “…corporate documents that became available during
my subsequent lawsuit against him [Harcourt Brace Jovanovich chairman,
William Jovanovich] showed that 20,000 copies [of Katharine the Great]
had been “processed and converted into waste paper”".

79c. Daniel Brandt, “All the Publisher’s Men — A Suppressed Book
About Washington Post Publisher Katharine Graham Is On Sale Again”
National Reporter, Fall 1987, p.60.

79d. Deborah Davis, Katharine The Great, New York: Sheridan Square
Press, 1991. “…publishers who don’t give a shit”, p.iv-v; bullying
HBJ into recalling the book, p.iv-vi; lawsuit and settlement, p..

80. Benjamin C. Bradlee, Letter to Deborah Davis, April 1, 1987. See
note 79d, p.304.

81. See note 79d, p.119-132.

82. Carl Bernstein, “The CIA and the Media — How America’s Most
Powerful News Media Worked Hand in Glove with the Central Intelligence
Agency and Why the Church Committee Covered It Up”, Rolling Stone,
October 20, 1977, p.63.

83a. Daniel Brandt, Letter to Richard L. Harwood of The Washington
Post, September 15, 1988. The letter asks for the Post’s rationale for
its policy of protecting government covert actions, and whether this
policy is still in effect.

83b. Daniel Brandt, “Little Magazines May Come and Go”, The National
Reporter, Fall 1988, p.4. Notes the Post’s protection of the identity
of CIA agent Joseph F.Fernandez. Brandt says, “America needs to
confront its own recent history as well as protect the interests of
its citizens, and both can be accomplished by outlawing peacetime
covert activity. This would contribute more to thesecurity of
Americans than all the counterterrorist proposals and elite strike
forces that ever found their way onto Pentagon wish-lists.”

83c. Richard L. Harwood, Letter to Daniel Brandt, September 28, 1988.
Harwood’s two- sentence letter reads, “We have a long-standing policy
of not naming covert agents of the CIA, except in unusual
circumstances. We applied that policy to Fernandez.”

84. See note 79d, p.131.

85. Katharine Graham, “Safeguarding Our Freedoms As We Cover Terrorist
Acts”, Washington Post, April 20, 1986, p.C1.

86. “conspire”, ß4ßRandom House Dictionary of the English Language,
Second Edition Unabridged, 1987.

87. Howard Kurtz, “Media Notes”, Washington Post, June 18, 1991, p.D1.

88. See note 65y.

89. See note 65n.

90. See note 65d.

91. William Casey, Private Communications with JCH, March 1992.

Richard Harwood, “What Conspiracy?”, Washington Post, March 1, 1992,
p.C6.

93. p. 29-32.

94a. Washington Post Electronic Data Base, Dialog Information Services
Inc., April 25, 1992. In 1991 and 1992, the name Bill Clinton appeared
in 878 Washington Post stories, columns, letters, or editorials;
“Jerry” Brown in 485, Pat Buchanan in 303, and Larry Agran in 28. In
those 28, Agran’s name appeared 76 times, Clinton’s 151, and Brown
105. In only 1 of those 28 did Agran’s name appear in a headline.

94b. Colman McCarthy, “What’s ‘Minor’ About This Candidate?”,
Washington Post, February 1, 1992. Washington Post columnist McCarthy
tells how television and party officials have kept presidential
candidate Larry Agran out of sight. The Post’s own daily news-blackout
of Agran is not discussed.

94c. Scot Lehigh, “Larry Agran: ‘Winner’ in Debate With Little Chance
For the Big Prize”, Boston Globe, February 25, 1992.

94d. Joshua Meyrowitz, “The Press Rejects a Candidate”, Columbia
Journalism Review,March/April, 1992.

95. Ben H. Bagdikian, The Effete Conspiracy And Other Crimes By The
Press, NewYork: Harper and Row, 1972, p.36-7.

96a. 28 USC Section 455. “Any justice, judge, or magistrate of the
United States shall disqualify himself in any proceeding in which his
impartiality might reasonably be questioned.” [emphasis added]

96b. Alpo Petfoods, Inc. v. Ralston Purina Co., 913 F2d 958 (CA DC
1990)..

96c. Monroe Freedman, “Thomas’ Ethics and the Court — Nominee ‘Unfit
to Sit’ For Failing to Recuse In Ralston Purina Case”, Legal Times,
August 26, 1991.

96d. Paul D. Wilcher, “Opposition to the Confirmation of Judge
Clarence Thomas to become a Justice on the US Supreme Court on the
grounds of his JUDICIAL MISCONDUCT”, Letter to US Senator Joseph R.
Biden, October 15, 1991.

97. Al Kamen and Michael Isikoff, “‘A Distressing Turn’, Activists

Decry What Process Has Become”, Washington Post, October 12, 1991,
p.A1.

98. January 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 1992, p.A1 each day.

99. See note 86.

100. Thomas W. Lippman, “Energy Lobby Fights Unseen ‘Killers’”,
Washington Post,April 1, 1992, p.A21. This article explains that
“representatives of the US Chamber of Commerce, the National
Association of Manufacturers and the coal, oil, natural gas, offshore
drilling and nuclear power industries, whose interests often conflict,
pledged to work together to oppose amendments limiting offshore oil
drilling, nuclear power and carbon dioxide emissions soon to be
offered by key House members”.

101. “cartel”, Webster’s New Collegiate Dictionary, 1977.

——————————————————————————–

NOTES
A good source on the Washington Post and Katharine Graham’s attempt to suppress the Davis book,”Katherine The Great,”, which was largely successful, is Carol Felsenthal’s, “Power and Privilege at the Post, the Katharine Graham Story.”

For more information on Johnny Rosselli and Moses and Walter Annenberg, an excellent source is “All American Mafioso, the Johnny Rosselli Story,” by Ed Becker and Charles Rappelye.

An additional good short reference is “The CIA’s Greatest Hits” by Mark Zepezauer. There you will find the reference to Carl Bernstein’s classic “The CIA and the Media” which appeared in Rolling Stone on Oct. 20, 1977.

Still another recent example of the CIA’s control of the media is the spiking of Sally Denton’s & Roger Morris’ story,”THE CRIMES OF MENA” by Washington Post managing editor Bob Kaiser even though the story had been legally vetted and cleared for publication. Indeed the story, which details the CIA’s involvement in drug trafficing, was already typeset and ready to go when it was killed withouty explanation.

An example of media lies can be found in this example of a faked newspaper photograph.

See More: CIA Propaganda

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