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Wednesday, June 18th, 2008 週三， 2008年6月18日

Socialist Worker社會主義工人 | Our rulers can’t fool all of the people all of the time, argues Sadie Robinson. |我們的統治者不能愚弄全體人民的所有的時間，辯稱莎迪羅賓遜。 The idea that the mass media controls our ideas is a very common one.設想，即大眾傳播媒介的管制我們的想法是非常常見的一。 According to this theory, the media acts as a kind of syringe that injects propaganda directly into our minds.根據這一理論，媒體作為一個種注射器認為，注資的宣傳，直接融入我們的心中。

People are seen as sheep that follow the media more or less unthinkingly.人被看作是羊說，按照媒體更多或更少不假思索地。 The conclusion is that we are powerless in the face of mass propaganda that brainwashes us into compliance.結論是，我們無能為力，在面對大規模的宣傳brainwashes我們遵守。

This view of the media does not just exist at the margins of society.這一觀點的媒體不只是存在於社會的邊緣。 It’s also a dominant idea within mainstream politics.這也是一個主導思想，與主流政治。 Leading figures in all the main political parties see winning over the mass media as the key to winning elections – rather than having decent policies that ordinary people could support.領導人物在所有主要政黨見贏得大眾傳媒作為贏得市場競爭的關鍵選舉-而不是體面的政策，普通百姓可以支持。

The notion that the media is all-powerful is also used to write off any sense that people can fight back against the system, or that they can be won away from racist or sexist ideas.概念，即媒體是所有強大的，也是用來註銷任何意義，人們可以反擊系統，或他們能夠贏得遠離種族主義或性別歧視的想法。

All this raises two questions.這一切引起了兩個問題。 Who actually controls the mass media?究竟是誰控制了傳媒？ And how much impact does it really have on the ideas people hold?和多大影響，是否真的有對思想的人舉行？

Under capitalism the mass media is owned by a handful of rich and powerful people that form part of the “ruling class” – the tiny number of people at the top of society who own the factories, offices and other workplaces.根據資本主義的大眾傳播媒介是國有由少數富國和強國的人民組成部分的“統治階級” -極少數人在頂部的社會誰自己的工廠，辦事處及其他工作場所。

Rupert Murdoch, for instance, owns over 175 print publications across the world, including the Sun, the Times and the News of the World here in Britain.默多克，舉例來說，擁有超過175印刷出版物在世界各地，包括太陽，時代和世界新聞報在這裡在英國。

Status quo 現狀

The ruling class has a clear interest in promoting ideas that justify the status quo and endorse the global system that it benefits from.統治階級有一個明確的利益，在促進想法的理由的現狀和贊同的全球系統，它的好處。 That is why there are so many clear instances of the mass media pushing propaganda on behalf of the bosses.這就是為什麼有這麼多明確的實例，對大眾媒體的宣傳推動的名義老闆。

In 2002 and 2003, when Britain and the US were preparing to wage war on Iraq, the Sun newspaper gave pages over to detailing how Saddam Hussein’s alleged “weapons of mass destruction” could hit British troops in Cyprus within 45 minutes of being fired.在2002年和2003年，當英國和美國準備發動戰爭，在伊拉克問題上，太陽報的頁面超過了以詳細說明如何薩達姆的所謂“大規模殺傷性武器”可以擊中英軍士兵在塞浦路斯的45分鐘內被解僱。

It either ignored or attacked anti-war activists and provided “support our boys” posters for readers to display in their windows.它要么被忽視或攻擊反戰活動家和提供“支持我們的男孩”的海報，為讀者展示在他們的Windows 。

But media bias towards the ruling class can also be seen in less extreme times.但媒體偏重於統治階級也可以看到，在不到極端的時代。 After the National Union of Teachers (NUT) conference earlier this year sections of the media ran hysterical articles condemning the teachers’ decision to strike over pay and conditions.之後，全國聯盟教師（螺母）會議今年早些時候，部分媒體然歇斯底里的文章，譴責教師的決定罷工的薪酬及服務條件。

The Daily Telegraph declared that it was “time to crush the NUT like the miners” – referring to the Miners’ Strike of 1984-85.每日電訊報宣布，它是“時間粉碎螺母一樣，礦工” -指的礦工罷工， 1 984年至1 985年。

This bias goes wider than simply attacking strikers or building support for war.這種偏見雲更廣泛的不僅僅是攻擊前鋒或建設支持的戰爭。 The mass media operates within an ideological framework that accepts and promotes the dominant ideas in society – such as the idea that capitalism is the only way to organise society.傳媒運作的思想框架，接受和促進主導思想在社會上-如思想，資本主義是唯一的出路舉辦的社會。

The bias does not exist only in the openly right wing media, but also in media outlets that pride themselves on being “neutral” or “liberal”.偏見是不存在的，只有在公開的右翼媒體，而且在媒體表示，自己就感到自豪“中性”或“自由” 。

The Guardian newspaper recently ran a week-long series of articles on the global food crisis.衛報最近然長達一周的系列文章，對全球的糧食危機。 This was presented as in-depth, serious analysis.這是作為在深入，認真的分析。 Yet it reiterated some of the worst myths about the food crisis, myths that would rather blame the Chinese for eating too much meat than suggest there might be something wrong with the free market.但它重申了一些最嚴重的神話，關於糧食危機，神話會，而不是責怪中國人吃太多的肉類，比建議可能會有一些錯誤的，與自由市場。

The revolutionaries Karl Marx and Frederick Engels wrote in the 19th century that “the ideas of the ruling class are in every epoch the ruling ideas”.革命家馬克思和恩格斯，馮檢寫道，在19世紀“的思想統治階級是在每一個劃時代的執政理念” 。 But this doesn’t arise out of some kind of shady conspiracy within the ruling class.不過，這並不產生於某種不可告人的陰謀統治階級。

It’s true that owners sometimes intervene directly in the running of their media franchises.它的真正的業主，有時直接介入，在運行他們的媒體的專營權。 Murdoch is well known for regularly intervening in the editorial decisions of the Sun newspaper.默多克是人所共知的定期干預在社論的決定太陽報。

In May this year Murdoch was asked if he had anything to do with the New York Post’s support for Barack Obama in the US Democratic presidential run off.在今年5月，默多克有人問如果他有什麼事都與紐約郵報的支持巴拉克奧巴馬在美國民主黨總統運行小康。 He answered simply, “Yes.”他回答說，簡單來說， “是” 。

Assumptions 假設

But for the most part owners rely on well-paid senior managers and editors who are closely tied to the capitalist class and so share their assumptions and ideas about the world.但對於大部份業主依賴於良好的支付高級管理人員和編輯人員誰是緊密聯繫在一起的資產階級等分享他們的假設和想法，關於世界。

If the mass media is owned by an elite that tries to use it to back up their system, how do we explain political differences in the message put out by different media outlets?如果大眾媒體所擁有的精英試圖用它來支持他們的系統，我們如何解釋，政治上的分歧在郵件中提出不同的媒體？ The point here is that the ruling class is not a homogenous group.這一點在這裡是統治階級，是不是一個同質組。 There are divisions within it – and the media reflects these.有分歧-和媒體反映了這些。

The Daily Mirror’s stance in the run up to the Iraq war is a good example of this.每日鏡報的立場，在運行到伊拉克戰爭就是一個很好的例子。 It took an anti-war position in the context of divisions among the ruling class and an unprecedented mass movement against the war.它採取了反戰的立場，語境中的分歧統治階級和前所未有的群眾運動，反對這場戰爭。 So it reflected the fact that the ruling class was divided – but it also knew that there was an audience for an anti-war newspaper.因此，它反映了一個事實，就是統治階級的劃分-但它也知道有一個觀眾一反戰報紙。

The profit motive can sometimes pull the mass media in different directions and make it appear that it is posing a challenge to the dominant ideology.利潤動機，有時可以拉大眾傳媒在不同的方向，使它出現，這是假扮的一個挑戰佔主導地位的思想。

For instance, the Daily Mail has recently run several front pages on the rising cost of living in Britain.舉例來說，每日郵報最近已運行幾個頭版對成本上升，居住在英國。 These rising costs are real.這些成本上漲是真實的。 But the Daily Mail’s explanation for them is one that diverts people’s anger away from the bosses and towards immigrants.但每日郵報的解釋為他們是一個轉移人民的憤怒，遠離老闆和對移民。

Although the ruling class owns the mass media, it does not always completely control it.雖然統治階級擁有大眾傳播媒介，它並不總是完全控制它。

The media needs workers to get produced in the first place.媒體的需要，工人獲得生產擺在首位。 And media workers can and have refused to produce some of the worst excesses of racism and anti-union propaganda.和傳媒工作者，可以和拒絕出示一些最嚴重的過度的種族主義和反工會的宣傳。

In 2006, workers at the Daily Star prevented the printing of an anti-Muslim page titled, “How Britain’s fave newspaper would look under Muslim rule.” Planned features included “Burqa Babes” and a “censored” editorial.在2006年，工人在每日星報防止印刷一反穆斯林的網頁標題為“如何英國的fave報紙會研究下，穆斯林統治。 ”計劃的特點包括“布卡babes ”和“截尾”的社論。

Workers in the National Union of Journalists called an emergency meeting and forced the Daily Star management to pull the page.工人在全國記者協會呼籲召開緊急會議，並強迫每日星報管理，以拉頁。

Similarly, during the Miners’ Strike printers at the Sun refused to print a front page of miners’ leader Arthur Scargill that made him look as if he was giving a Nazi salute.同樣，在礦工罷工的打印機在孫拒絕打印的頭版礦工領袖阿瑟斯卡吉爾了他的樣子，如果他給納粹敬禮。

How much notice do people really take of the mass media?多少通知，做人民真正的大眾傳媒？ It is certainly important as a major source of information and news for many people.它固然重要，作為一個主要的信息來源和新聞對很多人來說。

So it isn’t true to suggest that the media has no influence on people’s ideas.所以這是不正確的建議，媒體沒有影響人們的思想。 But the way our ideas are shaped by the media is much more complex than the simplistic “syringe” theory.但我們的思想方式，形成由媒體是更為複雜比簡單的“注射器”的理論。

Our consciousness is shaped by our experiences of the world.我們的意識是塑造我們的經驗世界。 Marx and Engels argued, “Consciousness does not determine life, but life consciousness.” People’s ideas are shaped by the material reality of their lives.馬克思和恩格斯認為， “意識並不確定的生命，但生命意識” 。人們的思想正在形成的物質的現實，他們的生命。

The majority of people that the mass media is sold and marketed to are working class.大多數人認為，大眾傳媒是出售和銷售，是工人階級的。 There is a huge gulf between the reality of their lives and the dominant ideology of capitalism.有是一個巨大的海灣之間的現實，他們的生命和主導思想，資本主義的特點。 That gap can open up a space for that ideology to be questioned, challenged or rejected.這種差距可以打開了一個空間，即思想受到質疑，質疑或拒絕。

In the 1989 Hillsborough disaster, 96 people were killed after police allowed too many Liverpool football fans into overcrowded terraces.在1989年（ Hillsborough災害， 96人被殺害後，警方允許太多的利物浦球迷到擁擠的梯田。

The Sun newspaper ran a front page condemning the fans, claiming that they were drunken hooligans who stole from the dead.太陽報然的頭版譴責球迷，聲稱他們被醉酒流氓誰偷走從死裡復活。 In fact the fans were key to helping the injured.事實上，球迷們的關鍵，幫助受傷。

The scandal of the Sun’s coverage led to a boycott of the paper by newsagents across Liverpool.醜聞太陽的覆蓋面，導致抵制該文件是由報紙全國利物浦。 Sales plummeted and have never recovered.銷售額大幅下滑，並已再也沒有恢復過來。 In 2004, the average circulation for the Sun in Liverpool was 12,000 copies a day – 200,000 less than before it printed the Hillsborough story.在2004年，平均流通的太陽在利物浦是12000份，每天-2 00000少於前印（ H illsborough的故事。

Yet the dominant ideology remains and is promoted not just by the media, but by all of the major institutions in our society – including the education system and the legal system.然而，佔主導地位的意識形態仍然是推動不只是媒體，而是由所有主要機構在我們的社會-包括教育體制和法律制度。

This leads to a situation where people hold contradictory ideas.這導致的情況下，人們持有矛盾的想法。 People can have anti-immigrant opinions, but also support anti-deportation campaigns that involve someone they know personally.人可以有反移民的意見，但也支持反驅逐運動涉及有人知道他們的個人。

Although people may reject obvious propaganda in the media, over time it can have an impact in generating racist or sexist assumptions.雖然人們可能會拒絕明顯的宣傳在媒體上，隨著時間的推移，它可以有一定的影響，在發電的種族主義或性別歧視的假設。 The mass media can reinforce backward ideas and it’s important that we challenge this.大眾傳媒可以加強落後思想和它的重要的是，我們的挑戰。

But the mass media is not the fundamental reason why bigotry persists.但大眾媒體不是根本的原因，偏執的堅持。 Racism and sexism exist because of the kind of society that we live in.種族主義和性別歧視的存在，因為該種社會，我們生活英寸

Ideology 思想

They form part of the dominant ideology of our society because the ruling class uses such ideas to divide and weaken the working class – and thereby preserve ruling class power.他們的組成部分的主導思想，我們的社會，因為統治階級的用途，例如思想分化和削弱工人階級-從而維護統治階級的權力。

Faced with ruling class bias in the mass media, many people turn to “alternative” sources of media.面對統治階級的偏見在大眾媒體上，很多人談“另類”來源的媒體。 This is a positive development.這是一個積極的事態發展。 Anti-war websites or other alternative media outlets can give people the facts and figures to argue their case with others.反戰的網站或其他媒體可以給人民的事實和數字，辯稱他們的情況與他人。 They can increase their understanding of the world and their confidence to fight back.他們可以增加他們了解世界和他們的信心，以反擊。

Revolutionaries have always seen producing socialist newspapers such as Socialist Worker as important.革命家，始終看到生產社會主義報紙，如社會主義工人作為重要的。

But we recognise that these papers should do more than challenge the ideology of the ruling class – they should act as a tool for organising the struggle against the system.但我們認識到這些文件，應該做多挑戰是統治階級的思想-他們應作為一個工具，用以舉辦鬥爭的制度。

The Russian revolutionary Lenin described the revolutionary paper as the “scaffolding” around which a revolutionary organisation is built.俄羅斯的革命，列寧所描述的革命文件作為“棚架”圍繞一個革命性的組織是建立在。 The scaffolding is clearly important.棚架，顯然是重要的。 But it is there for a reason – to build up networks and organisation of people on the ground who can take on the system.但它的存在的原因只有一個-建立網絡和組織的人在地面上誰可以採取在系統上。

Research has found that the mass media has the biggest impact on those with no political affiliation.研究發現，大眾傳媒的影響最大對那些沒有政治背景。 The mass media is most powerful when people are politically passive.大眾媒體是最強大的當人們在政治上的被動。 Building resistance to capitalism can lead millions to question dominant ideas – and can see the power of that mass media melt away.建設抵抗資本主義可以導致數百萬人的問題，主導思想-和可以看到的權力，認為大眾傳播媒介融化消失。

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This entry was posted on Wednesday, June 18th, 2008 at 3:18 pm and is filed under 此項目被張貼在週三， 2008年6月18日在下午3時18分，並提交下 Contributions & Guests 貢獻＆客人 , ， Media News 新聞 . 。 You can follow any responses to this entry through the 您可以按照任何的反應，此項目通過 RSS 2.0 2.0 feed. 餵養。 You can 您可以 leave a response 留下的回應 , or ，或 trackback Trackback跟踪 from your own site. 從你自己的網站。

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